- published: 20 May 2017
- views: 3334
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk]) abbreviated to USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR) or shortened to the Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovetskij Soyuz; IPA: [sɐ'vʲetskʲɪj sɐˈjʉs]), was a Marxist–Leninist state on the Eurasian continent that existed between 1922 and 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.
Union is the state of being united or joined.
Union may also refer to:
Wikimedia Commons (or simply Commons) is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation.
Files from Wikimedia Commons can be used across all Wikimedia projects in all languages, including Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikispecies, Wikisource, and Wikinews, or downloaded for offsite use. The repository contains over 30 million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000.
The project was proposed by Erik Möller in March 2004 and launched on September 7, 2004. A key motivation behind the setup of a central repository was the desire to reduce duplication of effort across the Wikimedia projects and languages, as the same file had to be uploaded to many different wikis separately before Commons was created.
Several sister projects (e.g. Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Spanish, Basque, Polish, Czech and Slovak Wikipedias) moved all their media content to Commons and stopped allowing local uploading. Some projects, such as the English Wikipedia, have more compliant copyright policy and allow to upload and keep files which are not acceptable at Commons, e.g. fair use images.
SUBSCRIBE to Top Lists: https://goo.gl/PHKgma 10 Things You Didn't Know About Nazi Germany - https://goo.gl/GZfiVT 10 Illegal Weapons Of War - https://goo.gl/69GJs6 10 Things You Didn't Know About Germany - https://goo.gl/cFP46I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Like us on Facebook: http://on.fb.me/1KFduoO Follow Top Lists on Twitter: http://bit.ly/1OzsRG5 10 Things You Didn't Know About The Soviet Union
The Soviet Union is a thing of the past, but what would the world look like if the USSR suddenly reunited and became a country once again today? Watch and find out! Wendover Productions Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3C_5bsdQWg Alternate History Hub Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gU6UBXOHhDw&feature;=youtu.be Please Subscribe: http://bit.ly/2dB7VTO Official RealLifeLore Patreon, vote for future video topics here! https://www.patreon.com/RealLifeLore Follow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RealLifeLore/ Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RealLifeLore1 Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealLifeLore/ Subreddit is moderated by: Oliver Bourdouxhe Special Thanks to Patrons: Joshua Tavares, Wesley Jackson and Matthew Mikulka Videos explaining things. Mostly ...
The Fall Of The Soviet Union https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zadkWw702_M&t;=5s Subscribe! http://bitly.com/1iLOHml Until its fall in 1991, the Soviet Union was a major player on the world stage. So just how did the USSR come to be? Learn More: The New York Times: Nov. 7, 1917 | Russian Government Overthrown in Bolshevik Revolution http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/07/nov-7-1917-russian-government-overthrown-in-bolshevik-revolution/ BBC: Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer? http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/z8nbcdm The Atlantic: How Communism Took Over Eastern Europe After World War II http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/how-communism-took-over-eastern-europe-after-world-war-ii/263938/ Music Track Courtesy of APM Music: "Con...
Breaking Down Russia's Role in Syria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nma-tiXtnUk Subscribe! http://bitly.com/1iLOHml After a period called "The Era of Stagnation", the Soviet Union came to an end. So what led to its demise? Learn More: The Guardian: Mikhail Gorbachev: I should have abandoned the Communist party earlier https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/16/gorbachev-guardian-interview BBC: Perestroika: Reform that changed the world http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31733045 History Channel: Perestroika and Glasnost http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/perestroika-and-glasnost Music Track Courtesy of APM Music: "Vorsprung" Subscribe to Seeker Daily! http://bit.ly/1GSoQoY _________________________ Seeker Daily is committed to answering the smart, inqu...
The film is using episodes filmed mainly at the Kremlin, Soviet Union's headquarters which enable to have a glance to world's most well-known political kitchen. Director TOOMAS LEPP, author and producer JUHAN AARE. Eesti Kultuurfilm 2006
During the 20th Century, the Soviet Union managed to hide some of the darkest and deadliest events in modern wartime. From a secret nuclear base to a famine that killed millions, AllTime10s gives you 10 Darkest Secrets of the Soviet Union Music: Urgency by Helen Jane Long Plan of Attack by Terry Devine King Lost Prophecies by Igor Dvorkin / Duncan Pittock / Ellie Kidd Check out - USA vs Russia: Are We Entering A New Cold War? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9hlqXUd_tU Click to Subscribe.. http://bit.ly/WTVC4x Check out the best of Alltime10s - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLec1lxRhYOzt2qqqnFBIpUm63wr5yhLF6 Where else to find All Time 10s... Facebook: http://ow.ly/3FNFR Twitter: http://ow.ly/3FNMk
Top 10 Facts About The Soviet Union - The USSR is one fascinating part of the world's history. Here are 10 of the most interesting facts about the Soviet Union! 10. Khrushchev's secret speech about Stalin 9. Soviet boycott of the 1980 Paralympics 8. The Grapes of Wrath 7. Venera 7 Venus Probe 6. Tetris 5. Soviet Moon Landing / Lunar Program 4. Kola Super Deep Bore Hole 3. Pentagon Hot dog Stand 2. Soviet Passports 1. Pavlov's House SUBSCRIBE to Top Lists: http://youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=TopListsOfficial Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/toplistsyt Twitter: https://twitter.com/TopListsTweets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Wikipedia kickassfacts.com Sources: .com freesfx.co.uk pixbay.com Wikipedia.com Song: S...
When researchers asked the public if they would like the Soviet Union to be restored, 58 percent replied in the affirmative. Source: https://www.rt.com/politics/340158-most-russians-regret-ussr-has/ Help fund this program! http://patreon.com/MaoistRebelNews Maoist Rebel News book store: http://lulu.com/spotlight/MaoistRebelNews Read more news at: http://maoistrebelnews.wordpress.com/ Follow me on Facebook: http://www.fb.com/MaoistRebelNews Follow me on Twitter: http://twitter.com/MaoistRebelNews These videos are offered under private trust. Downloading constitutes acceptance of private trust terms. All private trust rights reserved.
Under the codename Operation "Barbarossa," Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II.
UPDATE: MAY 2017 - After another 19 000 km - Volume 2 is now off to the printer, available in Fall 2017, Stay tuned UPDATE: August 2015 30 days till the next edition, already on Amazon for pre-order. UPDATE: October 2014 Great news! Signed a deal with the fabulous designers and publishers FUEL out of the UK. They are now working on version 2. In addition to the popular bus stops in the limited edition book there will be more pages, and more bus stops. It will be available online and in stores by the Fall of 2015. Email info@herwigphoto.com to join the mailing list for updates or follow us on facebook. https://www.facebook.com/SovietBusstops or twitter https://twitter.com/herwigphoto. UPDATE: April 2014. Wow! Thank you everyone for your fantastic support and interest in the project. Its a...
While American teens in the '80s were obsessing over Pac-Man and Donkey Kong, their Soviet counterparts were playing arcade games meant to prepare them for war. At the time, video games weren't easily accessible in the Soviet Union. So the government fashioned them from refrigerators and calculators with the goal of training young Soviets for combat. St. Petersburg resident Alexander Stakhanov remembers those games fondly. So he did what any nostalgic gamer would do—he opened the Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines.
Directed, animated, and edited by CHRIS LINCÉ Music by "Pig With The Face Of A Boy" Written and performed by DONALD NEWHOLM and DAN WOODS, with MALCOLM GAYNER & ROBIN HARRIS Photographed by TIM JORDAN Costumes by LUCY NEWHOLM Production assistant NICOLA LINCÉ Special thanks to JAMES LAMONT and REMY LAMONT Produced by CHRIS LINCÉ and DAN WOODS Shot on the Sony HVR-Z1
The USSR was not only a vast closed territory with extensive geographical boundaries that stretched from Europe through Asia but is also a huge well of memory or dis-memory - a utopian vision that became a dystopian nightmare lasting nearly a century. The story of Communism is the story of the 20th century. For many, the Soviet Union existed, like their childhood, as a fairy tale where many of the realities of life were hidden from plain view. When the Berlin Wall finally fell so too did the illusion of that utopia. But time changes memory. The ex-Soviets confused the memory of their innocent youth for their nation's utopian vision, unable to confront its history and thus creating nostalgia for tragedy. This book tries to seek and portray the socialist dream, the nightmare of the USSR bene...
An elderly, soft-spoken veteran recalls when she joined the Soviet Air Force’s first all-female bombing squad. She reminisces about her friend Katja, and how they made the best of their antique equipment, struggled with being ostracised from their male comrades, and earned the fearful German nickname 'Nachthexen'. Want to know more about The Animation Workshop/VIA University College? Website: http://www.animwork.dk/en/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Animation-Workshop-Official-Page/10452541819 Tumblr: http://theanimationworkshop.tumblr.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TAW_Denmark Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/animationworkshop/ NACHTHEXEN was made by a team of 3rd year Character Animation & CG Art students at The Animation Workshop/VIA University College in Viborg, ...
Video © Simona Rota ; Book © 2012 Architekturzentrum Wien and Park Books, Zurich, English edition: ISBN 978-3-906027-14-2. This book is published on the occasion of the exhibition 'Soviet Modernism 1955–1991.Unknown Stories' 07.11.2012 to 25.02.2013 at the Architekturzentrum Wien Both the book and the exhibition contain photographs by Simona Rota. E - shop here: http://www.azw.at/shop_current.php Synopsis Edited by Architekturzentrum Wien (Katharina Ritter, Ekaterina Shapiro-Obermair, Dietmar Steiner, Alexandra Wachter). The present book shifts the perspective that Russia has perpetuated until now, placing the architecture of all other Soviet republics in the center of the study. Accordingly, our main concern in compiling the essays was to present the contribution of local experts for e...
A compelling look at Young Life in Russia and the countries that make up the former Soviet Union. Shot on two Sony EX1 XDCAM cameras.
The Tupolev Tu-144 was the first commercial supersonic transport aircraft (SST). It was one of only two SSTs to enter commercial service, the other being Anglo-French Concorde. The design, publicly unveiled in January 1962, was constructed in the Soviet Union under the direction of the Tupolev design bureau, headed by Alexei Tupolev. The prototype first flew on 31 December 1968 near Moscow, two months before the first flight of Concorde. The Tu-144 first went supersonic on 5 June 1969, and on 26 May 1970 became the first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2. The frequent comparisons to Concorde led to the Tu-144 being known as "Concordski" in the West. A Tu-144 crashed in 1973 at the Paris Air Show, delaying its further development. The aircraft was introduced into passenger service on ...
SYNOPSIS In a remote part of Stalin's war-torn Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic, Grigori, Manager of munitions FACTORY293, faces the realities of his existence. Despite the infatuation of his female factory workforce, he is drawn to increasingly melancholic thoughts – Stalin has abandoned him. With a howling blizzard outside, the factory's power is suddenly cut, interrupting Grigori's intent to take decisive action. In a flurry to restore the power before the inspectors arrive, Grigori directs two of his machinists into the raging blizzard to investigate. ABOUT When people are forced to act like machines, malfunctions occur. Amidst the static-ridden propaganda radio broadcasts and the disorientating whitewash of the blizzard, this truth emerges and confronts our characters. Despite...
A music video inspired by personal memories of soviet childhood shaped by dreams of cosmos and longing for escape into a colorful tale world. The time of miracles, when a day may last a year, and a night - just a wink... Video directed by director & editor / POLA RADA director of photography / POLA RADA cast / NILS BRINKOP, GREEN BOODAH music / GREEN BOODAH "day & night" special thanks: Lena Brinkop, Lubov Becker, Thomas Rader
SUBSCRIBE to Top Lists: https://goo.gl/PHKgma 10 Things You Didn't Know About Nazi Germany - https://goo.gl/GZfiVT 10 Illegal Weapons Of War - https://goo.gl/69GJs6 10 Things You Didn't Know About Germany - https://goo.gl/cFP46I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Like us on Facebook: http://on.fb.me/1KFduoO Follow Top Lists on Twitter: http://bit.ly/1OzsRG5 10 Things You Didn't Know About The Soviet Union
The Soviet Union is a thing of the past, but what would the world look like if the USSR suddenly reunited and became a country once again today? Watch and find out! Wendover Productions Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3C_5bsdQWg Alternate History Hub Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gU6UBXOHhDw&feature;=youtu.be Please Subscribe: http://bit.ly/2dB7VTO Official RealLifeLore Patreon, vote for future video topics here! https://www.patreon.com/RealLifeLore Follow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RealLifeLore/ Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RealLifeLore1 Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealLifeLore/ Subreddit is moderated by: Oliver Bourdouxhe Special Thanks to Patrons: Joshua Tavares, Wesley Jackson and Matthew Mikulka Videos explaining things. Mostly ...
The Fall Of The Soviet Union https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zadkWw702_M&t;=5s Subscribe! http://bitly.com/1iLOHml Until its fall in 1991, the Soviet Union was a major player on the world stage. So just how did the USSR come to be? Learn More: The New York Times: Nov. 7, 1917 | Russian Government Overthrown in Bolshevik Revolution http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/07/nov-7-1917-russian-government-overthrown-in-bolshevik-revolution/ BBC: Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer? http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/z8nbcdm The Atlantic: How Communism Took Over Eastern Europe After World War II http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/how-communism-took-over-eastern-europe-after-world-war-ii/263938/ Music Track Courtesy of APM Music: "Con...
Breaking Down Russia's Role in Syria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nma-tiXtnUk Subscribe! http://bitly.com/1iLOHml After a period called "The Era of Stagnation", the Soviet Union came to an end. So what led to its demise? Learn More: The Guardian: Mikhail Gorbachev: I should have abandoned the Communist party earlier https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/16/gorbachev-guardian-interview BBC: Perestroika: Reform that changed the world http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31733045 History Channel: Perestroika and Glasnost http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/perestroika-and-glasnost Music Track Courtesy of APM Music: "Vorsprung" Subscribe to Seeker Daily! http://bit.ly/1GSoQoY _________________________ Seeker Daily is committed to answering the smart, inqu...
The film is using episodes filmed mainly at the Kremlin, Soviet Union's headquarters which enable to have a glance to world's most well-known political kitchen. Director TOOMAS LEPP, author and producer JUHAN AARE. Eesti Kultuurfilm 2006
During the 20th Century, the Soviet Union managed to hide some of the darkest and deadliest events in modern wartime. From a secret nuclear base to a famine that killed millions, AllTime10s gives you 10 Darkest Secrets of the Soviet Union Music: Urgency by Helen Jane Long Plan of Attack by Terry Devine King Lost Prophecies by Igor Dvorkin / Duncan Pittock / Ellie Kidd Check out - USA vs Russia: Are We Entering A New Cold War? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9hlqXUd_tU Click to Subscribe.. http://bit.ly/WTVC4x Check out the best of Alltime10s - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLec1lxRhYOzt2qqqnFBIpUm63wr5yhLF6 Where else to find All Time 10s... Facebook: http://ow.ly/3FNFR Twitter: http://ow.ly/3FNMk
Top 10 Facts About The Soviet Union - The USSR is one fascinating part of the world's history. Here are 10 of the most interesting facts about the Soviet Union! 10. Khrushchev's secret speech about Stalin 9. Soviet boycott of the 1980 Paralympics 8. The Grapes of Wrath 7. Venera 7 Venus Probe 6. Tetris 5. Soviet Moon Landing / Lunar Program 4. Kola Super Deep Bore Hole 3. Pentagon Hot dog Stand 2. Soviet Passports 1. Pavlov's House SUBSCRIBE to Top Lists: http://youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=TopListsOfficial Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/toplistsyt Twitter: https://twitter.com/TopListsTweets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Wikipedia kickassfacts.com Sources: .com freesfx.co.uk pixbay.com Wikipedia.com Song: S...
When researchers asked the public if they would like the Soviet Union to be restored, 58 percent replied in the affirmative. Source: https://www.rt.com/politics/340158-most-russians-regret-ussr-has/ Help fund this program! http://patreon.com/MaoistRebelNews Maoist Rebel News book store: http://lulu.com/spotlight/MaoistRebelNews Read more news at: http://maoistrebelnews.wordpress.com/ Follow me on Facebook: http://www.fb.com/MaoistRebelNews Follow me on Twitter: http://twitter.com/MaoistRebelNews These videos are offered under private trust. Downloading constitutes acceptance of private trust terms. All private trust rights reserved.
Under the codename Operation "Barbarossa," Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II.
UPDATE: MAY 2017 - After another 19 000 km - Volume 2 is now off to the printer, available in Fall 2017, Stay tuned UPDATE: August 2015 30 days till the next edition, already on Amazon for pre-order. UPDATE: October 2014 Great news! Signed a deal with the fabulous designers and publishers FUEL out of the UK. They are now working on version 2. In addition to the popular bus stops in the limited edition book there will be more pages, and more bus stops. It will be available online and in stores by the Fall of 2015. Email info@herwigphoto.com to join the mailing list for updates or follow us on facebook. https://www.facebook.com/SovietBusstops or twitter https://twitter.com/herwigphoto. UPDATE: April 2014. Wow! Thank you everyone for your fantastic support and interest in the project. Its a...
While American teens in the '80s were obsessing over Pac-Man and Donkey Kong, their Soviet counterparts were playing arcade games meant to prepare them for war. At the time, video games weren't easily accessible in the Soviet Union. So the government fashioned them from refrigerators and calculators with the goal of training young Soviets for combat. St. Petersburg resident Alexander Stakhanov remembers those games fondly. So he did what any nostalgic gamer would do—he opened the Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines.
Directed, animated, and edited by CHRIS LINCÉ Music by "Pig With The Face Of A Boy" Written and performed by DONALD NEWHOLM and DAN WOODS, with MALCOLM GAYNER & ROBIN HARRIS Photographed by TIM JORDAN Costumes by LUCY NEWHOLM Production assistant NICOLA LINCÉ Special thanks to JAMES LAMONT and REMY LAMONT Produced by CHRIS LINCÉ and DAN WOODS Shot on the Sony HVR-Z1
The USSR was not only a vast closed territory with extensive geographical boundaries that stretched from Europe through Asia but is also a huge well of memory or dis-memory - a utopian vision that became a dystopian nightmare lasting nearly a century. The story of Communism is the story of the 20th century. For many, the Soviet Union existed, like their childhood, as a fairy tale where many of the realities of life were hidden from plain view. When the Berlin Wall finally fell so too did the illusion of that utopia. But time changes memory. The ex-Soviets confused the memory of their innocent youth for their nation's utopian vision, unable to confront its history and thus creating nostalgia for tragedy. This book tries to seek and portray the socialist dream, the nightmare of the USSR bene...
An elderly, soft-spoken veteran recalls when she joined the Soviet Air Force’s first all-female bombing squad. She reminisces about her friend Katja, and how they made the best of their antique equipment, struggled with being ostracised from their male comrades, and earned the fearful German nickname 'Nachthexen'. Want to know more about The Animation Workshop/VIA University College? Website: http://www.animwork.dk/en/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Animation-Workshop-Official-Page/10452541819 Tumblr: http://theanimationworkshop.tumblr.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TAW_Denmark Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/animationworkshop/ NACHTHEXEN was made by a team of 3rd year Character Animation & CG Art students at The Animation Workshop/VIA University College in Viborg, ...
Video © Simona Rota ; Book © 2012 Architekturzentrum Wien and Park Books, Zurich, English edition: ISBN 978-3-906027-14-2. This book is published on the occasion of the exhibition 'Soviet Modernism 1955–1991.Unknown Stories' 07.11.2012 to 25.02.2013 at the Architekturzentrum Wien Both the book and the exhibition contain photographs by Simona Rota. E - shop here: http://www.azw.at/shop_current.php Synopsis Edited by Architekturzentrum Wien (Katharina Ritter, Ekaterina Shapiro-Obermair, Dietmar Steiner, Alexandra Wachter). The present book shifts the perspective that Russia has perpetuated until now, placing the architecture of all other Soviet republics in the center of the study. Accordingly, our main concern in compiling the essays was to present the contribution of local experts for e...
A compelling look at Young Life in Russia and the countries that make up the former Soviet Union. Shot on two Sony EX1 XDCAM cameras.
The Tupolev Tu-144 was the first commercial supersonic transport aircraft (SST). It was one of only two SSTs to enter commercial service, the other being Anglo-French Concorde. The design, publicly unveiled in January 1962, was constructed in the Soviet Union under the direction of the Tupolev design bureau, headed by Alexei Tupolev. The prototype first flew on 31 December 1968 near Moscow, two months before the first flight of Concorde. The Tu-144 first went supersonic on 5 June 1969, and on 26 May 1970 became the first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2. The frequent comparisons to Concorde led to the Tu-144 being known as "Concordski" in the West. A Tu-144 crashed in 1973 at the Paris Air Show, delaying its further development. The aircraft was introduced into passenger service on ...
SYNOPSIS In a remote part of Stalin's war-torn Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic, Grigori, Manager of munitions FACTORY293, faces the realities of his existence. Despite the infatuation of his female factory workforce, he is drawn to increasingly melancholic thoughts – Stalin has abandoned him. With a howling blizzard outside, the factory's power is suddenly cut, interrupting Grigori's intent to take decisive action. In a flurry to restore the power before the inspectors arrive, Grigori directs two of his machinists into the raging blizzard to investigate. ABOUT When people are forced to act like machines, malfunctions occur. Amidst the static-ridden propaganda radio broadcasts and the disorientating whitewash of the blizzard, this truth emerges and confronts our characters. Despite...
A music video inspired by personal memories of soviet childhood shaped by dreams of cosmos and longing for escape into a colorful tale world. The time of miracles, when a day may last a year, and a night - just a wink... Video directed by director & editor / POLA RADA director of photography / POLA RADA cast / NILS BRINKOP, GREEN BOODAH music / GREEN BOODAH "day & night" special thanks: Lena Brinkop, Lubov Becker, Thomas Rader
AV RSUDNWYVOAEGJSCT4
GUNS OF THE SOVIET UNION Tales of the Gun documentary
GUNS OF THE SOVIET UNION - Full Documentary,,,