- published: 08 Jun 2015
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Sir Henry Cole (15 July 1808 – 18 April 1882) was an English civil servant and inventor who facilitated many innovations in commerce and education in 19th century Britain. Cole is credited with devising the concept of sending greetings cards at Christmas time, introducing the world's first commercial Christmas card in 1843.
Henry Cole was born in Bath, and educated at Christ's Hospital in London. He began his career at the age of 15 at the Record Commission. His criticisms of the Commission's activities were an important factor in the debates that led to the Public Record Office Act 1838, and the establishment of the new Public Record Office, in which Cole was appointed an Assistant Keeper.
From 1837 to 1840, he worked as an assistant to Rowland Hill and played a key role in the introduction of the Penny Post. He is sometimes credited with the design of the world's first postage stamp, the Penny Black.
In 1843, Cole introduced the world's first commercial Christmas card, commissioning artist John Callcott Horsley to make the artwork.
Sir Christopher John Frayling (born 25 December 1946) is a British educationalist and writer, known for his study of popular culture.
After Repton School, Frayling read history at Churchill College, Cambridge and gained a PhD in the study of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He was appointed a Fellow of the college in 2009. He taught history at the University of Bath and was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Arts) from that University in 2003. In 1979 Frayling was appointed Professor of Cultural History at London's post-graduate art and design school, the Royal College of Art. Frayling was Rector in charge of the Royal College of Art from 1996 to 2009.
In 2003 he was awarded the Sir Misha Black award and was added to the College of Medallists
He was the Chairman of Arts Council England from 2005 until January 2009. He also served as Chairman of the Design Council, Chairman of the Royal Mint Advisory Committee, and a Trustee of the Victoria and Albert Museum. He was a governor of the British Film Institute in the 1980s. In April 2014 he was appointed Chancellor of the Arts University Bournemouth.
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a sovereign state in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of over 1.35 billion. The PRC is a one-party state governed by the Communist Party, with its seat of government in the capital city of Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces; five autonomous regions; four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing); two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau); and claims sovereignty over Taiwan.
Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, China is the world's second-largest country by land area, and either the third or fourth-largest by total area, depending on the method of measurement. China's landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes and the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts in the arid north to subtropical forests in the wetter south. The Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third- and sixth-longest in the world, run from the Tibetan Plateau to the densely populated eastern seaboard. China's coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi) long, and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East and South China Seas.
"People's Republic" is a title used by certain republican states. Initially associated with populism (people's movements: Völkisch movement, Narodnik, others), it eventually became associated with countries adhering to communism, after the creation of the Soviet Union, such as China. However, the term is not unique to communist states. Many countries adopted the title given its rather generic nature, like Bangladesh, which was founded as a liberal parliamentary republic after a popular war of independence.
The motivation for using this term lies in the claim that Marxist–Leninists govern in accordance with the interests of the vast majority of the people, and, as such, a Marxist–Leninist republic is a people's republic. Many of these countries also called themselves socialist states in their constitutions; Albania, for instance, used both terms, "socialist" and "people's", in its official name from 1976 to 1991. In the West, countries governed by Marxist–Leninists are referred to as "Communist states", though they never actually used this name for themselves and used the term countries of people's democracy. In the 1990s, many of the self-styled "People's Republics" of Eastern Europe (Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria) and Mongolia dropped the term and became known simply as "Republics" as they adopted liberal democratic systems of government — the term "People's Republic" being associated with the former Communist regimes.
A national museum is a museum maintained by a nation.
The following is a list of national museums:
Transcript: Thank you for the very generous introduction of me. And I thank all of you for coming this evening to hear my lecture. It is really wonderful to be here - this time Mother Nature finally allowed me to fly into this part of globe. I was very sorry for the postponement of my lecture [which] has inconvenienced many, including my colleagues at the V&A;. Before I left Korea, I went through a Google Search to find out who Henry Cole was – because I did not know about him – and found out really wonderful things about him and felt his contribution was so great in British cultural history, particularly for this eminent museum, and I was very honoured and humbled. My talk today is about the national museums of the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea and the issu...
Beth McKillop, Deputy Director, V&A;: The purpose of the Henry Cole lecture is to celebrate the legacy of the Museum’s founding director and to explore his legacy and its implications for museums, culture and society today. We are delighted to present the 2010 Henry Cole lecture in association with the 350th anniversary celebrations of the Royal Society. Founded in 1660, the Royal Society is the academy of science for the UK and the Commonwealth. Over the course of its history it has played a leading role in the development of modern science.
The inaugural Henry Cole Lecture, held at the V&A; Museum in London on 30 October 2008. The purpose of the lecture is to celebrate the legacy of the Museum’s founding director, and explore its implications for museums, culture and society today. The lecture, entitled 'We Must Have Steam: Get Cole! Henry Cole, the Chamber of Horrors, and the Educational Role of the Museum' was delivered by Professor Sir Christopher Frayling. He presented new research on the “chamber of horrors” (a contemporary nickname for one of the V&A;'s earliest galleries, 'Decorations on False Principles', that opened in 1852) and the myths and realities of its reception, then opened up a wider debate on design education and museums from the nineteenth century to the present day.
The Sackler Lectures celebrate the legacy of the Museum’s founding director Henry Cole and explore its implications for museums, culture and society today. This year’s lecture was given by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, which focused on his vision to transform the Olympic Park into a world-class hub for culture and the creative industries. With presentations also given by Tim Reeve (V&A;), Alistair Spalding CBE (Sadler’s Wells) and Frances Corner OBE (University of the Arts).
PROFESSOR SIR CHRISTOPHER FRAYLING: Marc Newson's work as a designer has touched and indeed touches the V&A; at many points. Design art, postmodernism, one-off pieces that tell tales, Milan in a Van, even Cold-War modern, in that Mark has a love of the sets of Ken Adam for James Bond and Dr Strangelove, something we share, and indeed for the spaceships of 2001.
Transcript: Thank you for the very generous introduction of me. And I thank all of you for coming this evening to hear my lecture. It is really wonderful to be here - this time Mother Nature finally allowed me to fly into this part of globe. I was very sorry for the postponement of my lecture [which] has inconvenienced many, including my colleagues at the V&A;. Before I left Korea, I went through a Google Search to find out who Henry Cole was – because I did not know about him – and found out really wonderful things about him and felt his contribution was so great in British cultural history, particularly for this eminent museum, and I was very honoured and humbled. My talk today is about the national museums of the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea and the issu...
Transcript: Thank you for the very generous introduction of me. And I thank all of you for coming this evening to hear my lecture. It is really wonderful to be here - this time Mother Nature finally allowed me to fly into this part of globe. I was very sorry for the postponement of my lecture [which] has inconvenienced many, including my colleagues at the V&A;. Before I left Korea, I went through a Google Search to find out who Henry Cole was – because I did not know about him – and found out really wonderful things about him and felt his contribution was so great in British cultural history, particularly for this eminent museum, and I was very honoured and humbled. My talk today is about the national museums of the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea and the issu...
Beth McKillop, Deputy Director, V&A;: The purpose of the Henry Cole lecture is to celebrate the legacy of the Museum’s founding director and to explore his legacy and its implications for museums, culture and society today. We are delighted to present the 2010 Henry Cole lecture in association with the 350th anniversary celebrations of the Royal Society. Founded in 1660, the Royal Society is the academy of science for the UK and the Commonwealth. Over the course of its history it has played a leading role in the development of modern science.
The inaugural Henry Cole Lecture, held at the V&A; Museum in London on 30 October 2008. The purpose of the lecture is to celebrate the legacy of the Museum’s founding director, and explore its implications for museums, culture and society today. The lecture, entitled 'We Must Have Steam: Get Cole! Henry Cole, the Chamber of Horrors, and the Educational Role of the Museum' was delivered by Professor Sir Christopher Frayling. He presented new research on the “chamber of horrors” (a contemporary nickname for one of the V&A;'s earliest galleries, 'Decorations on False Principles', that opened in 1852) and the myths and realities of its reception, then opened up a wider debate on design education and museums from the nineteenth century to the present day.
The Sackler Lectures celebrate the legacy of the Museum’s founding director Henry Cole and explore its implications for museums, culture and society today. This year’s lecture was given by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, which focused on his vision to transform the Olympic Park into a world-class hub for culture and the creative industries. With presentations also given by Tim Reeve (V&A;), Alistair Spalding CBE (Sadler’s Wells) and Frances Corner OBE (University of the Arts).
PROFESSOR SIR CHRISTOPHER FRAYLING: Marc Newson's work as a designer has touched and indeed touches the V&A; at many points. Design art, postmodernism, one-off pieces that tell tales, Milan in a Van, even Cold-War modern, in that Mark has a love of the sets of Ken Adam for James Bond and Dr Strangelove, something we share, and indeed for the spaceships of 2001.
Transcript: Thank you for the very generous introduction of me. And I thank all of you for coming this evening to hear my lecture. It is really wonderful to be here - this time Mother Nature finally allowed me to fly into this part of globe. I was very sorry for the postponement of my lecture [which] has inconvenienced many, including my colleagues at the V&A;. Before I left Korea, I went through a Google Search to find out who Henry Cole was – because I did not know about him – and found out really wonderful things about him and felt his contribution was so great in British cultural history, particularly for this eminent museum, and I was very honoured and humbled. My talk today is about the national museums of the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea and the issu...
Beth McKillop, Deputy Director, V&A;: The purpose of the Henry Cole lecture is to celebrate the legacy of the Museum’s founding director and to explore his legacy and its implications for museums, culture and society today. We are delighted to present the 2010 Henry Cole lecture in association with the 350th anniversary celebrations of the Royal Society. Founded in 1660, the Royal Society is the academy of science for the UK and the Commonwealth. Over the course of its history it has played a leading role in the development of modern science.
The inaugural Henry Cole Lecture, held at the V&A; Museum in London on 30 October 2008. The purpose of the lecture is to celebrate the legacy of the Museum’s founding director, and explore its implications for museums, culture and society today. The lecture, entitled 'We Must Have Steam: Get Cole! Henry Cole, the Chamber of Horrors, and the Educational Role of the Museum' was delivered by Professor Sir Christopher Frayling. He presented new research on the “chamber of horrors” (a contemporary nickname for one of the V&A;'s earliest galleries, 'Decorations on False Principles', that opened in 1852) and the myths and realities of its reception, then opened up a wider debate on design education and museums from the nineteenth century to the present day.
The Sackler Lectures celebrate the legacy of the Museum’s founding director Henry Cole and explore its implications for museums, culture and society today. This year’s lecture was given by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, which focused on his vision to transform the Olympic Park into a world-class hub for culture and the creative industries. With presentations also given by Tim Reeve (V&A;), Alistair Spalding CBE (Sadler’s Wells) and Frances Corner OBE (University of the Arts).
PROFESSOR SIR CHRISTOPHER FRAYLING: Marc Newson's work as a designer has touched and indeed touches the V&A; at many points. Design art, postmodernism, one-off pieces that tell tales, Milan in a Van, even Cold-War modern, in that Mark has a love of the sets of Ken Adam for James Bond and Dr Strangelove, something we share, and indeed for the spaceships of 2001.