City

A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town in general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.

Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process, but it also presents challenges to managing urban growth.

A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. In terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai.

Origins

There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities. Some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces.

Sex

Organisms of many species are specialized into male and female varieties, each known as a sex.Sexual reproduction involves the combining and mixing of genetic traits: specialized cells known as gametes combine to form offspring that inherit traits from each parent. Gametes can be identical in form and function (known as isogamy), but in many cases an asymmetry has evolved such that two sex-specific types of gametes (heterogametes) exist (known as anisogamy).

Among humans and other mammals, males typically carry XY chromosomes, whereas females typically carry XX chromosomes, which are a part of the XY sex-determination system. Other animals have a sex-determination system as well, such as the ZW sex-determination system in birds, and the X0 sex-determination system in insects.

The gametes produced by an organism are determined by its sex: males produce male gametes (spermatozoa, or sperm, in animals; pollen in plants) while females produce female gametes (ova, or egg cells); individual organisms which produce both male and female gametes are termed hermaphroditic. Frequently, physical differences are associated with the different sexes of an organism; these sexual dimorphisms can reflect the different reproductive pressures the sexes experience.

Charlie

Charlie may refer to:

In arts and entertainment

In film and television

In music

Charlie Puth

Charlie Puth (/puːθ/) (born December 2, 1991) is an American singer, songwriter, arranger, and record producer. Puth gained popularity virally by posting his work to YouTube. Puth released two extended plays, The Otto Tunes (2010) and Ego (2013), as an independent artist. In 2015 he signed with Atlantic Records and released his debut single "Marvin Gaye", which features guest vocals from Meghan Trainor. The single has been certified 2× Platinum in Australia, topped the charts in New Zealand, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, and peaked at number 21 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Puth wrote, co-produced, and was featured on a song with Wiz Khalifa, "See You Again", included in the Furious 7 soundtrack. On May 1, 2015, Puth released an EP, Some Type of Love. The pre-order for Puth's debut studio album Nine Track Mind started on August 20, 2015 along with the second single One Call Away, and the album was released on January 29, 2016.

Early life

Puth was born December 2, 1991, in Rumson, New Jersey, the son of Debra and Charles Puth, his father of German descent and his mother Jewish. At 2, his right eyebrow was damaged in a near fatal dog bite incident. Puth participated in a summer youth jazz ensemble in Red Bank, New Jersey at 12. He graduated from Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School in 2010. During his 7th grade to senior years, he attended Manhattan School of Music Pre-College as a jazz piano major and a classical minor. On a full scholarship, he graduated in 2013 from the Berklee College of Music, where he majored in music production and engineering.

The Fillmore

The Fillmore is a historic music venue in San Francisco, California, made famous by Bill Graham. Originally named the Majestic Hall, it became the "Fillmore Auditorium" in 1954 when Charles Sullivan acquired the master lease from the building owner, Harry Shiffs, and renamed it for the neighborhood rather than its original location at the intersection of Fillmore Street and Geary Boulevard. It is situated in the historical center of the Western Addition neighborhood, on the edge of the Fillmore District and Upper Fillmore (lately known as Lower Pacific Heights). From the 1930s through the '60s, before redevelopment, this location was considered the heart of the San Francisco Fillmore District.

Graham also opened a Fillmore East in New York City in March, 1968. In July, 1968, he opened an additional venue in San Francisco under the same brand. Formerly known as The Carousel Ballroom at Market Street and South Van Ness Avenue, he called this the Fillmore West.

History

On May 27, 28 and 29, 1966, The Velvet Underground and Nico led by Lou Reed played the Fillmore Auditorium as part of Andy Warhol's Exploding Plastic Inevitable avant-garde, multimedia show premiered in New York City. Their light show engineer Danny Williams, who pioneered many of today's standard practices in rock music light shows, built a light system at the Fillmore that included stroboscopes, slides and film projections onstage. Conceived by Andy Warhol, Danny Williams and using some of film maker Jonas Mekas's ideas (Mekas pioneered film projections during concerts at The Cinematheque in New York), the show also included wild, free dancing both in the crowd and onstage. At Bill Graham's request Danny Williams soon came back to the Fillmore to build more. These innovations were to become part of the Fillmore Auditorium's prestige and image and were also used at the Fillmore East and Fillmore West venues, both opened in 1968.