Telugu cinema

Telugu cinema, also known by its sobriquet Tollywood, is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the Telugu language, centered around the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, based in the Hyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar. Since 1909, filmmaker Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was involved in many aspects of Indian cinema's history, like producing short films and travelling to different regions in Asia to promote film work. In 1921, he produced the first Telugu silent film, Bhishma Pratigna. He is cited as the father of Telugu cinema.

In 1933, East India Film Company produced its first Indian film, Savitri, in Telugu. Shot in Calcutta on a budget of ₹ 75 thousand, and based on a popular stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam, the film was directed by father of the "Telugu Theater Movement" Chittajallu Pullaiah and cast stage actors Vemuri Gaggaiah and Dasari Ramathilakam as "Yama" and "Savithri" respectively. The blockbuster film has received an honorary diploma at Venice Film Festival. Multilingual actor Vuppaladadiyam Nagayya was known as the Paul Muni of India, and one of the influential actors of Telugu cinema.

Film industry

The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking, i.e., film production companies, film studios, cinematography, film production, screenwriting, pre-production, post production, film festivals, distribution; and actors, film directors and other film crew personnel.

Though the expense involved in making movies almost immediately led film production to concentrate under the auspices of standing production companies, advances in affordable film making equipment, and expansion of opportunities to acquire investment capital from outside the film industry itself, have allowed independent film production to evolve. Hollywood is the oldest film industry of the world and the largest in terms of box office gross and number of screens.

Modern film industry

Currently, the largest markets by box office are United States, China, and Japan; and the countries with the largest number of film productions are India, Nigeria, and the United States. Other centers include Nepal, Pakistan, Hong Kong and in Europe the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Germany are the countries that lead movie production.

Telugu

Telugu may refer to:

Srinu Vaitla

Srinu Vaitla is an Indian film director associated with Telugu cinema. He is from the village of Kandulapalem, East Godavari District. His first mainstream movie as a director was Nee Kosam (1999) starring Ravi Teja and Maheswari. Though the movie was an average flick at the box office, it was critically acclaimed. He shot to fame with his second movie Anandam (2001), released in 2001. He made his own impression on the Telugu Cinema comedy. Most importantly, he is known for implementing parabolic narrative for the first time in Indian cinema. This can be observed in his movies Venky, Dhee, Dubai Seenu and Ready. He played cameo in Rainbow and Parama Veera Chakra movies. One of the biggest blockbusters in his career was Dookudu starring Mahesh Babu and Samantha Ruth Prabhu. Since Venky, Gopimohan and Kona Venkat have been script writers for his movies.

He worked with top actors in Tollywood like, with Chiranjeevi, Nagarjuna, Venkatesh, Mahesh Babu, Ram Charan, Ravi Teja and N. T. Rama Rao Jr. .

Cardiac surgery

Cardiovascular (heart) surgery is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. Frequently, it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, coronary artery bypass grafting), correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.

Risks

The development of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has reduced the mortality rates of these surgeries to relatively low ranks. For instance, repairs of congenital heart defects are currently estimated to have 4–6% mortality rates. A major concern with cardiac surgery is the incidence of neurological damage. Stroke occurs in 2–3% of all people undergoing cardiac surgery, and is higher in patients at risk for stroke. A more subtle constellation of neurocognitive deficits attributed to cardiopulmonary bypass is known as postperfusion syndrome, sometimes called "pumphead". The symptoms of postperfusion syndrome were initially felt to be permanent, but were shown to be transient with no permanent neurological impairment.