Gender

Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex (i.e. the state of being male, female or intersex), sex-based social structures (including gender roles and other social roles), or gender identity.

Sexologist John Money introduced the terminological distinction between biological sex and gender as a role in 1955. Before his work, it was uncommon to use the word gender to refer to anything but grammatical categories. However, Money's meaning of the word did not become widespread until the 1970s, when feminist theory embraced the concept of a distinction between biological sex and the social construct of gender. Today, the distinction is strictly followed in some contexts, especially the social sciences and documents written by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, in many other contexts, including some areas of social sciences, gender includes sex or replaces it. Although this change in the meaning of gender can be traced to the 1980s, a small acceleration of the process in the scientific literature was observed in 1993 when the USA's Food and Drug Administration (FDA) started to use gender instead of sex. In 2011, the FDA reversed its position and began using sex as the biological classification and gender as "a person's self representation as male or female, or how that person is responded to by social institutions based on the individual's gender presentation." In non-human animal research, gender is also commonly used to refer to the physiology of the animals.

Simone Biles

Simone Arianne Biles (born March 14, 1997) is an American artistic gymnast. Biles is the three-time World all-around champion (2013-15), three-time United States national all-around champion (2013-15), three-time world floor champion (2013-15), two-time world balance beam champion (2014, 2015), and a member of the gold medal-winning American team at the 2014 and the 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.

Biles is the first African-American to be world all-around champion and the first woman to win three consecutive world all-around titles (contrary to popular belief, Svetlana Khorkina wasn't the first to achieve this feat, as she won in 1997, 2001 and 2003 but placed well out of the medals in 1999). Despite only three appearances, she is also the most decorated American female gymnast in World Championships history, with a total of fourteen medals, ten of them gold. With ten gold medals, Biles also holds the record for most gold medals won by a female gymnast in the history of the World Championships .

Sportswoman of the Year

Sportswoman of the Year is the name of several awards: