Orders of magnitude (length)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from 1 decimetre)
Jump to: navigation, search
"1m" redirects here. For other uses, see 1M (disambiguation).

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

Objects of sizes in different order of magnitude.

Contents

Overview[edit]

Section Range (m) Unit Example Items
≥ <
Planck length – 10−35 ℓP Quantum foam (This is a fixed quantity, not a range.)
Subatomic – 10−15 am(10−18) Electron, quark, string
Atomic and cellular 10−15 10−12 fm Atomic nucleus, proton, neutron
10−12 10−9 pm Wavelength of gamma rays and X-rays, hydrogen atom
10−9 10−6 nm DNA helix, virus, wavelength of optical spectrum
Human scale 10−6 10−3 μm Bacterium, fog water droplet, human hair's diameter[note 1]
10−3 1 mm mosquito, golf ball, domestic cat, violin, football
100 103 m cello, human, automobile, sperm whale, football field, Eiffel Tower
103 106 km Walt Disney World, Mount Everest, length of Panama Canal and Trans-Siberian Railway, larger asteroid
Astronomical 106 109 Mm The Moon, Earth, one light-second
109 1012 Gm Sun, one light-minute, Earth's orbit
1012 1015 Tm Orbits of outer planets, Solar System
1015 1018 Pm One light-year; distance to Proxima Centauri
1018 1021 Em Galactic arm
1021 1024 Zm Milky Way, distance to Andromeda Galaxy
1024 Ym Huge-LQG, Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall, visible universe

Detailed list[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between 1.6×10−35 meters and meters.

Subatomic[edit]

Factor (m) Multiple Value Item
10−35 1 Planck Length 0.0000000000162 ym (1.62×10−35 m) Planck length; typical scale of hypothetical loop quantum gravity or size of a hypothetical string and of branes; according to string theory lengths smaller than this do not make any physical sense.[1] Quantum foam is thought to exist at this level.
10−24 1 yoctometre (ym) 20 ym (2 × 10−23 metres) Effective cross section radius of 1 MeV neutrinos[2]
10−21 1 zeptometre (zm) Preons, hypothetical particles proposed as subcomponents of quarks and leptons; the upper bound for the width of a cosmic string in string theory.
7 zm (7 × 10−21 metres) Effective cross section radius of high energy neutrinos[3]
310 zm (3.10 × 10−19 metres) De Broglie wavelength of protons at the Large Hadron Collider (4 TeV as of 2012)
10−18 1 attometre (am) Upper limit for the size of quarks and electrons
Sensitivity of the LIGO detector for gravitational waves[4]
Upper bound of the typical size range for "fundamental strings"[1]
10−17 10 am Range of the weak force
10−16 100 am 850 am Approximate proton radius[5]

Atomic to cellular[edit]

Factor (m) Multiple Value Item

10−15 1 femtometre (fm) 1.5 fm Size of an 11 MeV proton[6]
2.81794 fm Classical electron radius[7]
1.75 to 15 fm Diameter range of the atomic nucleus[1][8]
10−12 1 picometre (pm) 0.75 to 0.8225 pm Longest wavelength of gamma rays
1 pm Distance between atomic nuclei in a white dwarf
2.4 pm Compton wavelength of electron
5 pm Wavelength of shortest X-rays
10−11 10 pm 25 pm Radius of hydrogen atom
31 pm Radius of helium atom
53 pm Bohr radius
10−10 100 pm 100 pm (0.1 nm) 1 Ångström (also covalent radius of sulfur atom[9])
154 pm (0.154 nm) Length of a typical covalent bond (C–C).
280 pm (0.28 nm) Average size of the water molecule, actual lengths may vary.
500 pm (0.50 nm) Width of protein α helix
10−9 1 nanometre (nm) 1 nm Diameter of a carbon nanotube[10]
2 nm Diameter of the DNA helix[11]
2.5 nm Smallest microprocessor transistor gate oxide thickness (as of January 2007)
3.4 nm Length of a DNA turn (10 bp)[12]
6–10 nm Thickness of cell membrane
10−8 10 nm 10 nm Thickness of cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria[citation needed]
10 nm As of 2016, the 10 nanometre was the smallest semiconductor device fabrication node[13]
40 nm Extreme ultraviolet wavelength
50 nm Flying height of the head of a hard disk.[14]
10−7 100 nm 121.6 nm Wavelength of the Lyman-alpha line[15]
120 nm Typical diameter of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[16]
400–700 nm Approximate wavelength range of visible light[17]

Cellular to human scale[edit]

Factor (m) Multiple Value Item

10−6 1 micrometre (μm)

(also called one micron)

 1–4 μm Typical length of a bacterium[18]
4 μm Typical diameter of spider silk[19]
7 μm Typical size of a red blood cell[20]
10−5 10 μm 10 μm Typical size of a fog, mist or cloud water droplet
10 μm Width of transistors in the Intel 4004, the world's first commercial microprocessor
12 μm Width of acrylic fiber
17-181 μm Width range of human hair[21]
10−4 100 μm 340 μm Size of a single pixel on a 17-inch monitor with a resolution of 1024×768
560 μm Thickness of the central area of a human cornea[22]
750 μm Maximum diameter of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest bacterium ever discovered (as of 2010)
10−3 1 millimetre (mm) 1.5 mm Length of an average flea[23]
2.54 mm 1/10th inch; distance between pins in DIP (dual-inline-package) electronic components
5.70 mm Diameter of the projectile in 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition
10−2 1 centimetre (cm) 2 cm Approximate width of an adult human finger
5.4 cm x 8.6 cm Dimensions of a credit card, according to the ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard
7.3–7.5 cm Diameter of a baseball, according to Major League Baseball guidelines[24]
10−1 1 decimetre (dm) 1.2 dm = 12 cm Diameter of a Compact Disk
9 dm = 90 cm Average length of a rapier, a fencing sword[25]
6.6 dm = 66 cm Length of the longest pine cones, produced by the sugar pine[26]

Human to astronomical scale[edit]

Factor (m) Multiple Value Item

1 1 metre 1 m (exactly) Since 1983, defined as length of the path travelled by light in vacuum
during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. See History of the metre for previous definitions.
2.72 m Height of Robert Wadlow, tallest known human being.[27]
8.38 m Length of a London bus (AEC Routemaster).
101 1 decametre (dam) 33 m Length of the longest known blue whale.[28]
52 m Height of the Niagara Falls.[29]
93.47 m Height of the Statue of Liberty.
102 1 hectometre (hm) 105 m Length of a typical football field.
137 m (147 m) Height (present and original) of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
300 m Height of the Eiffel Tower, one of the famous monuments of Paris.
979 m Height of the Salto Angel, the world's highest free-falling waterfall (Venezuela)
103 1 kilometre (km) 2.3 km Axial length of the Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam in the world[30]
3.1 km Narrowest width of the Strait of Messina, separating Italy and Sicily.
8.848 km Height of Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth.
104 10 km 10.9 km Depth of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, the deepest known point on Earth's surface.
27 km Circumference of the Large Hadron Collider, as of May 2010 the largest and highest energy particle accelerator.
42 km Length of a marathon.
105 100 km
100 km The distance the IAU considers to be the limit to space, called the Karman line.
163 km Length of the Suez Canal, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
491 km Length of the Pyrenees, the mountain range separating Spain and France.
974.6 km Greatest diameter of the dwarf planet Ceres.[31]

Astronomical[edit]

Factor (m) Multiple Value Item
106 1,000 km = 1 megametre (Mm) 2,390 km = 2.39 Mm Diameter of dwarf planet Pluto, formerly the smallest planet category[note 2] in the Solar System
3,480 km= 3.48 Mm Diameter of the Moon
5,200 km = 5.2 Mm Typical distance covered by the winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans automobile endurance race
6,400 km = 6.4 Mm Length of the Great Wall of China
6,600 km = 6.6 Mm Approximate length of the two longest rivers, the Nile and the Amazon
7,821 km = 7.821 Mm Length of the Trans-Canada Highway
9,288 km = 9.288 Mm Length of the Trans-Siberian Railway, longest in the world
107 10,000 km 12,756 km Equatorial diameter of Earth
40,075 km Length of Earth's equator
108 100,000 km 142,984 km Diameter of Jupiter
299.792 km = 299 Mm Distance traveled by light in one second
384,000 km = 384 Mm Moon's orbital distance from Earth
109 1 million km = 1 gigametre (Gm) 1,390,000 km = 1.39 Gm Diameter of the Sun
4,800,000 km = 4.8 Gm Greatest mileage ever recorded by a car (3 million miles by a 1966 Volvo P-1800S, still driving)
1010 10 million km 18 million km Approximately one light-minute
1011 100 million km 150 million km = 150 Gm 1 astronomical unit (AU); mean distance between Earth and Sun
~ 900 Gm Optical diameter of Betelgeuse (~600 × Sun)
1012 1 billion km = 1 terametre (Tm) 1.4 ×109 km = 1.4 Tm Orbital distance of Saturn from Sun
1.96 ×109 km = 1.96 Tm Estimated optical diameter of VY Canis Majoris (1420 × Sun)
2.3 ×109 km = 2.3 Tm Estimated optical diameter of NML Cygni (1650 × Sun)
2.37 ×109 km = 2.37 Tm Median point of the optical diameter of UY Scuti, as of 2016 the largest known star
5.9 ×109 km = 5.9 Tm Orbital distance of Pluto from Sun
~ 7.5 ×109 km = 7.5 Tm Outer boundary of the Kuiper belt, inner boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50 AU)
1013 10 Tm Diameter of the Solar System as a whole[1]
16.25×109 km = 16.25 Tm Distance of the Voyager 1 spacecraft from Sun (as of Feb 2009), the farthest man-made object so far[32]
62.03×109 km = 62.03 Tm Estimated radius of the event horizon of the supermassive black hole in NGC 4889, the largest known black hole to date
1014 100 Tm 1.8×1011 km = 180 Tm Size of the debris disk around the star 51 Pegasi [33]
2×1011 km = 200 Tm Total length of DNA molecules in all cells of an adult human body [34]
1015 1 petametre (Pm) ~ 7.5 ×1012 km = 7.5 Pm Supposed outer boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50,000 AU)
9.46×1012 km = 9.46 Pm
= 1 light year		 Distance traveled by light in one year; at its current speed, Voyager 1 would need 17,500 years to travel this distance
1016 10 Pm 3.2616 light-years
(3.0857×1013 km = 30.857 Pm)		 1 parsec
4.22 light-years = 39.9 Pm Distance to nearest star (Proxima Centauri)
4.37 light-years = 41.3 Pm As of March 2013, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet (Alpha Centauri Bc)
1017 100 Pm 20.4 light-years = 193 Pm As of October 2010, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet with potential to support life as we know it (Gliese 581 d)
65 light-years = 6.15×1017 m = 615 Pm Approximate radius of humanity's radio bubble, caused by high-power TV broadcasts leaking through the atmosphere into outer space
1018 1 exametre (Em) 200 light-years = 1.9 Em Distance to nearby solar twin (HIP 56948), a star with properties virtually identical to our Sun [35]
1019 10 Em 1,000 light-years = 9.46 Em or 9.46 × 1015 km Average thickness of Milky Way Galaxy[36] (1000 to 3000 ly by 21 cm observations[37])
1020 100 Em 12,000 light-years = 113.5 Em or 1.135 × 1017 km Thickness of Milky Way Galaxy's gaseous disk[38]
950 Em 100,000 light-years Diameter of galactic disk of Milky Way Galaxy[1]
1021 1 zettametre (Zm)
50 kiloparsecs Distance to SN 1987A, the most recent naked eye supernova
52 kiloparsecs = 1.62×1021 m = 1.62 Zm Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud (a dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
54 kiloparsecs = 1.66 Zm Distance to the Small Magellanic Cloud (another dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
200 kiloparsecs = 6.15 Zm Diameter of the low surface brightness disc halo of the giant spiral galaxy Malin 1
1022 10 Zm 13.25 Zm = 1.4 million light years
= 600 kiloparsecs		 Radius of the diffuse stellar halo of IC 1101, one of the largest known galaxies
24 Zm = 2.5 million light-years
= 770 kiloparsecs		 Distance to Andromeda Galaxy
3.26 million light-years
=30.8 Zm = 1 megaparsec		 1 megaparsec
50 Zm (1.6 Mpc) Diameter of Local Group of galaxies
1023 100 Zm 300–600 Zm = 10–20 megaparsecs Distance to Virgo cluster of galaxies
1024 1 yottametre (Ym) 200 million light-years
= 1.9 Ym = 61 megaparsecs		 Diameter of the Local Supercluster and the largest voids and filaments.
300 million light-years
= 2.8 Ym = 100 megaparsecs		 End of Greatness
550 million light-years
~170 megaparsecs ~5 Ym		 Diameter of the Horologium Supercluster[39]
1 billion light-years
= 9.46 Ym =306 megaparsecs		 Diameter of the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, the supercluster complex where we live.
1025 10 Ym 1.37 billion light years
= 1.3×1025 m = 13 Ym		 Length of the Sloan Great Wall, a giant wall of galaxies (galactic filament).[40]
3.26 billion light years
=30.8 Ym = 1 gigaparsec		 1 gigaparsec
4 billion light years
=37.84 Ym		 Length of the Huge-LQG, a group of 73 quasars
1026 100 Ym 1×1010 light-years
= 9.5×1025 m = 95 Ym		 Estimated light travel distance to certain quasars. Length of the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall, a colossal wall of galaxies, the largest and the most massive structure in the observable universe as of 2014.
13.42 billion light years
=1.27×1026 m = 127 Ym		 Estimated light travel distance to UDFj-39546284, the most distant object ever observed
9.2×1010 light years
= 8.7×1026 m = 870 Ym		 Approximate diameter (comoving distance) of the visible universe[1]
1027 1000 Ym 130 billion light years
= 1.2×1027 m = 1200 Ym		 Lower bound of the (possibly infinite) radius of the universe, if it is a 3-sphere, according to one estimate using the WMAP data at 95% confidence.[41] It equivalently implies that there are at minimum 21 particle horizon-sized volumes in the universe.
[note 3] Ym megaparsecs
=  m
= Ym		 According to the laws of probability, the distance one must travel until one encounters a volume of space identical to our observable universe with conditions identical to our own.[42][43]
[note 3] Ym Mpc
=  m
= Ym		 Maximum size of universe after cosmological inflation, implied by one resolution of the No-Boundary Proposal[44]

10 picometres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−11 and10−10 m (10 pm and 100 pm)

  • 10 pm – side of a square with area 100 pm2
  • 25 pm – radius of a helium atom
  • 50 pm – radius of a hydrogen atom
  • 50 pm – radius of an oxygen atom
  • 50 pm – bohr radius
  • 60 pm – radius of a carbon atom
  • 93 pm – length of a carbon monoxide molecule

100 picometres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−10 and10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm).

1 nanometre[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−9 and10−8 m (1 nm and 10 nm).

  • 1 nm – side of a square with area of 1 nm2
  • 1 nm – edge of a cube with volume 1 nm3
  • 1 nm – diameter of a carbon nanotube
  • 2.3 nm – length of a phospholipid
  • 2.3 nm – Smallest microprocessor transistor gate oxide thickness
  • 3 nm – width of a DNA helix
  • 6 nm – length of a phospholipid bilayer
  • 6-10 nm – thickness of cell membrane
  • 10 nm Thickness of cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria

10 nanometres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−8 and 10−7 m (10 nm and 100 nm).

  • 10 nm – the average length of a nanowire
  • 10 nm – the thickness of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
  • 13 nm – the length of the wavelength that is used for EUV lithiography
  • 14 nm – Length of a porcine circovirus
  • 15 nm – Length of an antibody
  • 20 nm – Length of a nanobe, could be one of the smallest forms of life
  • 58 nm – height of a T7 bacteriophage
  • 90 nm – Length of a HIV virus
  • 100 nm – Length of a Mesoporous silica.

100 nanometres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−7 and 10−6 m (100 nm and 1 µm).

1 micrometre[edit]

Comparison of sizes of semiconductor manufacturing process nodes with some microscopic objects and visible light wavelengths. At this scale, the width of a human hair is about 10 times that of the image.[47]

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists some items with lengths between 10−6 and 10−5 m (between 1 and 10 micrometres, or µm).

10 micrometres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths between 10−5 m and 10−4 m (10 µm and 100 µm).

100 micrometres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths between 10−4 m and 10−3 m (100 µm and 1 mm).

  • 100 µm – 1/10 of a millimetre
  • 100 µm – 0.00394 inches
  • 100 µm – average diameter of a strand of human hair[21]
  • 100 µm – thickness of a coat of paint
  • 100 µm – length of a dust particle
  • 110 µm – halfway between the Planck scale and the diameter of the Observable universe,
        √(8.8×1026meters/1.6×10−35meters) × 1.6×10−35meters=110 µm
  • 120 µm – diameter of a human ovum
  • 170 µm – length of the largest sperm cell in nature, belonging to the Drosophila bifurca fruit fly[53][54]
  • 181 µm – maximum width of a strand of human hair[21]
  • 100–400 µm – length of Demodex mites living in human hair follicles
  • 200 µm – typical length of Paramecium caudatum, a ciliate protist
  • 250–300 µm – length of a dust mite[55]
  • 340 µm – length of a single pixel on a 17-inch monitor with a resolution of 1024×768
  • 500 µm – typical length of Amoeba proteus, an amoeboid protist
  • 500 µm – MEMS micro-engine[citation needed]
  • 560 µm - thickness of the central area of a human cornea[56]
  • 760 µm – thickness of an identification card

1 millimetre[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−3 m and 10−2 m (1 mm and 1 cm).

  • 1.0 mm – 1/1000 of a metre
  • 1.0 mm – 0.03937 inches or 5/127 (exactly)
  • 1.0 mm – side of square of area 1 mm²
  • 1.0 mm – diameter of a pinhead
  • 1.5 mm – length of average flea[23]
  • 2.54 mm – distance between pins on old DIP (dual-inline-package) electronic components
  • 5 mm – length of average red ant
  • 5.56×45mm NATO – standard ammunition size
  • 6 mm – approximate width of a pencil
  • 7.62×51mm NATO – common military ammunition size[57]
  • 8 mm – width of old-format home movie film

1 centimetre[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−2 m and 10−1 m (1 cm and 10 cm).

1 decimetre[edit]

An adult human foot is about 28 centimetres long.

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 centimetres and 100 centimetres (10−1 metre and 1 metre).

Conversions[edit]

10 centimetres (abbreviated to 10 cm) is equal to:

Wavelengths[edit]

Human-defined scales and structures[edit]

  • 10.16 cm = 1.016 dm – 1 hand used in measuring height of horses (4 inches)
  • 12 cm = 1.2 dm – diameter of a Compact Disc (CD) (= 120 mm)
  • 15 cm = 1.5 dm – length of a Bic pen with cap on
  • 22 cm = 2.2 dm – diameter of a typical Association football (soccer ball)
  • 30 cm = 3 dm – typical school-use ruler length (= 300 mm)
  • 30.48 cm = 3.048 dm – 1 foot (measure)
  • 60 cm = 6 dm – standard depth (front to back) of a domestic kitchen worktop in Europe (= 600 mm)
  • 90 cm = 9 dm – average length of a rapier, a fencing sword[61]
  • 91.44 cm = 9.144 dm – one yard (measure)

Nature[edit]

1 metre[edit]

Leonardo da Vinci drew the Vitruvian Man within a square of side 1.83 metres and a circle about 1.2 metres in radius

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between one metre and ten metres. Light travels 1 metre in  1⁄299,792,458, or 3.3356409519815E-9 of a second.

Conversions[edit]

1 metre is:

Human-defined scales and structures[edit]

  • 1 m – approximate height of the top part of a doorknob on a door
  • 1.435 m – standard gauge of railway track used by about 60% of railways in the world = 4' 8½"
  • 2.77–3.44 m – wavelength of the broadcast radio FM band 87–108 MHz
  • 3.05 m – the length of an old Mini
  • 8.38 m – the length of a London Bus (Routemaster)

Sports[edit]

Nature[edit]

Astronomical[edit]

1 decametre[edit]

A blue whale has been measured as 33 metres long; this drawing compares its length to that of a human diver and a dolphin

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 metres and 100 metres.

Conversions[edit]

10 metres (very rarely termed a decametre which is abbreviated as dam) is equal to:

Human-defined scales and structures[edit]

Sports[edit]

  • 11 metres – approximate width of a doubles tennis court
  • 15 metres – width of a standard FIBA basketball court
  • 15.24 metres – width of an NBA basketball court (50 feet)
  • 18.44 metres – distance between the front of the pitcher's rubber and the rear point of home plate on a baseball field (60 feet, 6 inches)[67]
  • 20 metres – length of cricket pitch (22 yards)[68]
  • 27.43 metres – distance between bases on a baseball field (90 feet)
  • 28 metres – length of a standard FIBA basketball court
  • 28.65 metres – length of an NBA basketball court (94 feet)
  • 49 metres – width of an American football field (53⅓ yards)
  • 59.436 metres – width of a Canadian football field (65 yards)
  • 70 metres – typical width of soccer field
  • 91 metres – length of American football field (100 yards, measured between the goal lines)
  • 105 metres – length of football pitch (UEFA Stadium Category 3 and 4)

Nature[edit]

Astronomical[edit]

1 hectometre[edit]

The Great Pyramid of Giza is 138.8 metres high.
British driver location sign and location marker post on the M27 in Hampshire. The location marker posts are installed at 100-metre intervals[71]

To compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 metres and 1000 metres (1 kilometre).

Conversions[edit]

100 metres (sometimes termed a hectometre) is equal to:

  • 328 feet
  • one side of a 1 hectare square
  • a fifth of a modern li, a Chinese unit of measurement
  • the approximate distance travelled by light in 300 nanoseconds

Human-defined scales and structures[edit]

Sports[edit]

Nature[edit]

Astronomical[edit]

1 kilometre[edit]

Mount Fuji is 3.776 kilometres (3,776 metres) high

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 1 kilometre and 10 kilometres (103 and 104 metres).

Conversions[edit]

1 kilometre (unit symbol km) is equal to:

Human-defined scales and structures[edit]

Geographical[edit]

See also: List of highest mountains

Astronomical[edit]

10 kilometres[edit]

The Strait of Gibraltar is 13 kilometres wide

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 and 100 kilometres (104 to 105 metres).

Conversions[edit]

10 kilometres is equal to:

  • 1 Myriametre, now a largely obsolete usage
  • 10,000 metres
  • 6.2 miles
  • 1 mil (the Scandinavian mile), now standardized as 10 km:
    • 1 mil, the unit of measure commonly used in Norway and Sweden[89] used to be 11,295 m in Norway and 10,688 m in Sweden.
  • farsang, a modern unit of measure commonly used in Iran and Turkey.[90] Usage of farsang before 1926 may be for a less precise unit derived from parasang.

Sports[edit]

Human-defined scales and structures[edit]

Geographical[edit]

Astronomical[edit]

100 kilometres[edit]

The Suez Canal is 163 kilometres long

A length of 100 kilometers (about 62 English miles), as a rough amount, is relatively common in measurements on Earth and for some astronomical objects. It is the altitude at which the FAI defines spaceflight to begin. To help compare orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths between 100 and 1,000 kilometres (105 and 106 metres).

Conversions[edit]

A distance of 100 kilometres is equal to about 62 miles (or 62.13711922 miles).

Human-defined scales and structures[edit]

Geographical[edit]

Astronomical[edit]

1 megametre[edit]

Small planets, the Moon and dwarf planets in our solar system have diameters from one to ten million metres. Top row: Mars (left), Mercury (right); bottom row: Moon (left), Pluto (center), and Haumea (right), to scale.

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths starting at 106 m (1 Mm or 1,000 km).

Conversions[edit]

1 megametre is equal to:

Human-defined scales and structures[edit]

Sports[edit]

Geographical[edit]

Astronomical[edit]

10 megametres[edit]

Planets from Venus up to Uranus have diameters from ten to one hundred million metres. Top row: Uranus (left), Neptune (right); middle row: Earth (left), Sirius B (center), and Venus (right), to scale.

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths starting at 107 metres (10 megametres or 10,000 kilometres).

Conversions[edit]

10 megametres (10 Mm) is

Human-defined scales and structures[edit]

Geographical[edit]

Astronomical[edit]

100 megametres[edit]

The Earth-Moon orbit, Saturn, OGLE-TR-122b, Jupiter, and other objects, to scale. Click on image for detailed view and links to other length scales.

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths starting at 108 metres (100 megametres or 100,000 kilometres or 62,150 miles).

1 gigametre[edit]

Upper part: Gamma Orionis, Algol B, the Sun (centre), underneath their darker mirror images (artist's interpretation), and other objects, to scale.

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 109 metres (1 gigametre (Gm) or 1 billion metres).

10 gigametres[edit]

Rigel and Aldebaran (top left and right) compared to smaller stars, the Sun (very small dot in lower middle, with orbit of mercury as yellow ellipse) and transparent sphere with radius of one light minute: click image for larger view and links to other scales.

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1010 metres (10 gigametres (Gm) or 10 million kilometres, or 0.07 Astronomical units).

100 gigametres[edit]

From largest to smallest: Jupiter's orbit, red supergiant star Betelgeuse, Mars' orbit, Earth's orbit, star R Doradus, and orbits of Venus, Mercury. Inside R Doradus' depiction are the blue giant star Rigel and red giant star Aldebaran. The faint yellow glow around the Sun represents one light minute. Click image to see more details and links to their scales.

To help compare distances at different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths starting at 1011 metres (100 Gm or 100 million kilometres or 0.7 astronomical units).

  • 109 Gm – 0.7 AU – Distance between Venus and the Sun
  • 149.6 Gm (93.0 million mi) – 1.0 AU – Distance between the Earth and the Sun - the definition of the astronomical unit
  • 180 Gm – 1.2 AU – Maximum diameter of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole in the center of Milky Way galaxy
  • 228 Gm – 1.5 AU – Distance between Mars and the Sun
  • 570 Gm – 3.8 AU – Length of the tail of Comet Hyakutake measured by Ulysses; the actual value could be much higher
  • 591 Gm – 4.0 AU – Minimum distance between the Earth and Jupiter
  • 624 Gm – 4.2 AU – Diameter of Antares
  • 780 Gm – 5.2 AU – Distance between Jupiter and the Sun
  • 965 Gm – 6.4 AU – Maximum distance between the Earth and Jupiter

1 terametre[edit]

8 things in the Terameter group
Comparison of size of the Kuiper belt (large faint torus) with the star VY Canis Majoris (at its previous estimate, within Saturn's orbit), Betelgeuse (inside Jupiter's orbit) and R Doradus (small central red sphere) together with the orbits of Neptune and Uranus, to scale. The yellow ellipses represent the orbits of each planet and the dwarf planet Pluto.

To help compare different distances, this section lists lengths starting at 1012 m (1 Tm or 1 billion km or 6.7 astronomical units).

  • 1.079 Tm – 7.2 AU – One light-hour
  • 1.4 Tm – 9.5 AU – Distance between Saturn and the Sun
  • 1.97 Tm – 13.2 AU – revised estimated diameter of VY Canis Majoris. The newly improved measurement was 30% lower than the previous 2007 estimate.[111]
  • 2.0 Tm – 13.4 AU – Diameter of one of the largest known stars, KY Cygni
  • 2.4 Tm – 15.9 AU – estimated diameter of UY Scuti, the largest known star as of 2013
  • 2.8 Tm – 18.72 AU – previous estimated diameter of VY Canis Majoris, as of 2007.[112] The size was revised in 2012 through improved measurement techniques.[111]
  • 2.9 Tm – 19.4 AU – Distance between Uranus and the Sun
  • 4.4 Tm – 29.4 AU – Perihelion distance of Pluto
  • 4.5 Tm – 30.1 AU – Distance between Neptune and the Sun
  • 4.5 Tm – 30.1 AU – Inner radius of the Kuiper belt
  • 5.7 Tm – 38.1 AU – Perihelion distance of Eris
  • 7.3 Tm – 48.8 AU – Aphelion distance of Pluto
  • 7.5 Tm – 50.1 AU – Outer radius of the Kuiper Belt, inner boundary of the Oort Cloud

10 terametres[edit]

Sedna's orbit (left) is longer than 100 Tm, but other lengths are between 10 and 100 Tm: Comet Hale-Bopp's orbit (lower, faint orange); one light-day (yellow spherical shell with yellow Vernal point arrow as radius); the heliosphere's termination shock (blue shell); and other arrows show positions of Voyager 1 (red) and Pioneer 10 (green). Click on image for larger view and links to other scales.

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1013 m (10 Tm or 10 billion km or 67 astronomical units).

  • 11.1 Tm – 74.2 AU – Distance that Voyager 1 began detecting returning particles from termination shock
  • 11.4 Tm – 76.2 AU – Perihelion distance of 90377 Sedna
  • 12.1 Tm – 70 to 90 AU – Distance to termination shock (Voyager 1 crossed at 94 AU)
  • 12.9 Tm – 86.3 AU – Distance to 90377 Sedna in March 2014
  • 13.2 Tm – 88.6 AU – Distance to Pioneer 11 in March 2014
  • 14.1 Tm – 94.3 AU – Estimated radius of the solar system
  • 14.4 Tm – 96.4 AU – Distance to Eris in March 2014 (now near its aphelion)
  • 15.1 Tm – 101 AU – Distance to heliosheath
  • 16.5 Tm – 111 AU – Distance to Pioneer 10 as of March 2014
  • 16.6 Tm - 111.2AU - Distance to Voyager 2 as of May 2016
  • 20.0 Tm - 135 AU - Distance to Voyager 1 as of May 2016
  • 20.6 Tm – 138 AU - Distance to Voyager 1 as of today (late February 2017)
  • 25.9 Tm – 172 AU – One light-day
  • 55.7 Tm – 371 AU – Aphelion distance of the comet Hale-Bopp

100 terametres[edit]

The largest yellow sphere indicates one light month distance from the Sun. Click the image for larger view, more details and links to other scales.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1014 m (100 Tm or 100,000 million km or 670 astronomical units).

1 petametre[edit]

Largest circle with yellow arrow indicates one light year from Sun; Cat's Eye Nebula on left and Barnard 68 in middle are depicted in front of Comet 1910 A1's orbit. Click image for larger view, details and links to other scales.

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1015 m (1 Pm or 1,000,000 million km or 6685 astronomical units (AU) or 0.11 light years).

10 petametres[edit]

Objects with size order of magnitude 1e16m: Ten light years (94.6 Pm) radius circle with yellow Vernal Point arrow; Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635), left; Dumbbell Nebula (NGC 6853), right; one light year shell lower right with the smaller Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC_6543) and Barnard 68 adjacent.
1e16m lengths: Ten light years (94.6 Pm) yellow shell; Sirius below right; BL Ceti below left; Proxima and Alpha Centauri upper right; light year shell with Comet 1910 A1's orbit inside top right

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1016 m (10 Pm or 66,800 AU, 1.06 light years).

  • 15 Pm – 1.59 light years – Possible outer radius of Oort cloud
  • 20 Pm – 2.11 light years – maximum extent of influence of the Sun's gravitational field
  • 30.9 Pm – 3.26 light years – 1 parsec
  • 39.9 Pm – 4.22 light years – Distance to Proxima Centauri (nearest star to Sun)
  • 81.3 Pm – 8.59 light years – Distance to Sirius

100 petametres[edit]

Lengths with order of magnitude 1e17m: yellow Vernal Point arrow traces hundred light year radius circle with smaller ten light year circle at right; globular cluster Messier 5 in background; 12 light year radius Orion Nebula middle right; 50 light year wide view of the Carina Nebula bottom left; Pleiades cluster and Bubble nebula with similar diameters each around 10 light years bottom right; grey arrows show distances from Sun to stars Aldebaran (65 light years) and Vega (25 light years).
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 1017 m (100 Pm or 11 light years) and 1018 m (106 light years).

  • 110 Pm – 12 light years – Distance to Tau Ceti
  • 230 Pm – 24 light years – Diameter of the Orion Nebula[118][119]
  • 240 Pm – 25 light years – Distance to Vega
  • 260 Pm – 27 light years – Distance to Chara, a star approximately as bright as our Sun. Its faintness gives us an idea how our Sun would appear when viewed from even so close a distance as this.
  • 350 Pm – 37 light years – Distance to Arcturus
  • 373.1 Pm – 39.44 light years - Distance to TRAPPIST-1, a star recently discovered to have 7 planets around it.
  • 400 Pm – 42 light years – Distance to Capella
  • 620 Pm – 65 light years – Distance to Aldebaran

1 exametre[edit]

Lengths with order of magnitude 1e18m: thousand light year radius circle with yellow arrow and 100 light year circle at right with globular cluster Messier 5 within and Carina Nebula in front; globular cluster Omega Centauri to left of both; part of the 1400 light year wide Tarantula Nebula fills the background.

This list includes distances between 1 and 10 exametres (1018 m). To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 1018 m (1 Em or 105.7 light years) and 1019 m (1057 light years).

10 exametres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 10 Em (1019 m or 1,100 light years).

100 exametres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 100 Em (1020 m or 11,000 light years).

1 zettametre[edit]

The zettametre (SI symbol: Zm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1021 metres.[124]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 1 Zm (1021 m or 110,000 light years).

10 zettametres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 10 Zm (1022 m or 1.1 million light years).

100 zettametres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 100 Zm (1023 m or 11 million light years).

1 yottametre[edit]

The yottametre or yottameter in the US ( SI symbol: Ym) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1024 metres[124]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 1 Ym (1024 m or 105.702 million light years).

10 yottametres[edit]

The universe within 1 billion light years of Earth

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 10 Ym (1025 m or 1.1 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.

  • 13.7 Ym – 1.37 billion light-years – Length of the Sloan Great Wall
  • 18 Ym – redshift 0.16 – 1.9 billion light-years – Distance to the quasar 3C 273 (light travel distance)
  • 33 Ym – 3.5 billion light-years – Maximum distance of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (light travel distance)
  • 37.8 Ym – 4 billion light-years – Length of the Huge-LQG, one of the largest and most massive known cosmic structure.
  • 75 Ym – redshift 0.95 – 8 billion light-years – Approximate distance to the supernova SN 2002dd in the Hubble Deep Field North (light travel distance)
  • 85 Ym – redshift 1.6 – 9 billion light-years – Approximate distance to the gamma ray burst GRB 990123 (light travel distance)
  • 94.6 Ym – 10 billion light-years – Approximate distance to quasar OQ172

100 yottametres[edit]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 100 Ym (1026 m or 11 billion light years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.

Distances longer than 100 Ym

  • 130 Ym – redshift 6.41 – 13 billion light years – Light travel distance (LTD) to the quasar SDSS J1148+5251
  • 130 Ym – redshift 1000 – 13.7 billion light years – Distance (LTD) to the source of the cosmic microwave background radiation; radius of the observable universe measured as a LTD
  • 260 Ym – 27.4 billion light years – Diameter of the observable universe (double LTD)
  • 440 Ym – 46 billion light years – Radius of the universe measured as a comoving distance.
  • 590 Ym – 62 billion light years – Cosmological event horizon: the largest comoving distance from which light will ever reach us (the observer) at any time in the future
  • 879.8 Ym – 93 billion light years – The diameter of the observable universe, however there might be distances that are unobserved that might be even further
  • <1,000 Ym (1 kYm in older usage – Size of universe beyond the cosmic light horizon, depending on its curvature; if the curvature is zero (i.e. the universe is spatially flat), the value can be infinite (see shape of the Universe) as previously mentioned.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ According to The Physics Factbook, the diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μm. Ley, Brian (1999). "Width of a Human Hair". The Physics Factbook. 
  2. ^ a b The exact category (asteroid, dwarf planet or planet) to which particular Solar System objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of extrasolar planets and trans-Neptunian objects
  3. ^ a b 10115 is 1 followed by 115 zeroes, or a googol multiplied by a quadrillion. 1010115 is 1 followed by a quadrillion googol zeroes. 101010122is 1 followed by 1010122 (a googolplex10 sextillion) zeroes.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Cliff Burgess; Fernando Quevedo (November 2007). "The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride". Scientific American (print). Scientific American, Inc. p. 55. 
  2. ^ Carl R. Nave. "Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment". Retrieved 2008-12-04.  (6.3 × 10−44 cm2, which gives an effective radius of about 2 × 10−23 m)
  3. ^ Carl R. Nave. "Neutron Absorption Cross-sections". Retrieved 2008-12-04.  (area for 20 GeV about 10 × 10−42 m2 gives effective radius of about 2 × 10−21 m; for 250 GeV about 150 × 10−42 m2 gives effective radius of about 7 × 10−21 m)
  4. ^ gravitational waves that originate tens of millions of light years from Earth are expected to distort the 4 kilometre mirror spacing by about 10−18 m, less than one-thousandth the charge diameter of a proton. Equivalently, this is a relative change in distance of approximately one part in 1021. "On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10−21." B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger", Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102, published 11 February 2016.
  5. ^ Randolf Pohl; Aldo Antognini; François Nez; Fernando D. Amaro; François Biraben; João M. R. Cardoso; Daniel S. Covita; Andreas Dax; Satish Dhawan; Luis M. P. Fernandes; Adolf Giesen; Thomas Graf; Theodor W. Hänsch; Paul Indelicato; Lucile Julien; Cheng-Yang Kao; Paul Knowles; Eric-Olivier Le Bigot; Yi-Wei Liu; José A. M. Lopes; Livia Ludhova; Cristina M. B. Monteiro; Françoise Mulhauser; Tobias Nebel; Paul Rabinowitz; et al. (8 July 2010). "The size of the proton". Nature. 466 (7303): 213–216. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..213P. doi:10.1038/nature09250. PMID 20613837. Retrieved 2010-07-09. 
  6. ^ Carl R. Nave. "Scattering Cross Section". Retrieved 2009-02-10.  (diameter of the Scattering Cross Section of an 11 MeV proton with a target proton)
  7. ^ NIST. CODATA Value: classical electron radius. Retrieved 2009-02-10
  8. ^ H. E. Smith. "The Scale of the Universe". UCSD. Retrieved 2009-02-10. ~10−13cm 
  9. ^ Mark Winter (2008). "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Sulfur / Radii". Retrieved 2008-12-06. 
  10. ^ Flahaut, E.; Bacsa R; Peigney A; Laurent C. (2003). "Gram-Scale CCVD Synthesis of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes". Chemical Communications. 12 (12): 1442–1443. doi:10.1039/b301514a. PMID 12841282. Retrieved 2008-11-14. 
  11. ^ Stewart, Robert. "Dr.". Radiobiology Software. Archived from the original on 2010-06-30. Retrieved 2015-05-20. 
  12. ^ Dominique Langevin. "Chapter 10: DNA-Surfactant/Lipid Complexes at Liquid Interfaces". In Rita S Dias and Bjorn Lindman. DNA Interactions with Polymers and Surfactants (PDF). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-470-25818-7. Retrieved 24 May 2014. DNA has 20 elementary charges per helical turn over the corresponding length of 3.4nm [dead link]
  13. ^ [1]
  14. ^ "Hard drive basics – Capacities, RPM speeds, interfaces and mechanics". helpwithpcs.com. Retrieved 13 July 2016. 
  15. ^ Cohn, J. University of California, Berkeley Lyman alpha systems and cosmology. Retrieved 2009-02-21
  16. ^ Seth, S.D.; Seth, Vimlesh (2009). Textbook of Pharmacology (3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. X111. ISBN 978-81-312-1158-8. Retrieved 19 July 2016. 
  17. ^ Color
  18. ^ "Size of bacteria". What are bacteria?. Retrieved 19 July 2016. 
  19. ^ "Engineering properties of spider silk" (PDF). web.mit.edu. Retrieved 19 July 2016. 
  20. ^ Doohan, Jim. "Blood cells". biosbcc.net. Retrieved 19 July 2016. 
  21. ^ a b c d According to The Physics Factbook, the diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 µm. Ley, Brian (1999). "Width of a Human Hair". The Physics Factbook.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Physics_Factbook" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Physics_Factbook" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  22. ^ Liu, Z; Huang, AJ; Pflugfelder, SC (July 1999). "Evaluation of corneal thickness and topography in normal eyes using the Orbscan corneal topography system". Br J Ophthalmol. 83 (7): 774–8. doi:10.1136/bjo.83.7.774. PMC 1723104Freely accessible. PMID 10381661. 
  23. ^ a b Order Siphonaptera – Fleas – BugGuide.Net Accessed 29 April 2014
  24. ^ "Official Rules". MLB. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  25. ^ "What is a rapier - Renaissance swords Rapiers". 2-Clicks Swords. 
  26. ^ Bohun B. Kinloch, Jr. and William H. Scheuner. "Pinus lambertiana". Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  27. ^ a b "Tallest Man". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2010-06-10. 
  28. ^ "Animal Records". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Retrieved 2007-05-29. 
  29. ^ "Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures". Niagara Parks Commission. Retrieved 29 June 2011. 
  30. ^ "Three Gorges Dam". encyclopedia.com. Cengage Learning. 
  31. ^ Thomas, P. C.; Parker, J. Wm.; McFadden, L. A.; et al. (2005). "Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape". Nature. 437 (7056): 224–226. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..224T. doi:10.1038/nature03938. PMID 16148926. 
  32. ^ Spacecraft escaping the Solar System
  33. ^ Twin Keck telescopes probe dual dust disks
  34. ^ "medical science - Length of uncoiled human DNA - Skeptics Stack Exchange". Retrieved 13 March 2015. 
  35. ^ Shiga, David. "Sun's 'twin' an ideal hunting ground for alien life". New Scientist. Retrieved 2007-10-03. 
  36. ^ Christian, Eric; Samar, Safi-Harb. "How large is the Milky Way?". Retrieved 2008-11-14. 
  37. ^ Duncan, Martin (2008). "16". Physics 216 – Introduction to Astrophysics (PDF). Retrieved 2008-11-14. 
  38. ^ "Milky Way fatter than first thought". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 2008-02-20. Archived from the original on 2008-04-28. Retrieved 2008-11-14. 
  39. ^ http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/superc/hor.html The Horologium Supercluster
  40. ^ J. R. Gott III et al., Astrophys. J., 624, 463 (2005). Figure 8 – "Logarithmic Maps of the Universe" – is available as a poster from the homepage of Mario Juric.
  41. ^ http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605709v2 How Many Universes Do There Need To Be?
  42. ^ "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations.", Tegmark M., Sci Am. 2003 May;288(5):40-51.
  43. ^ Max Tegmark (2003). "Parallel Universes". In "Science and Ultimate Reality: from Quantum to Cosmos", honoring John Wheeler's 90th birthday. J. D. Barrow, P.C.W. Davies, & C.L. Harper eds. Cambridge University Press (2003). 288: 40–51. arXiv:astro-ph/0302131Freely accessible. Bibcode:2003astro.ph..2131T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40. PMID 12701329. 
  44. ^ http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0610199 "Susskind's Challenge to the Hartle-Hawking No-Boundary Proposal and Possible Resolutions "
  45. ^ Electrospray versus Nebulization for Aerosolization and Filter Testing with Bacteriophage Particles. In-Depth Article. Retrieved September 15, 2010. Aerosol Science and Technology, Volume 43, Issue 4 April 2009, pages 298 - 304.
  46. ^ Textbook Of Pharmacology by SD Seth
  47. ^ Graham T. Smith (2002). Industrial metrology. Springer. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-85233-507-6. 
  48. ^ Smith, D.J. (2009). "Human sperm accumulation near surfaces: a simulation study" (PDF). Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 621: 295. doi:10.1017/S0022112008004953. Retrieved 20 May 2012. 
  49. ^ DNA From The Beginning, section 6: Genes are real things., "Amination" section, final slide
  50. ^ Gordon Ramel. "Spider Silk". Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04. garden spider silk has a diameter of about 0.003 mm ... Dragline silk (about .00032 inch (.008 mm) in Nephila) 
  51. ^ a b IST - Innovative Sintering Technologies Ltd. "Fibreshape applications". Retrieved 2008-12-04. Histogram of cotton thickness 
  52. ^ Morton Lippmann (2000). Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects. John Wiley and Sons. p. 453. ISBN 0-471-29298-2. ISBN 978-0-471-29298-2. Retrieved 2008-12-04. 20 µm .. 5 µm 
  53. ^ Kim Popiolek. "Dr. Charles Lindemann's Lab: Sperm Facts". Oakland University. 
  54. ^ Santoso, Alex (June 17, 2006). "World's Biggest Sperm Belongs to a Tiny Fly". Neatorama. 
  55. ^ House Dust Mites HYG-2157-97. Retrieved 2008-12-04
  56. ^ "Evaluation of corneal thickness and topography in normal eyes using the Orbscan corneal topography system". Br J Ophthalmol. 83 (7): 774–8. July 1999. doi:10.1136/bjo.83.7.774. PMC 1723104Freely accessible. PMID 10381661. 
  57. ^ NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization, Per G. Arvidsson, ChairmanWeapons & Sensors Working GroupLand Capability Group 1 – Dismounted Soldier NATO Army Armaments Group Accessed 29 April 2014
  58. ^ "USGA: Guide to the Rules on Clubs and Balls". USGA. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  59. ^ "Official Rules". MLB. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  60. ^ "Credit Card Dimensions". Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  61. ^ "What is a rapier - Renaissance swords Rapiers". 2-Clicks Swords. 
  62. ^ Bohun B. Kinloch, Jr. and William H. Scheuner. "Pinus lambertiana". Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved June 2011.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  63. ^ Laws of the Game (PDF), FIFA 
  64. ^ IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations - IAAF.org - Statistics - Top Lists, archived from the original on 2008-01-16, retrieved 2010-04-09 
  65. ^ IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations - IAAF.org - Past Results, archived from the original on 2011-06-04, retrieved 2010-04-09 
  66. ^ Dagg, A. I. (1971), Mammalian Species 5 (Giraffa camelopardalis ed.), pp. 1–8 
  67. ^ "Rule 1.04 The Playing Field" (PDF). Official Baseball Rules. Major League Baseball. 25 January 2010. pp. 1–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.  See especially Diagram No. 1, page 3.
  68. ^ "Law 7 (The pitch)". Laws of Cricket. Marylebone Cricket Club. October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011. 
  69. ^ "Animal Records". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2007. 
  70. ^ "Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures". Niagara Parks Commission. Retrieved 29 June 2011. 
  71. ^ Highways Agency. "Driver Location Signs - Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 2010-02-10. 
  72. ^ "Kingda Ka (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-18. 
  73. ^ "Tour Eiffel". Retrieved 15 September 2010. 
  74. ^ "Burj Dubai all set for 09/09/09 soft opening". Emirates Business 24-7. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009. 
  75. ^ "Education & Technical - Referees - Laws of the Game". FIFA.com. 
  76. ^ "Tallest tree in the world: coast redwood". Monumental Trees, an inventory of big and old trees worldwide. 
  77. ^ Fujiwara, Akira; et al. (2 June 2006). "The Rubble-Pile Asteroid Itokawa as Observed by Hayabusa". Science. 312 (5778): 1330–1334. doi:10.1126/science.1125841. PMID 16741107. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  78. ^ "long wave". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 12 March 2011. wavelength above one kilometre (and a frequency below 300 kHz) 
  79. ^ "Golden Gate Bridge official website". Retrieved 10 June 2012. 
  80. ^ "nautical mile". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  81. ^ Akashi Kaikyo Bridge @ Everything2.com, Everything2, 2002-09-09, retrieved 2009-04-19 
  82. ^ "Three Gorges Dam". encyclopedia.com. Cengage Learning. 
  83. ^ Jeffrey Friedl (2008-12-09), Supporting the Longest Suspension Bridge in the World, archived from the original on 2009-04-25, retrieved 2009-04-19 
  84. ^ New height of world's railway born in Tibet, Xinhua News Agency, 2005-08-24, archived from the original on 2009-04-25, retrieved 2009-04-19 
  85. ^ "GeoNames". 
  86. ^ "Russians in landmark Baikal dive". BBC News. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2011. current record of 1,637m was set in Lake Baikal in the 1990s 
  87. ^ "Kosciuszko National Park lookouts and scenery". Office of Environment & Heritage: NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service. 
  88. ^ "Carstensz Pyramid details". Carstensz Pyramid Site. 
  89. ^ Haugen, Einar, Norwegian English Dictionary, 1965, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget and Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, s.v. mil
  90. ^ https://sizes.com/units/farsakh.htm
  91. ^ "IAAF Competition Rules 2008" (pdf). IAAF. p. 195. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-04-25. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  92. ^ Gregory Kennedy. "Stratolab, an Evolutionary Stratospheric Balloon Project". 
  93. ^ Wise, Jeff (October 1, 2009). "Turkey Building the World's Deepest Immersed Tube Tunnel". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved January 2011.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  94. ^ http://panamacanalfacts.com/facts-about-the-panama-canal/
  95. ^ Highest and lowest points on Mars NASA
  96. ^ Plescia, Jeff (1997-10-01). "Height of Martian vs. Earth mountains". Questions and Answers about Mars terrain and geology. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  97. ^ "High Speed 1 Project Hoem". www.betchel.com. Betchel Corporation. Retrieved 8 February 2015. 
  98. ^ Thomas, P. C.; Parker, J. Wm.; McFadden, L. A.; et al. (2005). "Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape". Nature. 437 (7056): 224–226. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..224T. doi:10.1038/nature03938. PMID 16148926. 
  99. ^ "FAQ-Alaska Highway Facts". The MILEPOST. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-08-25. 1,390 miles ... Alaska Route 2 and often treated as a natural extension of the Alaska Highway 
  100. ^ Downward, R.J.; Bromell, J.E. (March 1990). "The development of a policy for the management of dingo populations in South Australia". Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990. University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Archived from the original on 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2009-08-31. 
  101. ^ "China's Great Wall far longer than thought: survey". AFP. 2009-04-20. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  102. ^ CIS railway timetable, route No. 002, Moscow-Vladivostok. Archived 2009-12-03.
  103. ^ CIS railway timetable, route No. 350, Kiev-Vladivostok. Archived 2009-12-03.
  104. ^ McGourty, Christine (2005-12-14). "Hubble finds mass of white dwarf". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-10-13. 
  105. ^ NASA Staff (10 May 2011). "Solar System Exploration - Earth's Moon: Facts & Figures". NASA. Retrieved 2011-11-06. 
  106. ^ Sun Fact Sheet
  107. ^ Neuroscience: The Science of the Brain "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2011-06-08.  p.44
  108. ^ Richichi, A.; Roccatagliata, V. Aldebaran's angular diameter: How well do we know it?. Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 433, Issue 1, April I 2005, pp.305-312. "We derive an average value of 19.96±0.03 milliarcsec for the uniform disk diameter. The corresponding limb-darkened value is 20.58±0.03 milliarcsec, or 44.2±0.9 Rȯ."
  109. ^ Richichi, A. and Roccatagliata, V. derived an angular diameter of 20.58±0.03 milliarcsec, which given a distance of 65 light years yields a diameter of 61 million km
  110. ^ "Big and Giant Stars: Rigel". Internetservice Kummer + Oster GbR. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-26. Diameter: 62 * Sun 
  111. ^ a b Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P.H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J.M. (5 April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY CMa based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194Freely accessible. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. 
  112. ^ Humphreys, Roberta (13 October 2006). "VY Canis Majoris: the astrophysical basis of its luminosity". arXiv:astro-ph/0610433Freely accessible. 
  113. ^ "Comet Hyakutake: Orbital elements and 10-day ephemeris". European Space Agency. Retrieved 2008-12-07. 
  114. ^ Parthasarathy, M. (2000). "Birth and early evolution of planetary nebulae". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 28: 217–224. Bibcode:2000BASI...28..217P. 
  115. ^ "Google Conversion". 
  116. ^ radius = distance times sin(angular diameter/2) = 0.2 light year. Distance = 3.3 ± 0.9 kly; angular diameter = 20 arcseconds(Reed et al. 1999)
  117. ^ Michael Szpir (May–June 2001). "Bart Bok's Black Blobs". American Scientist. Archived from the original on 2003-06-29. Retrieved 2008-11-19. Bok globules such as Barnard 68 are only about half a light-year across and weigh in at about two solar masses 
  118. ^ Sandstrom, Karin M; Peek, J. E. G.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bolatto, Alberto D.; Plambeck, Richard L. (1999). "A Parallactic Distance of 389+24
    −21     parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 667 (2): 1161–1169. arXiv:0706.2361Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007ApJ...667.1161S. doi:10.1086/520922.     
  119. ^ diameter=sin(65 arcminutes)*1270 light years=24; where "65.00 x 60.0 (arcmin)" sourced from Revised NGC Data for NGC 1976
  120. ^ distance × sin( diameter_angle ), using distance of 5kpc (15.8 ± 1.1 kly) and angle 36.3', = 172 ± 12.5 ly.
  121. ^ van de Ven, G.; van den Bosch, R. C. E.; Verolme, E. K.; de Zeeuw, P. T. (January 11, 2006). "The dynamical distance and intrinsic structure of the globular cluster ω Centauri". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 445 (2): 513–543. arXiv:astro-ph/0509228Freely accessible. Bibcode:2006A&A...445..513V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053061. best-fit dynamical distance D=4.8±0.3 kpc ... consistent with the canonical value 5.0±0.2 kpc obtained by photometric methods 
  122. ^ Harper, Graham M.; Brown, Alexander; Guinan, Edward F. (April 2008). "A New VLA-Hipparcos Distance to Betelgeuse and its Implications" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 135 (4): 1430–40. Bibcode:2008AJ....135.1430H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1430. 
  123. ^ Reid, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions". Astrophysical Journal. 700: 137–148. arXiv:0902.3913Freely accessible. Bibcode:2009ApJ...700..137R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137. 
  124. ^ a b "SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI)". International Committee for Weights and Measures. Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre. Retrieved 11 October 2014. 
  125. ^ Local Group

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orders_of_magnitude_(length)&oldid=773842992"