Hectare

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Hectare
Unit system non-SI metric system
Unit of Area
Symbol ha 
In SI base units: 1 ha = 104 m2

The hectare (/ˈhɛktɛər/ or /ˈhɛktɑːr/; symbol ha) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to 100 ares (10,000 m2) and primarily used in the measurement of land as a metric replacement for the imperial acre.[1] An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres.

In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the "are" was defined as 100 square metres and the hectare ("hecto-" + "are") was thus 100 "ares" or  1⁄100 km2. When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units (SI), the are was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare, however, remains as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI units, mentioned in Section 4.1 of the SI Brochure as a unit whose use is "expected to continue indefinitely".[1]

Comparison of Area units
Unit SI
1 ca 1 m2
1 a 100 m2
1 ha 10,000 m2
100 ha 1,000,000 m2
1 km2
non-SI comparisons
non-SI metric
0.3861 sq mi 1 km2
2.471 acre 1 ha
107,639 sq ft 1 ha
1 sq mi 259.0 ha
1 acre 0.4047 ha

History[edit]

The metric system of measurement was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. The law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure:[2]

  • The metre for length
  • The are (100 m2) for area [of land]
  • The stère (1 m3) for volume of stacked firewood[3]
  • The litre (1 dm3) for volumes of liquid
  • The gram for mass

Although the law defined the length of the metre, there was no practical way of accurately measuring the metre (and hence the are) until 1799 when the first standard metre was manufactured and adopted.

The standard metre remained in the custody of successive French governments until 1875 when, under the Convention of the Metre, its supervision passed into international control under the auspices of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). At the first meeting of the CGPM in 1889 when a new standard metre, manufactured by Johnson Matthey & Co of London[4] was adopted, the are and hectare were automatically redefined.

In 1960, when the metric system was updated as the International System of Units (SI), the are did not receive international recognition. The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) makes no mention of the are in the current (2006) definition of the SI, but classifies the hectare as a "Non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units"[5]

In 1972, the European Economic Community (EEC) passed directive 71/354/EEC,[6] which catalogued the units of measure that might be used within the Community. The units that were catalogued replicated the recommendations of the CGPM, supplemented by a few other units including the are (and implicitly the hectare) whose use was limited to the measurement of land.

Many farmers, especially older ones, still use the acre for everyday calculations, and convert to hectares only for official (especially European Union) paperwork. Farm fields can have very long histories which are resistant to change, with names such as "the six acre field" stretching back hundreds of years and across generations of family farmers. Some younger agricultural workers are now beginning to think in hectares as their "first language", though this is more typical of professional consultants and managers than of traditional farming and land-owning families, and in some circles may be viewed as a social class indicator.

Units[edit]

Definition of a hectare and of an are.

The names centiare, deciare, decare and hectare are derived by adding the standard metric prefixes to the original base unit of area, the are.

Centiare[edit]

The centiare (symbol ca) is a synonym for one square metre.

Deciare[edit]

The deciare is ten square metres.

Are[edit]

The are (/ˈɑːr/;[7] or /ˈɛər/[8] symbol a) is a unit of area, equal to 100 square metres (10 m × 10 m), used for measuring land area. It was defined by older forms of the metric system, but is now outside of the modern International System of Units (SI).[9]

It is commonly used to measure real estate, in particular in Indonesia, India, and in French-, Portuguese-, Slovakian-, Serbian-, Czech-, Polish-, Dutch-, and German-speaking countries.

In Russia and other former Soviet Union states, the "sotka" (Russian: сотка: 'hundredth' (i.e. 1/100 of a hectare) or 'hundred' (i.e. 100 m2)) is identical to the are. It is used to describe the size of suburban dacha or allotment garden plots or small city parks where the hectare would be too large.

Decare[edit]

The decare (/ˈdɛkɑːr/ or /ˈdɛkɛər/; symbol daa) is derived from deka, the prefix for 10 and are, and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres. It is used in Norway[10] and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East and the Balkans (Bulgaria)[11] as a measure of land area. Instead of the name "decare", the names of traditional land measures are usually used, redefined as one decare:

  • Stremma in Greece[12]
  • Dunam, dunum, donum, or dönüm in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey[13]
  • Mål is sometimes used for decare in Norway, from the old measure of about the same area.

Hectare[edit]

Trafalgar Square has an area of about one hectare.[14]

The hectare (/ˈhɛktɛər/ or /ˈhɛktɑːr/;[15] symbol ha), although not strictly a unit of SI, is the only named unit of area that is accepted for use within the SI.[16] It is widely used throughout the world for the measurement of large areas of land, and it is the legal unit of measure in domains concerned with land ownership, planning, and management, including law (land deeds), agriculture, forestry, and town planning throughout the European Union.[17] The United States, Burma[18][19] and to some extent Canada instead use the acre.[citation needed]

Some countries that underwent a general conversion from traditional measurements to metric measurements (e.g. Canada) required a resurvey when units of measure in legal descriptions relating to land were converted to metric units.[citation needed] Others, such as South Africa, published conversion factors which were to be used particularly "when preparing consolidation diagrams by compilation".[20]

In many countries, metrication redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units. The following legacy units of area have been redefined as being equal to one hectare:[21]

Conversions[edit]

Metric and imperial/US customary comparisons
Unit Symbol Metric equivalents Imperial/US customary equivalents
centiare ca 1 m2 0.01 a 1.19599 sq yd
are a 100 ca 100 m2 0.01 ha 3.95369 perches
decare daa 10 a 1,000 m2 0.1 ha 0.98842 roods
hectare ha 100 a 10,000 m2 0.01 km2 2.471 acres[25]
square kilometre km2 100 ha 1,000,000 m2 0.38610 sq mi

The most commonly used units are in bold.

One hectare is also equivalent to:

Visualising a hectare[edit]

International rugby pitch[edit]

Waikato Stadium – Hamilton, New Zealand
The maximum playing area of an international-sized rugby union pitch is about one hectare

On an international rugby union field the goal lines are up to 100 metres apart. Behind the goal line is the in-goal area (which is also a playing area). This area extends between 10 and 22 metres behind the goal line, giving a maximum length of 144 metres for the playing area. The maximum width of the pitch is 70 metres, giving a maximum playing area of 10,080 square metres or 1.008 hectares.[29]

Statue of Liberty[edit]

The Statue of Liberty – New York Harbor
The Statue of Liberty occupies a square of land with an area of one hectare

40°41′21″N 74°2′40″W / 40.68917°N 74.04444°W / 40.68917; -74.04444 (Statue of Liberty)

The Statue of Liberty, a gift from the French people to the American people dedicated on 28 October 1886 to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the French and American Revolutions, is located on Liberty Island at the entrance to New York Harbor. Its base is built on eighteenth-century fortifications.

The distance between the apex of the bastions in the front of the base to those at the back (where the entrance to the statue is located) is approximately 100 m while the distance between the apexes of the left-hand and right-hand bastions is a little under 100 m. Thus, if a square were to enscribe the bastions, it would have sides of approximately 100 m, giving it an area of one hectare.

Interior of all-weather athletics track[edit]

Hansen Field at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois incorporates an all-weather running track
The grass in the centre of a standard athletic track is a little over one hectare in extent

Athletics tracks are found in almost every country of the world. Although many tracks consist of markings on a field of suitable size, where funds permit, specialist all-weather tracks have a rubberized artificial running surface with a grass interior (as shown in the picture and diagram). The perimeter of the inside kerb of the track is a little under 400 metres, as the actual length of the track is measured 300 mm from the inside kerb.[30] The IAAF specifications state that the radius of the kerb is 36.5 m, from which it can be calculated that the area inside the kerb is 1.035 ha.[a]

The soccer field often found inside is normally 105×70 m, that is 0.73 hectares.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ This is a standard high school problem in geometry

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b BIPM (2014). "SI Brochure, Table 6". Retrieved 17 November 2014. 
  2. ^ "La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 " la mesure [républicaine] de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté »" [The law of 18 Germanial year 3 "The [Republican] measure of land area equivalent to a ten-meter square"] (in French). Le CIV (Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis) – Forum des Anciens. Retrieved 2 March 2010. 
  3. ^ Thierry Thomasset. "Le stère" (PDF). Tout sur les unités de mesure [All the units of measure] (in French). Université de Technologie de Compiègne. Retrieved 21 March 2011. 
  4. ^ F J Smith. "Standard Kilogram Weights – A Story of Precision Fabrication" (PDF). Platinum Metals Rev., 1973, 17, (2). Retrieved 5 March 2010. 
  5. ^ "SI brochure (Chapter 4; Table 6)". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2010. 
  6. ^ "Council Directive of 18 October 1971 on the approximation of laws of the member states relating to units of measurement, (71/354/EEC)". Retrieved 7 February 2009. 
  7. ^ "are". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 24 December 2010. 
  8. ^ "are – definition. American English definition of are by Macmillan Dictionary". Macmillandictionary.com. Retrieved 20 May 2012. 
  9. ^ "SI brochure (8th edition)". BIPM. March 2006. 
  10. ^ "Decrease in total grain yield". Grain and oil seeds, area and production, 2002. Statistics Norway. Retrieved 16 November 2010. 
  11. ^ "Market of agricultural land in Bulgaria". BNR Radio Bulgaria. 5 October 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010. 
  12. ^ Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής (Dictionary of Modern Greek), Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, Θεσσαλονίκη, 1998. ISBN 960-231-085-5
  13. ^ El-Eini, Roza I.M. (2006). "Currency and Measures". Mandated landscape: British imperial rule in Palestine, 1929–1948. Routledge. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-7146-5426-3. Retrieved 5 May 2009. 
  14. ^ "DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS, AND RURAL PAYMENTS AGENCY; The Delays in Administering the 2005 Single Payment Scheme in England" (PDF). National Audit Office. 18 October 2006. p. 27. 
  15. ^ "hectare". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 24 December 2010. 
  16. ^ Bureau international des poids et mesures (2006). "The International System of Units (SI)" (PDF). 8th ed. Retrieved 13 February 2008.  Chapter 5.
  17. ^ The Council of the European Communities (27 May 2009). "Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC". Retrieved 29 January 2010. 
  18. ^ "Appendix G – Weights and Measures". The World Factbook. CIA. 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2006. 
  19. ^ MYA/01/008 Agriculture Sectore Review, Working Paper No. 6 – Agroindustry in Myanmar
  20. ^ "Instructions for the Conversions of Areas to Metric". Law Society of South Africa. November 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2011. 
  21. ^ Britannica, unit of measurement, accessed 30 October 2009
  22. ^ Chisholm, Hugh (1911). The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information. The Encyclopædia britannica company. p. 442. Retrieved 15 March 2012. 
  23. ^ Oscar van Vlijmen (11 September 2006). "Oppervlakte" [Area]. Eenheden, constanten en conversies [Units, constants and conversion] (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 January 2011. 
  24. ^ Jacob de Gelder (1824). Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst [Introduction to Numeracy] (in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. p. 156. Retrieved 19 September 2012. 
  25. ^ 2.4710439 U.S. survey acres or 2.4710538 international acres
  26. ^ "Chinese Measurements – Units of Area". On-line Chinese Tools. Retrieved 24 December 2010. 
  27. ^ François Cardarelli (2003). Encyclopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures: their SI equivalences and origins. London, Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. p. 97. ISBN 1-85233-682-X. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  28. ^ "Thailand Property Conversion". Siam Legal (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Retrieved 24 December 2010. 
  29. ^ "Law 1 – The Ground". Laws of the Game – Rugby Union 2010. International Rugby Board (IRB). Retrieved 19 December 2010. 
  30. ^ "IAAF 400 Metre Standard Track Marking Plan" (PDF). IAAF. 2008. p. 35. Retrieved 11 February 2013. 

External links[edit]

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