Rifaximin
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Xifaxan, Xifaxanta, Normix, other |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a604027 |
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| Routes of administration |
by mouth |
| ATC code | A07AA11 (WHO) D06AX11 (WHO) QG51AA06 (WHO) QJ51XX01 (WHO) |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | < 0.4% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Biological half-life | 6 hours |
| Excretion | Fecal (97%) |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | 80621-81-4  |
| PubChem (CID) | 6436173 |
| DrugBank | DB01220 |
| ChemSpider | 10482302 |
| UNII | L36O5T016N |
| KEGG | D02554 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:75246  |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1617 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.111.624 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C43H51N3O11 |
| Molar mass | 785.879 g/mol |
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image |
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Rifaximin is an antibiotic used to treat traveler's diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy.[1] It has poor absorption when taken by mouth.
It is based on rifamycin. Rifaximin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004.[1] In the United States it costs 62.13 USD per day (1,864.00 USD per month) as of January 2017.[2]
Contents
Medical uses[edit]
Rifaximin may be used to treat and prevent traveler's diarrhea.[3][4]
Irritable bowel syndrome[edit]
It may be efficacious in relieving chronic functional symptoms of bloating and flatulence that are common in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),[5]
C. difficile infection[edit]
Rifaximin may also be a useful addition to vancomycin when treating patients with relapsing C. difficile infections.[6][7] Although exposure to rifamycins in the past may increase risk for resistance, so rifaximin should be avoided in such cases.
Hepatic encephalopathy[edit]
In the United States, rifaximin has orphan drug status for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.[8] Although high-quality evidence is still lacking, rifaximin appears to be as effective as or more effective than other available treatments for hepatic encephalopathy (such as lactulose), is better tolerated, and may work faster.[9] Rifaximin is taken by mouth. It has minimal side effects, prevents reoccurring encephalopathy and high patient satisfaction. Patients are more compliant and satisfied to take this medication than any other due to minimal side effects, prolong remission, and overall cost.[10] The drawbacks to rifaximin are increased cost and lack of robust clinical trials for HE without combination lactulose therapy.
Mechanism of action[edit]
Rifaximin interferes with transcription by binding to the β-subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase.[11] This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process.[12]
Availability[edit]
In the United States, Salix Pharmaceuticals holds a US Patent for rifaximin and markets the drug under the name Xifaxan, available in tablets of 200 mg and 550 mg.[13][14] In addition to receiving FDA approval for traveler’s diarrhea and (marketing approved for)[14] hepatic encephalopathy, Xifaxan received FDA approval for IBS in May 2015.[15] No generic formulation is available in the US and none has appeared due to the fact that the FDA approval process was ongoing. If Xifaxan receives full FDA approval for hepatic encephalopathy it is likely that Salix will maintain marketing exclusivity and be protected from generic formulations until March 24, 2017.[14] Price quotes received on February 21, 2013 for Xifaxan 550 mg in the Denver Metro area were between $23.57 and $26.72 per tablet. A price quote received on June 24, 2016 for Xifaxan 550 mg was $31.37 per tablet.
Rifaximin is approved in 33 countries for GI disorders.[16][17] On August 13, 2013, Health Canada issued a Notice of Compliance to Salix Pharmaceuticals Inc. for the drug product Zaxine.[18] In India it is available under the brand names Ciboz and Xifapill.[citation needed]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Rifaximin". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
- ^ "NADAC as of 2017-01-25 | Data.Medicaid.gov". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
- ^ "Xifaxan label information" (PDF). Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- ^ DuPont, H (2007). "Therapy for and Prevention of Traveler's Diarrhea". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45 (45 (Suppl 1)): S78–S84. doi:10.1086/518155. PMID 17582576.
- ^ Sharara A, Aoun E, Abdul-Baki H, Mounzer R, Sidani S, ElHajj I (2006). "A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of rifaximin in patients with abdominal bloating and flatulence". Am J Gastroenterol. 101 (2): 326–33. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00458.x. PMID 16454838.
- ^ Johnson S, Schriever C, Galang M, et al. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:846.
- ^ Garey KW, Ghantoji SS, Shah DN, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:2850.
- ^ Wolf, David C. (2007-01-09). "Hepatic Encephalopathy". eMedicine. WebMD. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
- ^ Lawrence KR, Klee JA (2008). "Rifaximin for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy". Pharmacotherapy. 28 (8): 1019–32. doi:10.1592/phco.28.8.1019. PMID 18657018. Free full text with registration at Medscape.
- ^ Kimer, Nina; Krag, Aleksander; Gluud, Lise L. (March 2014). "Safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of Rifaximin for hepatic encephalopathy". Patient Preference and Adherence. 8: 331–338. doi:10.2147/PPA.S41565. PMC 3964161
. PMID 24672227. - ^ http://formularyjournal.modernmedicine.com/formulary-journal/news/clinical/clinical-pharmacology/rifaximin-nonabsorbable-broad-spectrum-antibio?page=full
- ^ http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01220
- ^ http://www.salix.com/products/xifaxan550.aspx
- ^ a b c http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/obdetail.cfm?Appl_No=022554&TABLE1=OB_Rx
- ^ http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm448328.htm
- ^ http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/GastrointestinalDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM203248.pdf
- ^ http://www.salix.com/news-media/news/previous-years-news/fda-approves-xifaxan%C2%AE-550-mg-tablets-for-reduction-in-risk-of-overt-hepatic-encephalopathy-he-recurrence.aspx
- ^ http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/sbd-smd/drug-med/sbd_smd_2013_zaxine_161256-eng.php
