Demonym
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A demonym (/ˈdɛmənɪm/; δῆμος dẽmos "people, tribe", ὄνομα ónoma "name") is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place.[1] It is a neologism (i.e., a newly minted term); previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e.g., the Oxford English Dictionary and Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary.[2][3][4]
Examples of demonyms include Chinese for a person of China, Swahili for a person of the Swahili coast, Indian for a person of India, American for a person of the United States of America (or, more broadly, a native of the Americas), and Bangladeshi for a person of Bangladesh.
Demonyms do not always clearly distinguish place of origin or ethnicity from place of residence or citizenship, and oftentimes demonyms overlap with the ethnonym for the ethnically dominant group of a the region. Thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, a demonym is borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective of a group of people.[example needed]
In English, demonyms are capitalized[5] and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist; for instance the adjectival form of Spain is "Spanish", but the demonym is "Spaniard".
English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as "Seoulite", "Wisconsinite", "Chicagoan", "Michigander", "Fluminense", and "Paulista".[6][7][8] Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym. This poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms.
Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Suffixation
- 2.1 -(a)n
- 2.2 -ian
- 2.3 -anian
- 2.4 -nian
- 2.5 -in(e)
- 2.6 -a(ñ/n)o, -e(ñ/n)o, or -i(ñ/n)o
- 2.7 -ite
- 2.8 -(e)r
- 2.9 -ish
- 2.10 -ene or eek
- 2.11 -ensian
- 2.12 -ard
- 2.13 -ese, -lese, -vese, or -nese
- 2.14 -i(e)
- 2.15 -ic
- 2.16 -iot(e)
- 2.17 -asque
- 2.18 -(we)gian
- 2.19 -onian
- 2.20 -vian
- 2.21 -san
- 2.22 -ois(e), -ais(e)
- 2.23 From Latin or Latinization
- 3 Prefixation
- 4 Informal
- 5 Ethnic demonyms
- 6 Fiction
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis ("of a clan, or gens") and the English suffix -ic.[9] The word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning "populace" (δῆμος demos) with the suffix for "name" (-onym).
National Geographic attributes the term "demonym" to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990.[10] However, the word does not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals.[11] Dickson. However, in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals)[12] attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988),[1] which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.[13][14]
Suffixation[edit]
Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic, or Germanic suffixes, such as:
-(a)n[edit]
Continents[edit]
- Africa → African
- Antarctica → Antarctic
- Asia → Asian
- Australia → Australian
- Europe → European
- The Americas → American
- North America → North American
- South America → South American
Countries[edit]
- Afghanistan → Afghan
- Albania → Albanian
- Algeria → Algerian
- Andorra → Andorran
- Angola → Angolan
- Antigua → Antiguan
- Argentina → Argentinean
- Armenia → Armenian
- Assyria → Assyrian
- Australia → Australian (also "Aboriginal" or "Aussie")
- Austria → Austrian
- Barbuda → Barbudan
- Belize → Belizean
- Bolivia → Bolivian
- Bosnia → Bosnian
- Brunei → Bruneian
- Bulgaria → Bulgarian
- Canada → Canadian
- Chile → Chilean
- Colombia → Colombian
- Costa Rica → Costa Rican
- Croatia → Croatian (also "Croat")
- Cuba → Cuban
- Denmark → Danish
- Dominica → Dominican
- Dominican Republic → Dominican
- El Salvador → Salvadoran
- Eritrea → Eritrean
- Estonia → Estonian
- Ethiopia → Ethiopian
- Fiji → Fijian
- Gambia → Gambian
- Gaza → Gazan
- Georgia → Georgian
- Guatemala → Guatemalan
- Guinea → Guinean
- Guyana → Guyanese
- Haiti → Haitian
- Honduras → Honduran
- India → Indian
- Indonesia → Indonesian
- Ivory Coast → Ivorian
- Jamaica → Jamaican
- Kenya → Kenyan
- [North/South] Korea → [North/South] Korean
- Latvia → Latvian
- Liberia → Liberian
- Libya → Libyan
- Lithuania → Lithuanian
- Macedonia → Macedonian
- Malawi → Malawian
- Malaysia → Malaysian
- Mali → Malian
- Mauritania → Mauritanian
- Mauritius → Mauritian
- Mexico → Mexican
- Micronesia → Micronesian
- Moldova → Moldovan
- Mongolia → Mongolian (also "Mongol")
- Morocco → Moroccan
- Mozambique → Mozambican
- Namibia → Namibian
- Nauru → Nauruan
- Nicaragua → Nicaraguan
- Nigeria → Nigerian
- Palau → Palauan
- Papua New Guinea → Papua New Guinean
- Paraguay → Paraguayan
- Persia → Persian
- Peru → Peruvian
- Romania → Romanian
- Russia → Russian
- Rwanda → Rwandan (also "Rwandese")
- Saint Lucia → Saint Lucian
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines → Vincentian
- Samoa → Samoan
- Saudi Arabia → Saudi Arabian (also "Saudi")
- Serbia → Serbian (also "Serb")
- Sierra Leone → Sierra Leonean
- Singapore → Singaporean
- Slovakia → Slovakian (also "Slovak")
- Slovenia → Slovenian (also "Slovene")
- South Africa → South African
- Sri Lanka → Sri Lankan
- St. Kitts and Nevis → Kittitian or Nevisian
- Syria → Syrian
- Lebanon → Lebanese
- Tanzania → Tanzanian
- Tonga → Tongan
- Tunisia → Tunisian
- Tuvalu → Tuvaluan
- Uganda → Ugandan
- United States of America → American
- Uruguay → Uruguayan
- Venezuela → Venezuelan
- Zambia → Zambian
- Zimbabwe → Zimbabwean
States and provinces[edit]
- Alaska → Alaskan
- Alberta → Albertan
- Andalusia → Andalusian
- Arizona → Arizonan
- Arkansas → Arkansan
- Asturias → Asturian
- Bavaria → Bavarian
- Bohemia → Bohemian
- Borneo → Bornean
- British Columbia → British Columbian
- California → Californian
- Cantabria → Cantabrian
- Carinthia → Carinthian
- Colorado → Coloradan
- Corsica → Corsican
- Crete → Cretan
- Crimea → Crimean
- Dalmatia → Dalmatian
- Delaware → Delawarean
- Extremadura → Extremaduran
- Florida → Floridan (more commonly "Floridian" below)
- Galicia → Galician
- Galilee → Galilean
- Hawaiʻi → Hawaiian[a]
- Hebrides → Hebridean
- Idaho → Idahoan
- Illinois → Illinoisan
- Iowa → Iowan
- Java → Javan (also "Javanese")
- Johor → Johorean
- Judea → Judean
- Kansas → Kansan
- Karelia → Karelian
- Liguria → Ligurian
- Louisiana → Louisianan (also "Louisianian")
- Madeira → Madeiran
- Majorca → Majorcan
- Manitoba → Manitoban
- Masuria → Masurian
- Minnesota → Minnesotan
- Minorca → Minorcan
- Mississippi → Mississippian
- Missouri → Missourian
- Moluccas → Moluccan
- Montana → Montanan
- Moravia → Moravian
- Nebraska → Nebraskan
- Nevada → Nevadan
- New Jersey → New Jerseyan
- New Mexico → New Mexican
- North Carolina → North Carolinian (also "Carolinian", see also South Carolina below)
- North Dakota → North Dakotan
- Nova Scotia → Nova Scotian
- Ohio → Ohioan
- Oklahoma → Oklahoman
- Ontario → Ontarian
- Papua → Papuan
- Patagonia → Patagonian
- Pennsylvania → Pennsylvanian
- Pomerania → Pomeranian
- Puerto Rico → Puerto Rican
- Samogitia → Samogitian
- Sardinia → Sardinian
- Silesia → Silesian
- South Australia → South Australian
- South Dakota → South Dakotan
- South Carolina → South Carolinian (also "Carolinian")
- Styria → Styrian
- Sumatra → Sumatran
- Tahiti → Tahitian
- Tasmania → Tasmanian
- Tennessee → Tennesseean
- Texas → Texan
- Thuringia → Thuringian
- Transylvania → Transylvanian
- Umbria → Umbrian
- Utah → Utahn
- Victoria → Victorian
- Virginia → Virginian
- Wake Island → Wakean
- Wallachia → Wallachian
- Western Australia → Western Australian (informally, Westralian)
- West Papua → West Papuan
- Westphalia → Westphalian
Cities[edit]
- Alexandria → Alexandrian
- Annapolis → Annapolitan
- Atlanta → Atlantan
- Baltimore → Baltimorean
- Bogotá → Bogotan
- Canberra → Canberran
- Charlotte → Charlottean
- Chicago → Chicagoan
- Cincinnati → Cincinnatian
- El Paso → El Pasoan, El Paseño
- Hanoi → Hanoian
- Indianapolis → Indianapolitan
- Jakarta → Jakartan
- Kalamazoo → Kalamazooan
- Kiev → Kievan
- Kolkata → Calcuttan
- Las Vegas → Las Vegan
- Miami → Miamian
- Minneapolis → Minneapolitan
- Ottawa → Ottawan
- Philadelphia → Philadelphian
- Phoenix → Phoenician
- Pisa → Pisan
- Regina → Reginan
- Riga → Rigan
- Rome → Roman
- San Antonio → San Antonian
- San Diego → San Diegan
- San Francisco → San Franciscan
- San Jose → San Josean
- Sarasota → Sarasotan
- Sioux City → Sioux Cityan
- Springville → Springvillian
- Sofia → Sofian
- St. Louis → St. Louisan
- Thebes → Theban
- Toledo, Ohio → Toledoan
- Tucson → Tucsonan
- Tulsa → Tulsan
- Valencia → Valencian
- Vilnius → Vilnian
- Yuma → Yuman
-ian[edit]
Countries[edit]
- Argentina → Argentinian (more commonly "Argentine", also "Argentinean")
- Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanian (more accurately "Azeri")
- Bahamas → Bahamian
- Barbados → Barbadian (also "Bajan")
- Belarus → Belarusian
- Belgium → Belgian
- Bermuda → Bermudian
- Brazil → Brazilian
- Cameroon → Cameroonian
- Canada → Canadian (or Canadien in French)
- Cayman Islands → Caymanian
- Chad → Chadian
- Comoros → Comorian
- Croatia → Croatian
- Ecuador → Ecuadorian
- Egypt → Egyptian
- Ghana → Ghanaian
- Grenada → Grenadian
- Hungary → Hungarian
- India → Indian
- Iran → Iranian (also "Irani" or "Persian")
- Italy → Italian
- Jordan → Jordanian
- Laos → Laotian
- Maldives → Maldivian
- Mongolia → Mongolian (ethnic demonym "Mongol")
- Palestine → Palestinian
- Saint Vincent → Vincentian
- Serbia → Serbian (ethnic demonym "Serb")
- Slovakia → Slovakian (ethnic demonym "Slovak")
- Slovenia → Slovenian (ethnic demonym "Slovene")
- Trinidad → Trinidadian
- Ukraine → Ukrainian
States, provinces, counties, and cities[edit]
- Adelaide → Adelaidian
- Alabama → Alabamian (also "Alabaman")
- Athens → Athenian
- Ballarat → Ballaratian
- Blackburn → Blackburnian
- Blackpool → Blackpudlian
- Bangkok → Bangkokian
- Boston → Bostonian
- Brisbane → Brisbanian (also "Brisbanite")
- Bristol → Bristolian
- Burgundy → Burgundian
- Calgary → Calgarian
- Canary Islands → Canarian
- Cardiff → Cardiffian
- Castile → Castilian
- Chelmsford → Chelmsfordian
- Chittagong → Chittagonian
- Christchurch → Christchurchian (also "Christchurcher")
- Corinth → Corinthian
- Coventry → Coventrian
- Cumbria → Cumbrian
- Dayton → Daytonian
- Devon → Devonian
- Duluth → Duluthian
- Edmonton → Edmontonian
- Florida → Floridian
- Fort Worth → Fort Worthian
- Fredericton → Frederictonian
- Gibraltar → Gibraltarian
- Greenville → Greenvillian
- Hamilton → Hamiltonian
- Harrow → Harrovian
- Hartlepool → Hartlepudlian
- Hereford → Herefordian
- Hesse → Hessian
- Hobart → Hobartian
- Houston → Houstonian
- Isles of Scilly → Scillonian
- Iowa City → Iowa Citian
- Jessup → Jessupian
- Kansas City → Kansas Citian
- Kentucky → Kentuckian
- Kingston →Kingstonian
- Lancashire → Lancastrian
- Lancaster → Lancastrian
- Lethbridge → Lethbridgian
- Liverpool → Liverpudlian (also, though insulting and a negative term "Scouser")
- Louisiana → Louisianian (also "Louisianan")
- Louisville → Louisvillian
- Madrid → Madrilenian
- Maharashtra → Maharashtrian
- McKinney → McKinnian
- Melbourne → Melburnian
- Memphis → Memphian
- Michigan → Michiganian or Michigander
- New Guinea → New Guinian
- New Orleans → New Orleanian
- North Carolina → North Carolinian
- Northern Territory → Territorian
- Oregon → Oregonian
- Paris → Parisian
- Peterborough → Peterborian
- Phoenix → Phoenician
- Plymouth → Plymothian
- Port Harcourt → Harcourtian
- Preston, Lancashire →Prestonian
- Prince George's County → Prince Georgian
- Rivers State → Riverian
- Saskatchewan → Saskatchewanian
- Saskatoon → Saskatonian
- Sicily → Sicilian
- Solihull → Silhillian
- South Carolina → South Carolinian
- Swindon → Swindonian
- Thrace → Thracian
- Towcester → Towcestrian
- Washington → Washingtonian
- Wellington → Wellingtonian
- Wilmington → Wilmingtonian
-anian[edit]
-nian[edit]
- Bendigo → Bendigonian
- Buffalo → Buffalonian
- Manchester (UK) → Mancunian
- Panama → Panamanian
- Sligo → Sligonian
- Tampa → Tampanian
- Tobago → Tobagonian
- Toronto → Torontonian
- Torquay → Torquinian
- Trinidad & Tobago → Trinbagonian
-in(e)[edit]
- Argentina → Argentine (and less commonly as "Argentinian" or "Argentinean")
- Byzantium → Byzantine
- Florence → Florentine (also Latin "Florentia")
- The Levant → Levantine
- Montenegro → Montenegrin
- Palatinate → Palatine
- Philippines → Philippine
- Philistia → Philistine
-a(ñ/n)o, -e(ñ/n)o, or -i(ñ/n)o[edit]
as adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)o
(sometimes using a final -a instead of -o for a female, following the Spanish suffix standard -e(ñ/n)a )
Countries and regions[edit]
- Cebu → Cebuano
- El Salvador → Salvadoreño (also "Salvadoran")
- Philippines → Filipino
Cities[edit]
- Albuquerque → Burqueño
- Cavite → Caviteño
- Davao City → Davaoeño
- Los Angeles → Angelino or Angeleno
- Madrid → Madrileño
- Málaga → Malagueño
- Manila → Manileño
- São Paulo → Paulistano
- Zamboanga City → Zamboangueño
-ite[edit]
- Akron → Akronite
- Ann Arbor → Ann Arborite
- Austin → Austinite
- Bergen, NJ → Bergenite
- Boulder → Boulderite
- Brisbane → Brisbanite (also "Brisbanian")
- Bronx → Bronxite
- Brooklyn → Brooklynite [16]
- Carson City, NV → Carsonite
- Chennai → Chennaiite
- Dallas → Dallasite
- Decatur → Decaturite
- Delhi → Delhite
- Denton, TX → Dentonite
- Denver → Denverite
- Dhaka → Dhakaite (also "Dhakai" or "Dhakaiya")
- Dubai → Dubaiite
- Dunedin → Dunedinite
- Durban → Durbanite
- Erie, PA → Erieite
- Gaya → Gayaite
- Irmo → Irmite
- Israel → Israelite (also "Israeli", depending on the usage; see below)
- Istanbul → Istanbulite
- Jerusalem → Jerusalemite
- Kerala → Keralite (also Malayali or Malayalee)
- Karachi → Karachiite
- Manhattan → Manhattanite
- Moscow → Muscovite (also Latin "Muscovia")
- Montpelier, VT → Montpelierite
- Mumbai → Mumbaiite
- New Hampshire → New Hampshirite
- Oban → Obanite
- Odessa → Odessite
- Patna → Patnaite
- Perth → Perthite (also "Perthian" and "Perthling")
- Putney → Putneyite
- Queens → Queensite[17]
- Reading → Readingite
- Reno, NV → Renoite
- Ruskin → Ruskinite
- Seattle → Seattleite
- Seoul → Seoulite
- Shiloh → Shilonite (as in: "Ahijah the Shilonite")
- Springfield → Springfieldianite
- Spokane → Spokanite
- Sydney → Sydneyite (also "Sydneysider")
- Telangana→ Telanganite
- Tokyo → Tokyoite
- Vancouver → Vancouverite
- Westchester, NY → Westchesterite
- Whittier → Whittierite
- Winston-Salem → Winston-Salemite
- Wisconsin → Wisconsinite
- Wyoming → Wyomingite
- Wenham → Wenhamite
-(e)r[edit]
- Amsterdam → Amsterdammer
- Auckland → Aucklander
- Beijing → Beijinger
- Belgrade → Belgrader
- Berlin → Berliner
- Budapest → Budapester
- Cleveland → Clevelander
- Cook Islands →Cook Islander
- Copenhagen → Copenhagener
- Detroit → Detroiter
- Dublin → Dubliner
- Dresden → Dresdener
- Fife → Fifer
- Frankfurt → Frankfurter
- Greenland →Greenlander (also "Greenlandic")
- Hamburg → Hamburger
- Hannover → Hannoveraner
- Hong Kong → Hongkonger/Hong Konger (also "Hong Kongese"/"Hongkongese")
- Iceland → Icelander (also "Icelandic")
- Leeds → Loiner
- Leipzig → Leipziger
- Liechtenstein → Liechtensteiner
- Little Rock, AR → Little Rocker
- London → Londoner
- Lorraine → Lorrainer
- Luxembourg → Luxembourger
- Maine → Mainer
- Maryland → Marylander
- Michigan → Michigander
- Montreal → Montrealer
- Netherlands → Netherlander (also "Dutchman" and "Hollander")
- New England → New Englander
- New York → New Yorker
- New Zealand → New Zealander
- Newfoundland → Newfoundlander
- Pittsburgh → Pittsburgher
- Prague → Praguer
- Puntland → Puntlander
- Quebec → Quebecker or Quebecer (though see below; irregular forms)
- Queensland → Queenslander
- Rhineland → Rhinelander
- Rhode Island → Rhode Islander
- Rotterdam → Rotterdammer
- Saigon → Saigoner
- Solomon Islands → Solomon Islander
- Somaliland → Somalilander
- Stockholm → Stockholmer
- Stuttgart → Stuttgarter
- Tallinn → Tallinner
- Vermont → Vermonter
- Winnipeg → Winnipegger
- Yellowknife → Yellowknifer
- Yukon → Yukoner
- Zurich → Zuricher
Often used for European locations and Canadian locations
-ish[edit]
(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the toponym, or place-name.)
"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.
- Åland → Ålandish
- Britain, Great Britain and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland → British (demonym "Briton")
- Cornwall → Cornish (demonym "Cornishman, Cornishwoman")
- Denmark → Danish (demonym "Dane")
- England → English (demonym "Englishman, Englishwoman")
- Finland → Finnish (demonym "Finn" or "Finnic")
- Flanders → Flemish (demonym "Fleming")
- Ireland → Irish (demonym "Irishman, Irishwoman")
- Kurdistan → Kurdish (demonym "Kurd")
- Luxembourg → Luxembourgish (demonym "Luxembourger")
- Northern Ireland → Northern Irish
- Poland → Polish (demonym "Pole")
- Scotland → Scottish (demonym "Scot" or "Scotsman, Scotswoman")
- Spain → Spanish (demonym "Spaniard")
- Sweden → Swedish (demonym "Swede")
- Turkey → Turkish (demonym "Turk")
-ene or eek[edit]
- Cairo → Cairene
- Cyrenaica → Cyrene
- Damascus → Damascene
- Greece → Greek
- Nazareth → Nazarene
- Slovenia → Slovene (also "Slovenian")
Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations.
-ensian[edit]
- Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensian
- Leeds (UK) → Leodensian
-ard[edit]
-ese, -lese, -vese, or -nese[edit]
- Abruzzo → Abruzzese
- Aragon → Aragonese
- Aceh → Acehnese
- Assam → Assamese
- Bali → Balinese
- Benin → Beninese (also "Beninois")
- Bern → Bernese
- Bhutan → Bhutanese
- Bologna → Bolognese
- Calabria → Calabrese
- China → Chinese
- Congo → Congolese
- Da Lat → Dalatese
- East Timor → East Timorese
- Faroe Islands → Faroese
- Gabon → Gabonese (also Gabonais/e)
- Genoa → Genovese
- Guangdong ("Canton") → Cantonese
- Guyana → Guyanese
- Hainan → Hainanese
- Hong Kong → Hongkongese
- Hunan → Hunanese
- Japan → Japanese
- Java → Javanese (also "Javan")
- Lebanon → Lebanese
- Macao → Macanese/Chinese
- Malta → Maltese
- Manila → Manilese
- Marshall Islands → Marshallese
- Milan → Milanese
- Myanmar/Burma → Burmese (though see below; irregular forms)
- Nepal → Nepalese (also "Nepali")
- Piedmont → Piedmontese
- Pittsburgh → Pittsburghese (as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent/dialect)
- Portugal → Portuguese
- Rwanda → Rwandese (also "Rwandan")
- San Marino → Sammarinese
- Sark → Sarkese
- Senegal → Senegalese
- Shanghai → Shanghainese
- Siam → Siamese
- Sikkim → Sikkimese
- (South) Sudan → (South) Sudanese
- Suriname → Surinamese
- Taiwan → Taiwanese
- Togo → Togolese
- Turin → Torinese
- Tyrol → Tyrolese
- Vienna → Viennese
- Vietnam → Vietnamese
"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.[citation needed] Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese". Often used for East Asian and Francophone locations, from the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e), which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis, designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc.
-i(e)[edit]
- Allahabad → Allahabadi
- Azawad → Azawadi
- Azerbaijan → Azeri (also "Azerbaijanian or Azerbaijani")
- Azra → Azragi
- Balochistan → Balochistani (also "Baloch" or "Baluch" or "Baluchi")
- Bahrain → Bahraini
- Bangladesh → Bangladeshi
- Barisal → Barisali (also "Borishali")
- Bengal → Bengali
- Bharat → Bharati
- Bihar → Bihari
- Birmingham (UK) → Brummie
- Dagestan → Dagestani
- Dhaka → Dhakai (also "Dhakaiya" or "Dhakaite")
- Faridabad → Faridabadi
- Gujarat → Gujarati
- Hayastan → Hayastani (also "Armenian")
- Hazara → Hazaragi (also "Azragi")
- Hyderabad → Hyderabadi
- Iran → Irani (also "Iranian" or "Persian")
- Iraq → Iraqi
- Israel → Israeli (in the modern State of Israel)
- Kerala → Malayali or Malayalee (also Keralite)
- Kashmir → Kashmiri
- Kazakhstan → Kazakhstani (also "Kazakh")
- Kurdistan → Kurdistani (also "Kurdish", "Kurd")
- Kuwait → Kuwaiti
- Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyzstani (also "Kyrgyz")
- Lahore → Lahori
- Nepal → Nepali (also "Nepalese")
- Oman → Omani
- Pakistan → Pakistani
- Punjab → Punjabi
- Qatar → Qatari
- Rajasthan → Rajasthani
- Rangpur → Rangpuri
- Sindh → Sindhi
- Somalia → Somali
- Sylhet → Sylheti (also "Siloti")
- Tajikistan → Tajikistani (also "Tajik")
- Tel Aviv → Tel Avivi (also "Tel Avivim" (plural))
- Turkmenistan → Turkmenistani (also "Turkmen")
- United Arab Emirates → Emirati
- Uzbekistan → Uzbekistani (also "Uzbek")
- Yemen → Yemeni
- Yorkshire → Yorkie (also "Yorkshireman" or "Tyke")
Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales and in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni, Helvetii)
-ic[edit]
- Finland → Finnic → (also "Finnish" or "Finn")
- Greenland → Greenlandic (also "Greenlander")
- Iceland → Icelandic (also "Icelander")
- Slavic countries → Slavs/Slavic
-iot(e)[edit]
- Chios →Chiot
- Corfu → Corfiot
- Cyprus → Cypriot ("Cyprian" before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
- Phanar → Phanariote
Used especially for Greek locations.
-asque[edit]
- Monaco → Monégasque (native citizen of Monaco)
- Menton → Mentonasque
- Basque Country → Basque
Often used for French locations.
-(we)gian[edit]
-onian[edit]
- Aberdeen → Aberdonian
- Bath → Bathonian
- Boston → Bostonian
- Connacht → Connachtonian
- Cork → Corkonian [18]
- Dundee → Dundonian
- Halifax → Haligonian
- Newport → Newportonian
- Oxford → Oxonian
- Edmonton→Edmontonian
Often used for British and Irish locations.
-vian[edit]
- Barrow-in-Furness → Barrovian [19]
- Oamaru → Oamaruvian
- Oslo → Oslovian
- Peru → Peruvian
- Warsaw → Warsovian
- Waterloo → Waterluvian [20]
-san[edit]
- Burkina Faso → Burkina Fasan
-ois(e), -ais(e)[edit]
- Benin → Beninois(e) (also Beninese)
- Gabon → Gabonais(e) (also Gabonese)
- Seychelles → Seychellois(e)
- Quebec → Quebecois(e) (also Quebecker, most common within Canada)
While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.
From Latin or Latinization[edit]
- Alsace → Alsatian (Alsatia)
- Ashbourne → Ashburnian (Essiburn)
- Cambridge → Cantabrigian
- Colchester → Colcestrian
- Courland → Couronian (Curonia)
- Exeter → Exonian
- Germany → German (Germani)
- Guernsey → Sarnian (Sarnia)
- Halifax → Haligonian
- Hispanic America → Hispanic (Hispania)
- Ireland → Irish
- Leeds → Leodensian (Ledesia)
- Lviv → Leopolitan (Leopolis)
- Manchester → Mancunian (Mancunia)
- Melbourne → Melburnian (Melburnia)
- Minneapolis → Minneapolitan
- Naples → Neapolitan (Neapolis)
- Newcastle → Novocastrian (Novum Castrum)
- Orkney Islands → Orcadian (Orcadia)
- Oswestry → Oswestrian (Oswestria)
- Shropshire → Salopian (Salopia)
- Tripoli → Tripolitan (Tripolis)
- Venice → Venetian
- Wolverhampton → Wulfrunian
Prefixation[edit]
It is much rarer to find Demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, Kiluba or Tshiluba. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji). On a country level:
- Botswana → Motswana (singlular), Batswana (plural)
- Burundi → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
- Lesotho → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
In the Pacific, at least two countries use prefixation:
Informal[edit]
Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. These demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed.
- Arizona → Sand Cutter[21]
- Birmingham, England → Brummie
- Connecticut → Nutmegger
- Indiana → Hoosier
- Kansas → Jayhawker
- Liverpool → Liverpoolian or Liverpudlian
- London, England → Cockney (Specifically: One hailing from East London, England)
- Newcastle upon Tyne, England → Geordie
- Massachusetts → Bay Stater (Official demonym) [22][23]
- Sydney → Sydneysider
- Ohio → Buckeye
- Oklahoma → Okie, Sooner
Ethnic demonyms[edit]
- Abkhazia → Abkhaz
- Afghanistan → Afghan
- Arabia → Arab
- Azerbaijan → Azerbaijani, Azeri
- Catalonia → Catalan
- Chechnya → Chechen
- Cornwall → Cornishman, Cornishwoman
- Croatia → Croat
- Czech Republic → Czech
- Denmark → Dane
- England → Englishman, Englishwoman
- Finland → Finn
- Flanders → Fleming
- France → French
- Ingushetia → Ingush
- Ireland → Irishman, Irishwoman
- Jersey → Jerseyman, Jerseywoman
- Kalmykia → Kalmyk
- Kazakhstan → Kazakh
- Kerry → Kerryman
- KwaZulu → Zulu
- Kurdistan → Kurd
- Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyz
- Lapland → Lapp (note: considered offensive in Norwegian)
- Luxembourg → Luxembourger
- Mongolia → Mongol
- Netherlands → Dutch
- New South Wales → New South Welshman
- Poland → Pole
- Scotland → Scot, Scotsman, Scotswoman
- Serbia → Serb
- Slovakia → Slovak
- Slovenia → Slovene
- Somalia → Somali
- Spain → Spaniard
- Swaziland → Swazi
- Sweden → Swede
- Tajikistan → Tajik
- Tamil Nadu → Tamil
- Tatarstan →Tatar
- Thailand → Thai
- Turkey → Turk
- Turkmenistan → Turkmen
- Ulster → Ulsterman
- Uzbekistan → Uzbek
- Wales → Welsh
- Yorkshire → Yorkshireman, Yorkshirewoman
Fiction[edit]
Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell) or Gondorian for the people of Tolkien's fictional land of Gondor.
Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons, and Venusian for those of Venus. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling (from the diminutive -ling, ultimately from Old English -ing meaning "descendant"), as well as "Terran", "Terrene", "Tellurian", "Earther", "Earthican", "Terrestrial", and "Solarian" (from Sol, the sun).
Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians, from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels.
In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been created, non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's Rohirrim (from Rohan) and the Star Trek world's Klingon people (with various version of homeworld name).
See also[edit]
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for India
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions
- List of regional nicknames
- Macedonia naming dispute
- Nationality
-onym, especially ethnonym and Exonym and endonym
References[edit]
- ^ a b George H. Scheetz (1988). Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon. Schütz Verlag.
- ^ "gentile, adj. and n.". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "gentile -- adj. of or belonging to a gens or clan; belonging to any nation but the Jews; (gram.) denoting a race or country"--Davidson, Thomas, ed. (1901) Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language. London: W. & R. Chambers; p. 382
- ^ "gentile -- adj. of or belonging to a gens or clan; belonging to the Gentiles; (gram.) denoting a race or country"--Macdonald, A. M., ed. (1972) Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary; new ed. Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers; p. 544
- ^ "Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios". mansioningles.com.
- ^ "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com.
- ^ "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com.
- ^ "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com.
- ^ "Dictionary". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ^ "Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name?". National Geographic Magazine. National Geographic Society (U.S.). 177: 170. February 1990.
- ^ William Safire (1997-12-14). "On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998". New York Times.
- ^ What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). ISBN 978-0-8160-1983-0.
- ^ "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press.
- ^ "Aristotle's Constitution of Athens, edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive". p. 116.
- ^ Press, AIP, Associated (2007). Stylebook and briefing on media law (42nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 112. ISBN 9780465004898.
- ^ "Investing in Future, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites" http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html
- ^ "Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log". Yale Press Log.
- ^ "Corkonian". merriam-webster.com.
- ^ "North West Evening Mail". nwemail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-05-31.
- ^ "City of Waterloo on Twitter".
- ^ "The State of Arizona - An Introduction to the Grand Canyon State". netstate.com.
- ^ "Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35". malegislature.gov.
- ^ Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included Massachusett, borrowed from the native Massachusett tribe, Massachusite, championed by the early English Brahmins, Massachusettsian, by analogy with other state demonyms, and Masshole, originally derogatory.
Notes[edit]
- ^ Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians. Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.[15]
External links[edit]
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Look up demonym or gentilic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Wikidata has the property: demonym (P1549) (see uses) |
- www.geography-site.co.uk Alphabetical list of world demonyms.
- www.everything2.com Demonyms of the World.
- CIA World Factbook – NATIONALITY
- www.peoplefrom.co.uk Demonyms of the United Kingdom.