共
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Han character[edit]
共 (radical 12 八+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 廿金 (TC), four-corner 44801, composition ⿱龷八)
Derived characters[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 127, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1458
- Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 243, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5171
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
共 |
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Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 共
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Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bamboo and silk script | Large seal script | Small seal script | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Characters in the same phonetic series (共) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
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Old Chinese | |
港 | *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs |
巷 | *ɡroːŋs |
衖 | *ɡroːŋs |
鬨 | *ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs |
烘 | *qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs |
洪 | *ɡloːŋ |
鉷 | *ɡloːŋ |
谼 | *ɡloːŋ |
葓 | *ɡoːŋ |
哄 | *ɡloːŋs |
蕻 | *ɡloːŋs |
恭 | *kloŋ |
供 | *kloŋ, *kloŋs |
龔 | *kloŋ |
珙 | *kloŋ, *kloŋʔ |
共 | *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs |
髸 | *kloŋ |
拱 | *kloŋʔ |
拲 | *kloŋʔ, *kloɡ |
蛬 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
栱 | *kloŋʔ |
輁 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
舼 | *ɡloŋ |
輂 | *kloɡ |
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gung6, gung1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiung
- Min Dong (BUC): gâe̤ng
- Min Nan (POJ): kāng / kā / kiōng
- Wu (Wiktionary): gon (T3)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
- Wade-Giles: kung4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonq
- IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
-
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gong4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gung
- IPA (key): /koŋ²¹³/
- (Chengdu)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: gung6, gung1
- Yale: guhng, gūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung6, gung1
- Guangdong Romanization: gung6, gung1
- IPA (key): /kʊŋ²²/, /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung
- Hakka Romanization System: kiung
- Hagfa Pinyim: kiung4
- IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gâe̤ng
- IPA (key): /kɔyŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
Note: kāng/kā - vernacular, kiōng - literary.
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: gon (T3)
- IPA (key): /g̊ʊŋ²³/
- (Shanghainese)
-
Dialectal data▼
Variety | Location | 共 |
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Mandarin | Beijing | /kuŋ⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /kuŋ⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /kuŋ⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /kuŋ²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /kəŋ⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /kuŋ³¹²/ | |
Xi'an | /kuŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Xining | /kuə̃²¹³/ | |
Yinchuan | /kuŋ¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /kũn¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /kuŋ²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /koŋ³⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /koŋ¹³/ | |
Guiyang | /koŋ²¹³/ | |
Kunming | /koŋ¹/ | |
Nanjing | /koŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Hefei | /kəŋ⁵³/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /kuəŋ⁴⁵/ |
Pingyao | /kuŋ³⁵/ | |
Hohhot | /kũŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /goŋ²³/ |
Suzhou | /goŋ³¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /goŋ¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /d͡ʑyɔ²²/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /kʰuʌ̃²²/ |
Tunxi | /kan⁴²/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /koŋ⁵⁵/ /koŋ¹¹/ |
Xiangtan | /gən²¹/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²¹/ ~雙筷子 /kʰuŋ²¹/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiuŋ⁵³/ |
Taoyuan | /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /koŋ²²/ |
Nanning | /kuŋ²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /kuŋ²²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /kiɔŋ²²/ /iŋ²²/ /kaŋ²²/ |
Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /køyŋ²⁴²/ | |
Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /kɔŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Shantou (Min Nan) | /kaŋ³¹/ | |
Haikou (Min Nan) | /koŋ³³/ /kaŋ²³/ |
Rime | ||
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Character | 共 | 共 |
Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 群 (30) |
Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) | 鍾 (7) |
Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
Division (等) | III | III |
Fanqie | 九容切 | 渠用切 |
Reconstructions | ||
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/kɨoŋ/ | /ɡɨoŋH/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/kioŋ/ | /ɡioŋH/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/kioŋ/ | /ɡioŋH/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/kuawŋ/ | /guawŋH/ |
Li Rong |
/kioŋ/ | /ɡioŋH/ |
Wang Li |
/kĭwoŋ/ | /ɡĭwoŋH/ |
Bernard Karlgren |
/ki̯woŋ/ | /gi̯woŋH/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
jiōng | jiòng |
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
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Character | 共 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
gòng |
Middle Chinese |
‹ gjowngH › |
Old Chinese |
/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/ |
English | together, all |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
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Character | 共 | 共 |
Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
No. | 4170 | 4182 |
Phonetic component |
共 | 共 |
Rime group |
東 | 東 |
Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
Corresponding MC rime |
恭 | 共 |
Old Chinese |
/*kloŋ/ | /*ɡloŋs/ |
Definitions[edit]
共
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 共
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Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
共
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Terms derived from 共
Noun[edit]
Prefix[edit]
Suffix[edit]
- altogether
- -included
- 送料共
- sōryō-tomo
- including shipping fees, including postage
- 送料共
Synonyms[edit]
- 込 (komi)
Suffix[edit]
- indicates plural
Synonyms[edit]
- 達 (tachi)
Usage notes[edit]
Affixing 共 to oneself indicates humbleness. Affixing 共 to other people is disrespectful compared to 達 (たち, -tachi).
Related terms[edit]
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
共 (cộng, cung, cụng, cùng, gọng, cọng, cũng)
Compounds[edit]
- 越南共和 Việt Nam cộng hòa
- 共產 cộng sản
- 越共 Việt Cộng
- 中共 Trung Cộng
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
References[edit]
- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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