Romanization of Georgian
Romanization of Georgian is the process of transliterating the Georgian language from the Georgian script into the Latin script.
Contents
Georgian national system of romanization[edit]
This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian National Academy of Sciences, establishes a transliteration system of the Georgian letters into Latin letters.[1] The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses. It is also used by BGN and PCGN since 2009.
Unofficial system of romanization[edit]
Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in social networks, forums, chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive Georgian keyboard layout that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the shift key to make another letter).
ISO standard[edit]
ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010.[2] The guiding principles in the standard are:
- No Digraph (orthography), One latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from apostrophes )
- Apostrophe ’ - marks aspirated consonants, ejectives are unmarked [eg: კ -> k , ქ -> k’ ]
- The only extended characters are latin letters with caron (haček) (with the exception of "g macron" ღ -> ḡ )
- No capitalization, both as it doesn't appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad-hoc transliterations of Caron characters as capitals instead. (eg. შ as S for š)
Transliteration table[edit]
Georgian letter | IPA | National system (2002) |
BGN/PCGN (1981—2009) |
ISO 9984 (1996) |
ALA-LC (1997) |
Unofficial system |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ა | /ɑ/ | a | a | a | a | a |
ბ | /b/ | b | b | b | b | b |
გ | /ɡ/ | g | g | g | g | g |
დ | /d/ | d | d | d | d | d |
ე | /ɛ/ | e | e | e | e | e |
ვ | /w/ | v | v | v | v | v |
ზ | /z/ | z | z | z | z | z |
ჱ[a] | /eɪ/ | ey | ē | ē | ||
თ | /tʰ/ | t | t' | t' | t' | T[b] or t |
ი | /i/ | i | i | i | i | i |
კ | /kʼ/ | kʼ | k | k | k | k |
ლ | /l/ | l | l | l | l | l |
მ | /m/ | m | m | m | m | m |
ნ | /n/ | n | n | n | n | n |
ჲ[a] | /i/, /j/ | j | y | y | ||
ო | /ɔ/ | o | o | o | o | o |
პ | /pʼ/ | pʼ | p | p | p | p |
ჟ | /ʒ/ | zh | zh | ž | ž | J,[b] zh or j |
რ | /r/ | r | r | r | r | r |
ს | /s/ | s | s | s | s | s |
ტ | /tʼ/ | tʼ | t | t | t | t |
ჳ[a] | /w/ | w | w | |||
უ | /u/ | u | u | u | u | u |
ფ | /pʰ/ | p | p' | p' | p' | p or f |
ქ | /kʰ/ | k | k' | k' | k' | q or k |
ღ | /ʁ/ | gh | gh | ḡ | ġ | g, gh or R[b] |
ყ | /qʼ/ | qʼ | q | q | q | y[c] |
შ | /ʃ/ | sh | sh | š | š | sh or S[b] |
ჩ | /t͡ʃ(ʰ)/ | ch | ch' | č' | č' | ch or C[b] |
ც | /t͡s(ʰ)/ | ts | ts' | c' | c' | c or ts |
ძ | /d͡z/ | dz | dz | j | ż | dz or Z[b] |
წ | /t͡sʼ/ | tsʼ | ts | c | c | w, c or ts |
ჭ | /t͡ʃʼ/ | chʼ | ch | č | č | W,[b] ch or tch |
ხ | /χ/ | kh | kh | x | x | x or kh (rarely) |
ჴ[a] | /q/, /qʰ/ | q' | ẖ | x̣ | ||
ჯ | /d͡ʒ/ | j | j | ǰ | j | j |
ჰ | /h/ | h | h | h | h | h |
ჵ[a] | /oː/ | ō | ō |
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). United Nations. p. 64. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ ISO 9984:1996, Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters
External links[edit]
- [1] Transliteration web utility for the National and ISO transliteration of Georgian