Yery
Cyrillic letter Yery | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Cyrillic script | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yery, Yeru, Ery or Eru (Ы, ы, usually called "Ы" [ɨ] in modern Russian or "еры" yerý historically and in modern Church Slavonic) is a letter in the Cyrillic script. It represents the phoneme /i/ after non-palatalised (hard) consonants in the Belarusian and Russian alphabets.
Because of phonological processes, the actual realisation of /i/ after alveolar consonants (⟨д⟩, ⟨з⟩, ⟨л⟩, ⟨н⟩, ⟨р⟩, ⟨с⟩, ⟨т⟩, or ⟨ц⟩) is retracted to a close central unrounded vowel [ɨ] or [ʷi], after labials: ⟨б⟩, ⟨в⟩, ⟨м⟩, ⟨п⟩.
In Rusyn, it denotes a sound a bit harder than [ɨ] and close to the Romanian sound î, also written â. In some situations, it may occur after palatalised consonants (синьый "blue", which never happens in Russian), and it often follows ⟨к⟩, ⟨г⟩, ⟨ґ⟩ and ⟨х⟩.
While vowel letters in the Cyrillic alphabet may be divided into iotated and non-iotated pairs (for example, ⟨а⟩ and ⟨я⟩ both represent /a/, the latter denoting a preceding palatalised consonant), ⟨ы⟩ is more complicated. It appears only after hard consonants, its phonetic value differs from ⟨и⟩, and there is some scholarly disagreement as to whether or not ⟨ы⟩ and ⟨и⟩ denote different phonemes.[citation needed]
Like many other Cyrillic letters, it was originally from a ligature: ꙑ, formed from Yer ⟨ъ⟩ and ⟨і⟩ (formerly written either dotless or with two dots) or Izhe (⟨и⟩ which formerly resembled ⟨н⟩). In mediaeval manuscripts, it is almost always found as ⟨ъі⟩ or ⟨ъи⟩. Once the letters ⟨ъ⟩ and ⟨ь⟩ later lost their values as vowels in the Slavic languages, the current simplified form ⟨ы⟩ evolved.[clarification needed]
The letter is usually romanised into English and most other West European languages as ⟨y⟩: Krylov (family name, Крылов). However, ⟨y⟩ may be used for other purposes as well (such as in digraphs).[clarification needed] That spelling matches Polish, which uses ⟨y⟩ to represent the same sound. Russian ⟨ы⟩ is used to transliterate Polish ⟨y⟩ into Cyrillic: Maryla – Марыля.
Native Russian words do not begin with ⟨ы⟩ (except for the specific verb ыкать, "to say the ⟨ы⟩-sound″), but many proper and common nouns of non-Russian origin (including some geographical names in Russia) beginning with the letter exist: Ytyk-Kyuyol (Ытык-Кюёль), Ygyatta (Ыгыатта), a village and a river in Sakha (Yakutia) Republic respectively, or Eulji Mundeok (Ыльчи Мундок), a Korean military leader.
In the Ukrainian alphabet, the sound [ɨ] is denoted by ⟨и⟩, and the letter ⟨ы⟩ is not used in Ukrainian. Ukrainian ⟨и⟩ usually is transcribed in Russian as ⟨ы⟩.
The letter ⟨ы⟩ is also used in Cyrillic-based alphabets of several Turkic and Mongolic languages (see the list) and denotes a darker vowel [ɯ]. Corresponding letter in Latin-based scripts is ⟨ı⟩ (dotless I).
In Tuvan the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.[1][2]
Contents
Related letters and other similar characters[edit]
- Ь ь : Cyrillic letter Soft sign
- І і : Cyrillic letter Dotted I
- И и : Cyrillic letter I
- Ъ ъ : Cyrillic letter Yer
- Ư ư : Latin letter U with horn, the 26th letter of the Vietnamese alphabet.
Computing codes[edit]
Character | Ы | ы | Ꙑ | ꙑ | ||||
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Unicode name | CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU | CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU WITH BACK YER |
CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU WITH BACK YER |
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Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 1067 | U+042B | 1099 | U+044B | 42576 | U+A650 | 42577 | U+A651 |
UTF-8 | 208 171 | D0 AB | 209 139 | D1 8B | 234 153 144 | EA 99 90 | 234 153 145 | EA 99 91 |
Numeric character reference | Ы | Ы | ы | ы | Ꙑ | Ꙑ | ꙑ | ꙑ |
KOI8-R and KOI8-U | 249 | F9 | 217 | D9 | ||||
Code page 855 | 242 | F2 | 241 | F1 | ||||
Code page 866 | 155 | 9B | 235 | EB | ||||
Windows-1251 | 219 | DB | 251 | FB | ||||
ISO-8859-5 | 203 | CB | 235 | EB | ||||
Macintosh Cyrillic | 155 | 9B | 251 | FB |
References[edit]
- ^ "Tuvan language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (24 July 2013). "Compendium of the World's Languages". Routledge. Retrieved 14 June 2016 – via Google Books.
- Russian: An interactive online reference grammar, by Dr Robert Beard