Umbra, penumbra and antumbra

Shadows

The umbra, penumbra and antumbra are three distinct parts of a shadow, created by any light source after impinging on an opaque object. For a point source only the umbra is cast.

These names are most often used for the shadows cast by celestial bodies, though they are sometimes used to describe levels of darkness, such as in sunspots.

Umbra

The umbra (Latin for "shadow") is the innermost and darkest part of a shadow, where the light source is completely blocked by the occluding body. Such an opaque object does not let light through it. An observer in the umbra experiences a total eclipse. The umbra of a round body occluding a round light source forms a right circular cone; to a viewer at the cone's apex, the two bodies are equal in apparent size. The distance from the Moon to the apex of its umbra is roughly equal to that between the Moon and Earth. Because the Earth is 3.7 times wider than the Moon, its umbra extends correspondingly farther, roughly 1.4 million kilometers.

Greatest hits album

A greatest hits album, sometimes called a "best of" album or a catalog album, is a compilation of songs by a particular artist or band. Most often the track list contains previously released recordings with a high degree of notability. However, to increase the appeal, especially to people who already own the original release, it is common to include remixes and/or alternate takes of popular songs; even new material (previously unreleased). At times a greatest hits compilation is the original release for songs that have themselves been released as a single and charted successfully.

Notable compilations

Madonna's The Immaculate Collection is the best selling greatest hits compilation by a solo artist; all of the songs on it are presented in different versions than the original hit versions. The Eagles' Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) is the best selling greatest hits compilation by a group and also one of the ten best selling albums in history. Greatest hits albums are typically produced after an artist has had enough successful songs to fill out an album release. Some artists, such as Mariah Carey, Madonna, Janet Jackson, Britney Spears, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, The Beatles, Kenny Rogers, Aerosmith, Kiss, U2, Dolly Parton, Journey, Los Tigres del Norte, Queen, Kylie Minogue and Billy Joel, have released multiple greatest hits albums through their long careers. Some greatest hits albums are released only at the end of the artist or group's career. For example, My Chemical Romance released a greatest hits album after they disbanded. Other artists, like Eminem have released hits albums in the center of their success. He released Curtain Call: The Hits in 2005 and then Shady XV as a compilation album in 2014.

Video

Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media.

Video systems vary greatly in the resolution of the display, how they are refreshed, and the rate of refreshed, and 3D video systems exist. They can also be carried on a variety of media, including radio broadcast, tapes, DVDs, computer files etc.

History

Video technology was first developed for Mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape.

Video recorders were sold for $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost $300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling videocassette recorder (VCR) decks and tapes to the public.

Sound

In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanical wave of pressure and displacement, through a medium such as air or water. In physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain.

Acoustics

Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician, while someone working in the field of acoustical engineering may be called an acoustical engineer. An audio engineer, on the other hand is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound.

Applications of acoustics are found in almost all aspects of modern society, subdisciplines include aeroacoustics, audio signal processing, architectural acoustics, bioacoustics, electro-acoustics, environmental noise, musical acoustics, noise control, psychoacoustics, speech, ultrasound, underwater acoustics, and vibration.

Malcolm Sutherland

Malcolm Sutherland was an English professional association footballer who played as an inside forward.

References

Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888-1939. SoccerData.

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'Umbra' is featured as a movie character in the following productions:

Henchmen (2013)

Actors: David H. Lawrence XVII (actor), Anthony Bonaventura (actor), Robert Renderos (actor), Reko Moreno (actor), Helenna Santos-Levy (producer), Helenna Santos-Levy (actress), Russell Reynolds (actor), Art Hsu (actor), William Camacho III (producer), William Camacho III (writer), William Camacho III (actor), William Camacho III (producer), William Camacho III (writer), William Camacho III (director), Dino Antoniou (actor),

Genres: Action,
Taglines: Not every hero wears a cape.

Andromeda (2013)

Actors: Brian Clifton (composer), Frans Maas (actor), Joachim Huveneers (editor), Erik Goris (actor), Frederick Van Peer (actor), Ine Holsteens (actress), Joachim Huveneers (director), Joachim Huveneers (writer), Joachim Huveneers (producer), Joachim Huveneers (producer), Lukas Buys (actor), Roger Baum (actor), David Banneel (actor), Lize Feryn (actress),

Plot: Andro has been trained since his early days to become a cold blooded assassin. He has been trained by a corps of other assassins and hit men from a secret society. The leader of this organization is known as 'Anubis'. to prevent any murderer of this society to live instinctively Anubis decides to kill every hit man at the age of 28. by conditions Andra picks up this valuable information and needs to find a way to live with this whether he likes it or not.

Genres: Action, Fantasy, Short,

Andromeda (2013)

Genres: Action, Fantasy, Short,

Katherine of Alexandria (2013)

Actors: Dudley Sutton (actor), Edward Fox (actor), Peter O'Toole (actor), Joss Ackland (actor), Frank Williams (actor), Steven Berkoff (actor), Glenn Webster (actor), Vass Anderson (actor), Robert Scott (actor), Jean Marlow (actress), Simon DeSilva (actor), Lyndon Baldock (producer), Elizabeth Marshall (miscellaneous crew), Tony Harrison (actor), Andre Samson (actor),

Plot: Katherine of Alexandria, brought up as a nomad and living in the desert, was aged just 11 when Emperor Maxentius saw her whilst out on patrol. Consumed by her beauty, impudence and uncanny talent for languages, he abducted the child, killing her family. The slaughter was witnessed by her young friend, Constantine, who would later become Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He never lost hope of finding Katherine. As a young woman, Katherine refused to submit to Maxentius' offers of marriage and she continually denounced his brutal enforcement of pagan religion upon the masses. Still obsessed with her beauty, Maxentius brought Katherine before 50 of Rome's finest scholars in an open court in Alexandria, where she eloquently demolished their arguments. When Constantine learned of Katherine's whereabouts and imprisonment at the hands of Maxentius, he led his army from York in a desperate bid to save her.

Keywords: beheaded, betrayal, biopic, character-name-in-title, courtroom-fight, greed, historical, kidnapper, religious, saint
Genres: History,
Taglines: The Saint Who Defied An Empire

The LXD: The Secrets of the Ra (2011)

Actors: Nathan Lanier (composer), Mark Edward Lewis (composer), Roger Aaron Brown (actor), Harry Shum Jr. (producer), Jon M. Chu (editor), Jon M. Chu (director), Jon M. Chu (writer), Jon M. Chu (producer), Jon M. Chu (producer), Galen Hooks (actress), Ceasare Willis (actor), Stephen Boss (actor), Cassidy Noblett (actor), Charlie E. Schmidt (writer), Ryan Landels (director),

Plot: The second part of the film, in which through music, dance and excellent choreography presented is the fate of a group of young people endowed with supernatural abilities. Coming soon will be facing a major decision whether to use their skills in a just cause, or for their own benefit.