Zuclopenthixol

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Zuclopenthixol
Zuclopenthixol.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Clopixol
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
Pregnancy
category
  • C
Routes of
administration		 Oral, IM
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 49% (oral)
Protein binding 98%
Metabolism Hepatic (CYP2D6 and CYP3A4-mediated)
Biological half-life 20 hours (oral), 19 days (IM)
Excretion Feces
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ECHA InfoCard 100.053.398
Chemical and physical data
Formula C22H25ClN2OS
Molar mass 400.965 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Zuclopenthixol (Cisordinol, Clopixol, Acuphase), also known as zuclopentixol, is a typical antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene class. It was introduced in 1962 by Lundbeck.[1] It is the cis-isomer of clopenthixol.[2]

Zuclopenthixol is a D1 and D2, α1-adrenergic and 5-HT2 agonist. It is not approved for use in the United States.[3][4]

Uses/Forms[edit]

Zuclopenthixol is available in three major preparations:

  • As zuclopenthixol decanoate (Clopixol), it is a long acting intramuscular injection. Its main use is as a long acting injection given every two or three weeks to people with schizophrenia who have a poor compliance with medication and suffer frequent relapses of illness.[5] There is some evidence it may be more helpful in managing aggressive behaviour.[6]
  • As zuclopenthixol acetate (Clopixol, Acuphase, Cisordinol-Acutard), it is a shorter acting intramuscular injection used in the acute sedation of psychotic inpatients. The effect peaks at 48–72 hours providing 2–3 days of sedation.[7]
  • As zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride (Clopixol), it is a tablet used in the treatment of schizophrenia in those who are compliant with oral medication.[8]

It is also used in the treatment of acute bipolar mania.

Dosing[edit]

As a long acting injection, zuclopenthixol decanoate comes in a 200 mg and 500 mg ampoule. Doses can vary from 50 mg weekly to the maximum licensed dose of 600 mg weekly. In general, the lowest effective dose to prevent relapse is preferred. The interval may be shorter as a patient starts on the medication before extending to 3 weekly intervals subsequently. The dose should be reviewed and reduced if side effects occur, though in the short term an anticholinergic medication benztropine may be helpful for tremor and stiffness, while diazepam may be helpful for akathisia. 100 mg of zuclopenthixol decanoate is roughly equivalent to 20 mg of flupentixol decanoate or 12.5 mg of fluphenazine decanoate.

In acutely psychotic and agitated inpatients, 50 – 200 mg of zuclopenthixol acetate may be given for a calming effect over the subsequent three days, with a maximum dose of 400 mg in total to be given. As it is a long-acting medication, care must be taken not to give an excessive dose.

In oral form zuclopenthixol is available in 10, 25 and 40 mg tablets, with a dose range of 20–60 mg daily.

Pharmacology[edit]

Zuclopenthixol antagonises both dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, α1-adrenoceptors and 5-HT2 receptors with a high affinity, but has no affinity for cholinergic muscarine receptors. It weakly antagonises the histamine (H1) receptor but has no α2-adrenoceptor blocking activity.

Evidence from in vitro work and clinical sources (i.e. therapeutic drug monitoring databases) suggests that both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 play important roles in zuclopenthixol metabolism.[9]

Side effects[edit]

Chronic administration of zuclopenthixol (30 mg/kg/day for two years) in rats resulted in small, but significant, increases in the incidence of thyroid parafollicular carcinomas and, in females, of mammary adenocarcinomas and of pancreatic islet cell adenomas and carcinomas. An increase in the incidence of mammary adenocarcinomas is a common finding for D2 antagonists which increase prolactin secretion when administered to rats. An increase in the incidence of pancreatic islet cell tumours has been observed for some other D2 antagonists. The physiological differences between rats and humans with regard to prolactin make the clinical significance of these findings unclear.

Other permanent side effects are similar to many other typical antipsychotics, namely extrapyramidal symptoms as a result of dopamine blockade in subcortical areas of the brain. This may result in symptoms similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease and include a restlessness and inability to sit still known as akathisia, a slow tremor and stiffness of the limbs.[8] Zuclopenthixol is thought to be more sedating than the related flupentixol, though possibly less likely to induce extrapyramidal symptoms than other typical depots.[5] As with other dopamine antagonists, zuclopenthixol may sometimes elevate prolactin levels; this may occasionally result in amenorrhoea or galactorrhoea in severe cases. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal side effect. Any unexpected deterioration in mental state with confusion and muscle stiffness should be seen by a physician.

Zuclopenthixol decanoate induces a transient dose-dependent sedation. However, if the patient is switched to maintenance treatment with zuclopenthixol decanoate from oral zuclopenthixol or from i.m. zuclopenthixol acetate the sedation will be no problem. Tolerance to the unspecific sedative effect develops rapidly.[10]

Very common Adverse Effects (≥10% incidence) [11]
  • Dry Mouth
  • Somnolence
  • Akathisia
  • Hyperkinesia
  • Hypokinesia
Common (1%≤incidence≤10%) [11]
  • Tachycardia
  • Palpitations
  • Vertigo
  • Accommodation disorder
  • Vision abnormal
  • Salivary hypersecretion
  • Constipation
  • Vomiting
  • Dyspepsia
  • Diarrhoea
  • Asthenia
  • Fatigue
  • Malaise
  • Pain (at the injection site)
  • Increased appetite
  • Weight gain
  • Myalgia
  • Tremor
  • Dystonia
  • Hypertonia
  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Paraesthesia
  • Disturbance in attention
  • Amnesia
  • Gait abnormal
  • Insomnia
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Nervousness
  • Abnormal dreams
  • Agitation,
  • Libido decreased
  • Nasal congestion
  • Dyspnoea
  • Hyperhidrosis
  • Pruritus
Uncommon (0.1%≤incidence≤1%)[11]
  • Hyperacusis
  • Tinnitus
  • Oculogyration
  • Mydriasis
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea
  • Flatulence
  • Thirst
  • Injection site reaction
  • Hypothermia
  • Pyrexia
  • Liver function test abnormal
  • Decreased appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Muscle rigidity
  • Trismus
  • Torticollis
  • Tardive dyskinesia
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Dyskinesia
  • Parkinsonism
  • Syncope
  • Ataxia
  • Speech disorder
  • Hypotonia
  • Convulsion
  • Migraine
  • Apathy
  • Nightmare
  • Libido increased
  • Confusional state
  • Ejaculation failure
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Female orgasmic disorder
  • Vulvovaginal
  • Dryness
  • Rash
  • Photosensitivity reaction
  • Pigmentation disorder
  • Seborrhoea
  • Dermatitis
  • Purpura
  • Hypotension
  • Hot flush
Rare (0.01%≤incidence≤0.1%)[11]
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Neutropenia
  • Leukopenia
  • Agranulocytosis
  • Electrocardiogram QT prolonged
  • Hyperprolactinaemia
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Anaphylactic reaction
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Glucose tolerance impaired
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Gynaecomastia
  • Galactorrhoea
  • Amenorrhoea
  • Priapism
Very rare (incidence<0.01%)[11]
  • Cholestatic hepatitis
  • Jaundice
  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
  • Venous thromboembolism

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Cisordinol 10 mg tablet
  1. ^ José Miguel Vela; Helmut Buschmann; Jörg Holenz; Antonio Párraga; Antoni Torrens (2007). Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Anxiolytics: From Chemistry and Pharmacology to Clinical Application. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 516. ISBN 3-527-31058-4. 
  2. ^ Sneader, Walter (2005). Drug discovery: a history. New York: Wiley. p. 410. ISBN 0-471-89980-1. 
  3. ^ Green, Alan I.; Noordsy, Douglas L.; Brunette, Mary F.; O'Keefe, Christopher (2008). "Substance abuse and schizophrenia: Pharmacotherapeutic intervention". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 34 (1): 61–71. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.01.008. ISSN 0740-5472. PMC 2930488Freely accessible. PMID 17574793. 
  4. ^ Sweetman, Sean C., ed. (2009). "Anxiolytic Sedatives Hypnotics and Antipsychotics". Martindale: The complete drug reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 1040–1. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. 
  5. ^ a b da Silva Freire Coutinho E, Fenton M, Quraishi SN (1999). "Zuclopenthixol decanoate for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001164. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
  6. ^ Haessler F, Glaser T, Beneke M, Pap AF, Bodenschatz R, Reis O (2007). "Zuclopenthixol in adults with intellectual disabilities and aggressive behaviours". British Journal of Psychiatry. 190 (5): 447–448. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.016535. PMID 17470962. 
  7. ^ Lundbeck P/L (1991). "Clopixol Acuphase 50 mg/mL Injection Clopixol Acuphase 100 mg / 2 mL Injection". Lundbeck P/L. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
  8. ^ a b Kumar A, Strech D (2005). "Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005474. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
  9. ^ Davies SJ, Westin AA, Castberg I, Lewis G, Lennard MS, Taylor S, Spigset O (2010). "Characterisation of zuclopenthixol metabolism by in vitro and therapeutic drug monitoring studies.". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 122 (6): 445–453. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01619.x. 
  10. ^ "Summary of Product Characteristics" (PDF). 
  11. ^ a b c d e https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05705-3

External links[edit]

  1. Product information for Zuclopenthixol (CLOPIXOL), provided by the Therapeutic Goods Administration — https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05705-3
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