OPN5

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OPN5
Identifiers
Aliases OPN5, GPR136, GRP136, PGR12, TMEM13, opsin 5
External IDs MGI: 2662912 HomoloGene: 72341 GeneCards: OPN5
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez

221391

353344
Ensembl

ENSG00000124818

ENSMUSG00000043972
UniProt

Q6U736

Q6VZZ7
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001030051
NM_181744

NM_181753
RefSeq (protein)

NP_859528

NP_861418.2
NP_861418
Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 47.78 – 47.83 Mb Chr 17: 42.56 – 42.61 Mb
PubMed search [1] [2]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Neuropsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN5 gene.[3][4][5] It is a photoreceptor protein sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0 °C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimeric G protein Gi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues.[6][7]

Function[edit]

Opsins are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Human neuropsin is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord. Neuropsin belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes peropsin (RRH) and retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR). Neuropsin has different isoforms created by alternative splicing.[5]

Photochemistry[edit]

When reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal, mouse and human neuropsins absorb maximally at 380 nm. When illuminated these neuropsins are converted into blue-absorbing photoproducts (470 nm), which are stable in the dark. The photoproducts are converted back to the UV-absorbing form, when they are illuminated with orange light (> 520 nm).[6]

Phylogeny[edit]

The neuropsins constitute one of the four subclades of the Go/RGR group of opsins, also known as RGR/Go or Group 4. Go/RGR is one of the four major subclades of type-II opsins, also known as metazoan or animal opsins. Go/RGR comprises Go-coupled, RGR, peropsins, and neuropsins. Type-II opsins comprise four subclades: C-opsins (ciliary), R-opsins (rhabdomeric), Cnidops (cnidarian), and Go/RGR. Three of these subclades occur only in Bilateria (all but Cnidops). However, the bilaterian clades constitute a parphyletic taxon without Cnidops.[8][9]

Species Distribution[edit]

Neuropsin and its orthologs have been found experimentally in a small number of animals, among them human, house mouse (Mus musculus),[3] chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus),[7][10] the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica),[11] the European brittle star Amphiura filiformis (related to starfish),[12] the tardigrade water bear (Hypsibius dujardini),[13] and the tadpole of Xenopus laevis.[14]

Searches of publicly available databases of genetic sequences have found putative neuropsin orthologs in both major branches of Bilateria: protostomes and deuterostomes. Among protostomes, putative neuropsins have been found in the molluscs owl limpet (Lottia gigantea) (a species of sea snail) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), in the water flea (Daphnia pulex) (an arthropod), and in the annelid worm Capitella teleta.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". 
  2. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". 
  3. ^ a b Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Lucas RJ (Nov 2003). "Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue". FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 410–6. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01212-2. PMID 14623103. 
  4. ^ Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB (Nov 2003). "Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives". FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 381–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01196-7. PMID 14623098. 
  5. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5". 
  6. ^ a b Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y (2011). "UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e26388. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026388. PMC 3197025Freely accessible. PMID 22043319. 
  7. ^ a b Yamashita, T.; Ohuchi, H.; Tomonari, S.; Ikeda, K.; Sakai, K.; Shichida, Y. (6 December 2010). "Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi subtype of G protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (51): 22084–22089. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012498107. 
  8. ^ Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, Robinson PR (Jan 2012). "Shedding new light on opsin evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1726): 3–14. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1819. PMC 3223661Freely accessible. PMID 22012981. 
  9. ^ Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, Pačes J, Vlček Č, Bartůněk P, Kozmik Z (2015). "Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution". Scientific Reports. 5: 11885. doi:10.1038/srep11885. PMID 26154478. 
  10. ^ Tomonari S, Migita K, Takagi A, Noji S, Ohuchi H (Jul 2008). "Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina". Developmental Dynamics. 237 (7): 1910–22. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21611. PMID 18570255. 
  11. ^ Nakane Y, Ikegami K, Ono H, Yamamoto N, Yoshida S, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Kubo Y, Yoshimura T (Aug 2010). "A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (34): 15264–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006393107. PMID 20679218. 
  12. ^ Delroisse J, Ullrich-Lüter E, Ortega-Martinez O, Dupont S, Arnone MI, Mallefet J, Flammang P (2014). "High opsin diversity in a non-visual infaunal brittle star". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 1035. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1035. PMID 25429842. 
  13. ^ a b Hering L, Mayer G (Sep 2014). "Analysis of the opsin repertoire in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini provides insights into the evolution of opsin genes in panarthropoda". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (9): 2380–91. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu193. PMID 25193307. 
  14. ^ Currie, Stephen P.; Doherty, Gayle H.; Sillar, Keith T. (10 May 2016). "Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in frog tadpoles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113: 201515516. doi:10.1073/pnas.1515516113. PMC 4889350Freely accessible. PMID 27166423. 

Further reading[edit]

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.



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