Karel I van Engeland
| Karel I | |
|---|---|
| Koning van Engeland, Ierland en Skotland | |
 ’n Portret deur Anthony van Dyck, 1636
|
|
| Huis | Stuart |
| Regeer | 27 Maart 1625 – 30 Januarie 1649 |
| Voorganger | Jakobus I & VI |
| Opvolger | Karel II |
| Eggenote | Henrietta Maria van Frankryk |
| Kinders | Karel II, Maria, kroonprinses en Prinses van Oranje, Jakobus II & VII, Elizabeth, Anne, Hendrik, Henrietta Anna |
| Gebore | 19 November 1600; Dunfermline, Skotland |
| Oorlede | 30 Januarie 1649; Whitehall-paleis, Engeland |
| Vader | Jakobus I & VI |
| Moeder | Anna van Denemarke |
Karel I (Engels: Charles I; 19 November 1600 – 30 Januarie 1649) was van 27 Maart 1625 tot met sy teregstelling op 30 Januarie 1649 koning van Engeland, Ierland en Skotland.[1]
Inhoud
Vroeë lewe[wysig | wysig bron]
Karel was die tweede oudste seun van Jakobus I & VI en Anna van Denemarke. Hy is op 19 November 1600 in Dunfermline, Fife, gebore.[2][3] Tot op die ouderdom van drie kon hy nie loop of praat nie.
Toe Jakobus VI van Skotland in 1603 ook koning Jakobus I van Engeland word, is Karel aanvanklik in Skotland gelos ter wille van sy gesondheid.[4] Hy het eers in Julie 1604 na Engeland gegaan, waar hy geleer is om te loop en praat. As volwassene was Karel net 162 cm (5 voet 3 duim) lank.
Toe sy oudste broer, Hendrik, die prins van Wallis, in 1612 op 18-jarige ouderdom sterf, twee weke voor Karel se 12de verjaarsdag, het hy die troonopvolger geword.
Bewind[wysig | wysig bron]
Toe Jakobus I op 27 Maart 1625 sterf, het Karel hom opgevolg. Sy bewind is gekenmerk deur ’n stryd om mag met die Engelse parlement. Hy was ’n groot voorstander van die "Divine Right of Kings",[5] wat verkondig het dat konings hul mag van God kry en dus nie van die troon afgesit kon word nie. Baie van sy onderdane het geglo dat hy absolute mag probeer kry het. Daar was teenkanting teen baie van sy optredes, soos om belasting in te stel sonder die parlement se toestemming.[2]
Daar was ook heelwat godsdienstige konflik tydens sy bewind. Hy was getroud met ’n Katolieke prinses, Henrietta Maria van Frankryk, ondanks teenkanting van die parlement en die algemene publiek.[6][7] Sy latere pogings om godsdienstige hervormings aan Skotland op te dwing het gelei tot die Biskoppe-oorlog wat die Engelse regering verswak en sy val help bespoedig het.
Sy laaste jare is gekenmerk deur die Engelse Burgeroorlog waarin hy teen die magte van die Engelse en die Skotse parlement geveg het. Karel is in die eerste burgeroorlog (1642–1645) verslaan, waarna die parlement van hom verwag het om hul eise vir ’n konstitusionele monargie te aanvaar. Hy het egter uitdagend gebly en probeer om ’n verbond aan Skotland op te dwing en na die eiland Wight te vlug. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot die tweede burgeroorlog (1648–1649) en ’n tweede nederlaag vir Karel. Hy is daarna gevang, aan hoogverraad skuldig bevind en tereggestel. Sy laaste woorde was:
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Die Britse monargie is hierna afgeskaf en ’n republiek, bekend as die Gemenebes van Engeland of die Engelse Interregnum, is afgekondig. Ná die afskaffing van die Interregnum het Karel se seun, Karel II, in 1660 koning geword.[2] In dieselfde jaar het die Kerk van Engeland Karel I tot heilige verklaar.[8]
Verwysings[wysig | wysig bron]
- Hierdie artikel is merendeels vertaal vanaf die Engelse Wikipedia-artikel en:Charles I of England
- ↑ “History — Charles I (1600–1649)”. British Broadcasting Corporation. URL besoek op 2008-04-20.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 “Charles I (r. 1625–1649)”. Royal.gov.uk. URL besoek op 2008-04-20.
- ↑ “Memorable Christians”. justus.anglican.org. URL besoek op 2008-04-20.
- ↑ “Charles I Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide”. Undiscovered Scotland.co.uk. URL besoek op 2008-04-24.
- ↑ “Charles I (of England)”. MSN Encarta. URL besoek op 2008-04-20.
- ↑ “Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–1669”. British-civil-wars.co.uk. URL besoek op 2008-04-20.
- ↑ “Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–1669”. British-civil-wars.co.uk. URL besoek op 2008-04-20.
- ↑ “Charles, King and Martyr”. SKCM. URL besoek op 2008-10-16.
Verdere leesstof[wysig | wysig bron]
- Carlton, Charles (1995). Charles I: The personal monarch. Routledge, 423. ISBN 0-415-12141-8.
- Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1962). The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660 (3rd Revised Edition.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 476.
- Kishlansky, Mark A. (2005). "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity" no. 189, Past and Presentpp. 41–80.
- Murphy, Derrick (2002). Britain 1558–1689. Londen: HarperCollins Publishers, 384. ISBN 0-00-713850-4. pp. 211-235
- Robertson, Geoffrey (2005). The Tyrannicide Brief: The Man Who Sent Charles I to the Scaffold. Chatto & Windus, 429. ISBN 0-7011-7602-4.
- Williamson, D. (1998). 'The Kings and Queens of England. Londen: National Portrait Gallery. ISBN 1-85514-228-7. OCLC 153799778.
- Rushworth, J. (1959). The Trial of King Charles I, pp.133–4.
- Carlton, Charles (1995). Charles I: The Personal Monarch. Brittanje: Routledge, 423. ISBN 0-415-12141-8.
- Holmes, Clive (2006). Why was Charles I Executed?. Continuum International, 244. ISBN 1-85285-282-8.
- Abbott, Jacob (1901). Charles I.. Brittanje: Harper & brothers, 285.
- Cust, Richard (2007-07-21). Charles I. Longman, 512. ISBN 978-1-4058-5903-5.
- Abbott, Jacob (1900). History of King Charles the First of England. Brittanje: Henry Altemus company, 230.
- Mackintosh, James; William Wallace, Robert Bell (1835). {{{title}}}. Brittanje: Longman.
- Hill, C. (1991). The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714. Brittanje: Routledge, 296. ISBN 0-415-05178-9.
- V Wedgwood, C (1955). The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641. Colins, 510.
- V Wedgwood, C (1958). The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641–1647.. Collins, 702.
- Wedgewood, Cicely Veronica (1964). A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I. Macmillan, 307. ISBN 978-0-02-625500-4.
- Ashley, Maurice (1987). Charles I and Cromwell. Methuen, 256. ISBN 978-0-413-16270-0.
- Reeve, L. J. (1989). Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule. Brittanje: Cambridge University Press, 325. ISBN 0-521-52133-5.
Eksterne skakels[wysig | wysig bron]
- Chronology Charles I World History Database
- The Royal Household. (2004). "Charles I." Amptelike webtuiste van die Britse monargie
- The Society of King Charles the Martyr
- The Society of King Charles the Martyr (VSA)
- Biografie
Boeke oor Karel I aanlyn beskikbaar[wysig | wysig bron]
- History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England: Begun in the Year 1641 by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1717): Volume I, Part 1, Volume I, Part 2, Volume II, Part 1, Volume II, Part 2, Volume III, Part 1, Volume III, Part 2
- The History of Great Britain Under the House of Stuart by David Hume (1759): Volume I, Volume II
- An Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of James I and Charles I, and the Lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II by William Harris (1814): Volume I, Volume II, Volume III, Volume IV, Volume V
- The Trials of Charles the First, and of Some Regicides (published by John Murray, 1820)
- The High Court of Justice; Comprising Memoirs of the Principal Persons Who Sat in Judgment on King Charles the First, by James Caulfield (1820)
- A History of the British Empire, From the Accession of Charles I to the Restoration by George Brodie (1822): Volume I, Volume II, Volume III, Volume IV
- Memoirs of the Court of King Charles the First by Lucy Aikin (1833): Volume I, Volume II
- The Great Civil War of Charles I and the Parliament by Richard Cattermole, with illustrations by George Cattermole (1845)
- History of Charles the First and the English Revolution, from the Accession of Charles the First to His Execution by François Guizot, trans. Sir Andrew Scoble (1854): Volume I, Volume II
- Charles I in 1646: Letters to Queen Henrietta Maria, ed. John Bruce (1856)
- Arrest of the Five Members by Charles the First: A Chapter of English History Rewritten by John Forster (1860)
- The Spanish Match; or, Charles Stuart at Madrid by William Harrison Ainsworth (1865): Volume I, Volume II, Volume III
- Notes of the Treaty Carried on at Ripon between Charles I and the Covenanters of Scotland by John Borough, ed. John Bruce (1869)
- Charles I by Jacob Abbott (1876, 1904)
- Eikon Basilike, ed. Catherine Mary Phillimore (1879)
- The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I, 1637–1649 by Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1882): Volume I (1637–1640), Volume II (1640–1642)
- A Secret Negotiation with Charles the First, 1643–1644, ed. Bertha Meriton Gardiner (1883)
- History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603–1642 by Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1883–1891): Volume I (1603–1607), Volume II (1607–1616), Volume III (1616–1621), Volume IV (1621–1623), Volume V (1623–1625), Volume VI (1625–1629), Volume VII (1629–1635), Volume VIII (1635–1639), Volume IX (1639–1641), Volume X (1641–1642)
- History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649 by Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1886–1901): Volume I (1642–1644), Volume II (1644–1647), Volume III (1645–1647), Volume IV (1647–1649)
- The Picture Gallery of Charles I by Sir Claude Phillips (1896)
- Historical Sketches of Notable Persons and Events in the Reigns of James I and Charles I by Thomas Carlyle (1898)
- A History of the George Worn on the Scaffold by Charles I by Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey
- King Charles I: A Study by Walter Phelps Dodge (1912)
- Commons Debates for 1629, ed. Wallace Notestein & Frances Helen Relf (1921)
