Cantons of Switzerland

Swiss cantons Schweizer Kantone (German) Cantons suisses (French) Cantoni Svizzeri (Italian) Chantun svizra (Romansh)
Also known as: Stand État Stato
Valais Ticino Graubünden (Grisons) Geneva Vaud Neuchâtel Jura Bern Thurgau Zürich Aargau Lucerne Solothurn Basel-Land Schaffhausen Uri Schwyz Glarus St. Gallen AI AR Obwalden Nidwalden Zug Fribourg Basel-Stadt France Italy Liecht. Austria Germany
Category	Federated state
Location	Swiss Confederation
Found in	Country
Created	16th century
Number	26 cantons (as of 1979)
Populations	15,778 (Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden) – 1,421,895 (Canton of Zürich)
Areas	36 km2 (14 sq mi) (Canton of Basel-Stadt) – 7,105.5 km2 (2,743.43 sq mi) (Canton of Graubünden)
Government	List of cantonal executives of Switzerland
Subdivisions	Districts and communes

The 26 cantons of Switzerland (German: Kanton, French: canton, Italian: cantone, Romansh: chantun) are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Waldstätte. Two further major steps in the development of the Swiss cantonal system are referred to by the terms Acht Alten Orte ("confederation of eight"; during 1353–1481) and Dreizehn Alten Orte ("Thirteen-Canton Confederation", during 1513–1798); they were important intermediate periods of the Ancient Swiss Confederacy.

Each canton (or in earlier times: Statt ("site/settlement"), or Städte und Länder ("towns and countries/countrysides"), or Ort (lit.: place, referring to "souvereign territory", "community"), or Stand ("estate") from the 13th century to around 1800) was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848; with a brief period of centralized government during the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). With the Napoleonic period of the Helvetic Republic the term canton/cantone/Kanton was fully established. From 1833, there were 25 cantons, which became 26 after the secession of the canton of Jura from Bern in 1979.

Terminology and its historical development

The term canton, now also used as English term for administrative subdivisions of other countries, originates in French usage in the late 15th century, from a word for "edge, corner" (recorded in Fribourg in 1475). After 1490, canton was increasingly used in French and Italian documents to refer to the members of the Swiss Confederacy.

English use of canton in reference to the Swiss Confederacy (as opposed to the heraldic sense) dates to the early 17th century.

In German Switzerland, the term Ort (plural: Orte; lit.: place; referring to "souvereign territory", "community") was in use from the early 15th century as a generic term uniting the towns and rural allies previously named separately as Städte ("towns") and Länder ("countries; countrysides"), or even just Stett/Statt (plural: Stätte, "site/settlement") prior and during the early constitution of the Ancient Swiss Confederacy.

It was increasingly replaced by Stand (plural: Stände, "estate") after 1550.

The French term canton was not adopted into German usage prior to 1648, and after that only in occasional use. The prominent usage of Ort and Stand only gradually disappeared in German-speaking Switzerland with the Helvetic Republic. Only with the Act of Mediation of 1803 did German Kanton become an official designation, retained in the Swiss Constitution of 1848.

The term Stand remains in synonymous usage (in French état) and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament, the Council of States (German: Ständerat, French: Conseil des États, Italian: Consiglio degli Stati, Romansh: Cussegl dals Stadis).

"Republic"

Some cantonal constitutions provide for a longer formal name of the state. Most of Romandy's cantons (Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, Valais and Vaud) and Ticino call themselves république/Repubblica ("republics") officially, at least within their constitutions. For example, the canton of Geneva refers to itself formally as the République et canton de Genève ("Republic and canton of Geneva").

History

Main articles: Eight Cantons, Thirteen Cantons, Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland, and Switzerland as a federal state

Further information: Flags and coats of arms of cantons of Switzerland

The "Thirteen-Canton Confederation" of the Old Swiss Confederacy (1513–1798)

In the 16th century, the Old Swiss Confederacy was composed of 13 sovereign confederate allies (German: Dreizehn Alten Orte), and there were two different kinds: five rural states – Uri, Schwyz (which became eponymous of the confederacy), Unterwalden, Glarus, Appenzell – and eight urban states – Zürich, Bern, Luzern, Zug, Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen.

Though they were technically part of the Holy Roman Empire, they had become de facto independent when the Swiss defeated Emperor Maximillian in 1499 in Dornach.

In the early modern period, the individual confederate allies came to be seen as republics; while the six traditional allies had a tradition of direct democracy in the form of the Landsgemeinde, the urban states operated via representation in city councils, de facto oligarchic systems dominated by families of the patriciate.

The old system was abandoned with the formation of the Helvetic Republic following the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798. The cantons of the Helvetic Republic had merely the status of an administrative subdivision with no sovereignty. The Helvetic Republic collapsed within five years, and cantonal sovereignty was restored with the Act of Mediation of 1803. The status of Switzerland as a federation of states was restored, at the time including 19 cantons (the six accessions to the early modern Thirteen Cantons being composed of former associates and subject territories: St. Gallen, Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud). Three additional western cantons, Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva, acceded in 1815.

The process of "Restoration", completed by 1830, returned most of the former feudal rights to the cantonal patriciates, leading to rebellions among the rural population. The Liberal Radical Party embodied these democratic forces calling for a new federal constitution. This tension, paired with religious issues ("Jesuit question") escalated into armed conflict in the 1840s, with the brief Sonderbund War. The victory of the radical party resulted in the formation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848. The cantons retained far-reaching sovereignty, but were no longer allowed to maintain individual standing armies or international relations. As the revolutions of 1848 in Western Europe had failed elsewhere, Switzerland during the later 19th century (and with the exception of the French Third Republic, until the end of World War I) found itself as an isolated democratic republic, surrounded by the restored monarchies of France, Italy, Austria-Hungary and Germany.

Constitution

The 22 cantonal coats of arms (all but Jura, with the half-cantons represented jointly) in stained glass set in the dome of the Federal Palace of Switzerland (c. 1900)

Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, government and courts. Most of the cantons' legislatures are unicameral parliaments, their size varying between 58 and 200 seats. A few legislatures are general assemblies known as Landsgemeinden. The cantonal governments consist of either five or seven members, depending on the canton. For the names of the institutions, see List of legislative and executive councils of the Cantons of Switzerland.

The Swiss Federal Constitution declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that their sovereignty is not limited by federal law. The cantons also retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the Confederation by the Constitution. Most significantly, the cantons are responsible for healthcare, welfare, law enforcement and public education; they also retain the power of taxation. The cantonal constitutions determine the degree of autonomy accorded to the municipalities, which varies but almost always includes the power to levy taxes and pass municipal laws. The areas of the cantons vary from 37 km² to 7,105 km²; the populations vary from 15,471 to 1,244,400.

Direct democracy

As on the federal level, all cantons provide for some forms of direct democracy. Citizens may demand a popular vote to amend the cantonal constitution or laws, or to veto laws or spending bills passed by the parliament. General popular assemblies (Landsgemeinde) are now limited to the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus. In all other cantons democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot.

List

The cantons are listed in their order of precedence given in the federal constitution. This reflects the historical order of precedence of the Eight Cantons in the 15th century, followed by the remaining cantons in the order of their historical accession to the confederacy.

Coat of arms	Code	Canton	Since	Capital	Population	Area (km2)	Density (per km2)	No. munic.	Official languages
	ZH	Zürich	1351	Zürich	1,463,459	1,729	701	168	German
	BE	Bern	1353	Bern	1,017,483	5,959	158	352	German, French
	LU	Luzern	1332	Lucerne	398,762	1,493	233	83	German
	UR	Uri	1291	Altdorf	35,973	1,077	33	20	German
	SZ	Schwyz	1291	Schwyz	154,093	908	143	30	German
	OW	Obwalden	1291 or 1315 (as part of Unterwalden)	Sarnen	37,076	491	66	7	German
	NW	Nidwalden	1291 (as Unterwalden)	Stans	42,420	276	138	11	German
	GL	Glarus	1352	Glarus	40,028	685	51	3	German
	ZG	Zug	1352	Zug	122,134	239	416	11	German
	FR	Fribourg	1481	Fribourg	307,461	1,671	141	150	French, German
	SO	Solothurn	1481	Solothurn	266,418	790	308	109	German
	BS	Basel-Stadt	1501 (as Basel until 1833)	Basel	198,290	37	5,072	3	German
	BL	Basel-Landschaft	1501/1833	Liestal	285,094	518	502	86	German
	SH	Schaffhausen	1501	Schaffhausen	79,836	298	246	26	German
	AR	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	1513	Herisau	54,543	243	220	20	German
	AI	Appenzell Innerrhoden	1513	Appenzell	15,974	173	87	6	German
	SG	St. Gallen	1803	St. Gallen	499,065	2,026	222	77	German
	GR	Graubünden	1803	Chur	196,610	7,105	26	114	German, Romansh, Italian
	AG	Aargau	1803	Aarau	653,675	1,404	388	213	German
	TG	Thurgau	1803	Frauenfeld	267,429	991	229	80	German
	TI	Ticino	1803	Bellinzona	351,946	2,812	110	130	Italian
	VD	Vaud	1803	Lausanne	773,407	3,212	188	318	French
	VS	Valais	1815	Sion	335,696	5,224	53	134	French, German
	NE	Neuchâtel	1815/1857	Neuchâtel	178,107	803	206	36	French
	GE	Geneva	1815	Geneva	484,736	282	1,442	45	French
	JU	Jura	1979	Delémont	72,782	839	82	57	French
	CH	Switzerland		Bern	8,327,126	41,285	174	2,289	German, French, Italian, Romansh

The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g., on car license plates. They are also used in the ISO 3166-2 codes of Switzerland with the prefix "CH-" (Confœderatio Helvetica—Helvetian Confederation—Helvetia having been the ancient Roman name of the region). CH-SZ, for example, is used for the canton of Schwyz.

Half-cantons

Six of the 26 cantons are traditionally, but no longer officially, called "half-cantons" (German: Halbkanton, French: demi-canton, Italian: semicantone, Romansh: mez-chantun), reflecting a history of mutual association or partition.

The half-cantons are identified in the first article of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999 by being joined to their other "half" with the conjunction "and":

The People and the Cantons of Zürich, Bern, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Obwalden and Nidwalden, Glarus, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Landschaft, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden, St. Gallen, Graubünden, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud, Valais, Neuchâtel, Geneva, and Jura form the Swiss Confederation.

— Article 1 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (underlining not in original)

The 1999 constitutional revision retained this distinction, on the request of the six cantonal governments, as a way to mark the historic association of the half-cantons to each other. In contrast, the first article of the 1848 and 1874 constitutions constituted the Confederation as the union of "twenty-two sovereign cantons", referring to the half-cantons as "Unterwalden (ob und nid dem Wald [‘above and beneath the woods’])", "Basel (Stadt und Landschaft [‘city and country’])" and "Appenzell (beider Rhoden [‘both Rhoden’])". While the older constitutions referred to these states as "half-cantons", a term that remains in popular use, the 1999 revision and official terminology since then use the appellation "cantons with half of a cantonal vote".

With their mutual association a purely historical matter, the half-cantons are since 1848 equal to the other cantons in all but two respects:

• They elect only one member of the Council of States instead of two (Cst. art. 150 par. 2).
• In popular referendums about constitutional amendments, which require for adoption a national popular majority as well as the assent of a majority of the cantons (Ständemehr / majorité des cantons), the result of the half-cantons' popular vote counts only one half of that of the other cantons (Cst. arts. 140, 142). This means that for purposes of a constitutional referendum, at least 12 out of a total of 23 cantonal popular votes must support the amendment.

Caricature of the division of Basel, 1833

The reasons for the association between the three pairs of half-cantons are varied:

• Unterwalden never consisted of a single unified jurisdiction. Originally, Obwalden, Nidwalden, and the Abbey of Engelberg formed distinct communities. The collective term Unterwalden remains in use, however, for the area that partook in the creation of the original Swiss confederation in 1291 with Uri and Schwyz. The Federal Charter of 1291 called for representatives from each of the three "areas".
• The canton of Appenzell divided itself into an "inner" and "outer" half (Rhoden) as a consequence of the Reformation in Switzerland in 1597: Appenzell Innerrhoden (Catholic) and Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Protestant).
• The canton of Basel was divided in 1833 after the Basel countryside (now the canton of Basel-Landschaft) declared its independence from the city of Basel (now the canton of Basel-Stadt), following a period of protest and armed conflict about the under-representation of the more populous countryside in the canton's political system.

In the 20th century, some Jurassic separatists suggested a new canton of Jura to be divided into half-cantons of North Jura and South Jura. Instead, North Jura became the (full) canton of Jura while South Jura remains in the canton of Bern as the region of Bernese Jura.

Names in national languages

The name of each canton in its own official language is shown in bold.

Abbr	Common English	Other English forms	German	French	Italian	Romansh
AG	Aargau	Argovia	Aargau	Argovie	Argovia	Argovia
AI	Appenzell Innerrhoden	Appenzell Inner-Rhodes	Appenzell Innerrhoden	Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures	Appenzello Interno	Appenzell dadens
AR	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Appenzell Outer-Rhodes	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures	Appenzello Esterno	Appenzell dador
BS	Basel-Stadt	Basle-City	Basel-Stadt	Bâle-Ville	Basilea-Città	Basilea-Citad
BL	Basel-Landschaft	Basle-Country	Basel-Landschaft	Bâle-Campagne	Basilea-Campagna	Basilea-Champagna
BE	Bern	Berne	Bern	Berne	Berna	Berna
FR	Fribourg	Friburg	Freiburg	Fribourg	Friborgo	Friburg
GE	Geneva	-	Genf	Genève	Ginevra	Genevra
GL	Glarus	Glaris	Glarus	Glaris	Glarona	Glaruna
GR	Graubünden	Grisons	Graubünden	Grisons	Grigioni	Grischun
JU	Jura	-	Jura	Jura	Giura	Giura
LU	Lucerne	-	Luzern	Lucerne	Lucerna	Lucerna
NE	Neuchâtel	-	Neuenburg	Neuchâtel	Neuchâtel	Neuchâtel
NW	Nidwalden	Nidwald	Nidwalden	Nidwald	Nidvaldo	Sutsilvania
OW	Obwalden	Obwald	Obwalden	Obwald	Obvaldo	Sursilvania
SH	Schaffhausen	Schaffhouse	Schaffhausen	Schaffhouse	Sciaffusa	Schaffusa
SZ	Schwyz	-	Schwyz	Schwyz (or Schwytz)	Svitto	Sviz
SO	Solothurn	Soleure	Solothurn	Soleure	Soletta	Soloturn
SG	St. Gallen	St. Gall	St. Gallen	Saint-Gall	San Gallo	Son Gagl
TG	Thurgau	Thurgovia	Thurgau	Thurgovie	Turgovia	Turgovia
TI	Ticino	Tessin	Tessin	Tessin	Ticino	Tessin
UR	Uri	-	Uri	Uri	Uri	Uri
VS	Valais	Wallis	Wallis	Valais	Vallese	Vallais
VD	Vaud	-	Waadt	Vaud	Vaud	Vad
ZG	Zug	-	Zug	Zoug	Zugo	Zug
ZH	Zürich	Zurich	Zürich	Zürich	Zurigo	Turitg

Admission of new cantons

Main article: Enlargement of Switzerland

The enlargement of Switzerland by way of the admission of new cantons ended in 1815. After a failed attempt of Vorarlberg to join Switzerland in 1919, the idea of resuming Swiss enlargement was revived in 2010 by a parliamentary motion that would allow the accession of regions bordering on Switzerland.

See also

• List of legislative and executive councils of the Cantons of Switzerland
• Data codes for Switzerland § Cantons
• List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation
• Flags of Swiss cantons
• Cantonal bank, a commercial bank (at least partially) owned by the canton
• Municipalities of Switzerland

Bibliography

• Bernhard Ehrenzeller, Philipp Mastronardi, Rainer J. Schweizer, Klaus A. Vallender (eds.) (2002). Die schweizerische Bundesverfassung, Kommentar (in German). ISBN 3-905455-70-6.  CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link). Cited as Ehrenzeller.
• Häfelin, Ulrich; Haller, Walter; Keller, Helen (2008). Schweizerisches Bundesstaatsrecht (in German) (7th ed.). Zürich: Schulthess. ISBN 978-3-7255-5472-0.  Cited as Häfelin.

External links

• Swissworld.org – The cantons of Switzerland
• GeoPuzzle – Assemble cantons on a Swiss map
• Badac – Database on Swiss cantons and cities (French) (German)