Autarky

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Autarchism.
Part of a series on
Economic systems

Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient. Usually the term is applied to political states or their economic systems. Autarky exists whenever an entity can survive or continue its activities without external assistance or international trade. If a self-sufficient economy also refuses all trade with the outside world then it is called a closed economy.[1]

Autarky is not necessarily an economic phenomenon; for example, a military autarky would be a state that could defend itself without help from another country, or could manufacture all of its weapons without any imports from the outside world.

Autarky can be said to be the policy of a state or other entity when it seeks to be self-sufficient as a whole, but also can be limited to a narrow field such as possession of a key raw material. For example, many countries have a policy of autarky with respect to foodstuffs[2] and water for national security reasons.

Etymology[edit]

The word "autarky" is from the Greek: αὐτάρκεια, which means "self-sufficiency" (derived from αὐτο-, "self," and ἀρκέω, "to suffice"). The term is sometimes confused with autocracy (Greek: αὐτoκρατία "government by single absolute ruler") or autarchy (Greek: αὐταρχία – the idea of rejecting government and ruling oneself and no other).

Modern examples[edit]

Mercantilism was a policy followed by empires, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, forbidding or limiting trade outside the empire. In the 1930s, autarky as a policy goal was sought by Nazi Germany, which maximized trade within its economic bloc and minimized external trade, particularly with the then world powers such as Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France, with which it expected to go to war and consequently could not rely upon. The economic bloc wherein trade was maximized comprised countries that were economically weak—namely, those in South America, the Balkans, and eastern Europe (Yugoslavia, Romania, and Hungary)[3]—and had raw materials vital to Germany's growth. Trade with these countries, which was negotiated by then Minister of Economics Hjalmar Schacht, was based on the exchange of German manufactured produce directly for these materials rather than currency, allowing Schacht to barter without reliance on the strength of the Reichsmark.[4] However, although food imports fell significantly between 1932 and 1937, Germany's rapid rearmament policy after 1935 proved contradictory to the Nazi Party autarkic ambitions and imports of raw materials rose by 10% over the same period.[citation needed] German armament spending went from under 2% of gross national product in 1933 to over 23% in 1939.[5] Germany also relied upon ersatz or synthetic substitutes, such as nitrile rubber or oil obtained through coal liquefaction.

Until the 1960s, Bhutan, seeking to preserve a manorialist economic and cultural system centered on the dzong, had maintained an effective economic embargo against the outside world, and has been described as an autarky.[6] With the introduction of roads and electricity, however, the kingdom has entered trade relations as its citizens seek modern, manufactured goods.[citation needed]

Today, complete economic autarkies are rare. A possible example of a current attempt at autarky is North Korea, based on the government ideology of Juche (self-sufficiency), which is concerned with maintaining its domestic localized economy in the face of its isolation. However, even North Korea has extensive trade with the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China, Syria, Iran, Vietnam, and many countries in Europe and Africa. North Korea had to import food during a widespread famine in the 1990s.[citation needed]

Historical example[edit]

See also[edit]

Local autarky

National autarky

Macroeconomic theory of autarky

Proponents or partial proponents of autarky:

Opponents of Autarky:

Relevant Microeconomic Theory Topics

References[edit]

  1. ^ Glossary of International Economics.
  2. ^ http://aic.ucdavis.edu/research1/BerlinSumner.pdf
  3. ^ D. Evans & J. Jenkins, Years of Weimar & the Third Reich, (London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational, 1999), 348–49.
  4. ^ D. Evans & J. Jenkins, Years of Weimar & the Third Reich, 349
  5. ^ N., Hehn, Paul (2005-01-01). A low dishonest decade : the great powers, Eastern Europe, and the economic origins of World War II, 1930-1941. Continuum. ISBN 0826417612. OCLC 810483401. 
  6. ^ http://unctad.org/en/Docs/osg2011d1_en.pdf
  7. ^ Satyajit Das (3 March 2016). A Banquet of Consequences: The reality of our unusually uncertain economic future. Pearson UK. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-292-12378-3. 
  8. ^ "Albania - The Break with China and Self-Reliance". Country-data.com. 1985-04-11. Retrieved 2014-03-26. ;
  9. ^ "Albania – Foreign Economic Relations". Country-data.com. Retrieved 2014-03-26. 
  10. ^ Melissa Crouch; Tim Lindsey (23 October 2014). Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-78225-476-8. 
  11. ^ a b c Hartmut Berghoff; Uta Andrea Balbier (7 October 2013). The East German Economy, 1945–2010: Falling Behind Or Catching Up?. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-107-03013-8. 
  12. ^ David Welch (4 September 2014). Nazi Propaganda (RLE Nazi Germany & Holocaust): The Power and the Limitations. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-317-62083-9. 
  13. ^ Roderick Stackelberg (12 December 2007). The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany. Routledge. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-134-39386-2. 
  14. ^ "Commanding Heights : India | on PBS". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2014-03-26. 
  15. ^ http://www.westernmind.com/syllabus/syllabus20c/09_mussolini.html[dead link];
  16. ^ "The China-North Korea Relationship". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2017-02-03. 
  17. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/1986/0703/olon.html
  18. ^ http://www.theamericanconservative.com/2013/12/10/what-reagan-got-right-about-south-african-sanctions/
  19. ^ Thomas A. Baylis; Dr David Childs; Erwin L. Collier; Marilyn Rueschemeyer (11 September 2002). East Germany in Comparative Perspective. Routledge. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-134-98767-2. 
  20. ^ Yoshiko M. Herrera (26 March 2007). Imagined Economies: The Sources of Russian Regionalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-521-53473-4. 
  21. ^ http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/Embargo.pdf

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autarky&oldid=766003408"