ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ
ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇੱਕ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਗਿਆਨਕੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ
ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ Arab Spring الربيع العربي |
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ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ(ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ: Arab Spring, ਅਰਬੀ: الربيع العربي , ਅਰ-ਰਬੀˁ ਅਲ-ˁਅਰਬੀ) ਅਰਬ ਜਗਤ ਵਿੱਚ ੧੮ ਦਸੰਬਰ ੨੦੧੦ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋਣ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਧਰਨਿਆਂ, ਮੁਜ਼ਾਹਰਿਆਂ (ਅਹਿੰਸਕ ਅਤੇ ਹਿੰਸਕ ਦੋਵੇਂ), ਦੰਗਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਖਾਨਾਜੰਗੀ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬੀ ਲਹਿਰ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਮੀਡੀਆ ਇਸਤਲਾਹ ਹੈ। ਹੁਣ ਤੱਕ ਤੁਨੀਸੀਆ,[1] ਮਿਸਰ (ਦੋ ਵਾਰ),[2] ਲੀਬੀਆ,[3] ਅਤੇ ਯਮਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਖ਼ਤਾ ਪਲਟੀ;[4] ਬਹਿਰੀਨ[5] ਅਤੇ ਸੀਰੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਖਾਨਾ ਜੰਗੀ;[6] ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆ,[7] ਇਰਾਕ,[8] ਜਾਰਡਨ,[9] ਕੁਵੈਤ,[10] ਮੋਰਾਕੋ,[11] ਅਤੇ ਸੁਡਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੱਡੇ ਪੱਧਰ 'ਤੇ ਰੋਸ-ਮੁਜ਼ਾਹਰੇ;[12] ਅਤੇ ਮੌਰੀਤਾਨੀਆ,[13] ਓਮਾਨ,[14] ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ,[15] ਜਿਬੂਤੀ,[16] ਅਤੇ ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਹਾਰਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਛੋਟੇ ਪੱਧਰ 'ਤੇ ਰੋਸ ਮੁਜ਼ਾਹਰੇ ਹੋ ਚੁੱਕੇ ਹਨ।[17]
ਹੋਰ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ[ਸੋਧੋ]
- Aa. Vv. (2011), The New Arab Revolt: What Happened, What It Means, and What Comes Next, Council on Foreign Relations, Foreign Affairs, Maggio-Giugno.
- Abaza, M. (2011), Revolutionary Moments in Tahrir Square, American University of Cairo, 7 May 2011, www.isa-sociology.org.
- Abdih, Y. (2011), Arab Spring: Closing the Jobs Gap. High youth unemloyment contributes to widespread unrest in the Middle East Finance & Development, in Finance & Development (International Monetary Fund), Giugno.
- Anderson, L (May/June 2011). "Demystifying the Arab Spring: Parsing the Differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya". Foreign Affairs 90 (3).
- Beinin, J. – Vairel, F. (2011), (a cura di), Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa, Stanford, CA, Stanford University press.
- Browers, Michaelle (2009). Political Ideology in the Arab World: Accommodation and Transformation. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76532-9.
- Cohen, R. (2011), A Republic Called Tahrir, in New York Times.
- Dabashi, Hamid. The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism (Palgrave Macmillan; 2012) 182 pages
- Darwish, Nonie (28 February 2012). The Devil We Don't Know: The Dark Side of Revolutions in the Middle East. John Wiley & Sons.
- Gardner, David (2009). Last Chance: The Middle East in the Balance. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-041-5.
- Gause, F. G. (2011), Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability, in Foreign Affairs, July/August.
- Goldstone, Jack A.; Hazel, John T., Jr. (14 April 2011). "Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies". Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67694/jack-a-goldstone/understanding-the-revolutions-of-2011.
- Haddad, Bassam; Bsheer, Rosie; Abu-Rish, Ziad, eds. (2012). The Dawn of the Arab Uprisings: End of an Old Order?. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-3325-0.
- Kaye, Dalia Dassa (2008). More Freedom, Less Terror? Liberalization and Political Violence in the Arab World. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4508-9.
- Lutterbeck, Derek. (2013). Arab Uprisings, Armed Forces, and Civil-Military Relations. Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 39, No. 1 (pp. 28–52)
- Ottaway, Marina; Choucair-Vizoso, Julia, ed. (2008). Beyond the Façade: Political Reform in the Arab World. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ISBN 978-0-87003-239-4.
- Pelletreau, Robert H. (24 February 2011). "Transformation in the Middle East: Comparing the Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Bahrain". Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67546/robert-h-pelletreau/transformation-in-the-middle-east.
- Phares, Walid (2010). Coming Revolution: Struggle for Freedom in the Middle East. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-7837-9.
- Posusney, Marsha Pripstein; Angrist, Michele Penner, ed. (2005). Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Regimes and Resistance. Boulder: Lynne Rienner. ISBN 1-58826-317-7.
- Struble, Jr., Robert (22 August 2011). "Libya and the Doctrine of Justifiable Rebellion". Catholic Lane. http://catholiclane.com/libya-and-the-doctrine-of-justifiable-rebellion/.
- United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy, and Global Women's Issues. (2012). Women and the Arab Spring: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy, and Global Women's Issues and the Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, November 2, 2011. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.
ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ[ਸੋਧੋ]
- Right to Nonviolence
- United States Institute of Peace
- Civil Movements: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter
- Middle East Constitutional Forum
- Live blogs
- Middle East at Al Jazeera
- Middle East protests at BBC News
- Arab and Middle East protests live blog at The Guardian
- Middle East Protests at The Lede blog at The New York Times
- Middle East protests live at Reuters
- Ongoing coverage
- A (Working) Academic Arab Spring Reading List collected peer-reviewed academic articles on the impact of social media on the Arab Spring
- Constitutional Transitions Timeline Collected legal and political changes and short analysis at Middle East Constitutional Forum
- Unrest in the Arab World collected news and commentary at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Issue Guide: Arab World Protests, Council on Foreign Relations
- Middle East protests collected news and commentary at The Financial Times
- Unrest in the Arab World collected map, news and commentary at CNN
- Arab and Middle East unrest ਦ ਗਾਰਡੀਅਨ ਵਿਖੇ ਇਕੱਠੀ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਖ਼ਬਰਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕਮੈਂਟਰੀ
- Arab and Middle East unrest – interactive timeline ਦ ਗਾਰਡੀਅਨ ਵਿਖੇ ਇਕੱਠੀ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਖ਼ਬਰਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕਮੈਂਟਰੀ
- Rage on the Streets collected news and commentary at Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review
- Middle East Unrest collected news and commentary at The National
- Middle East Uprisings collected news and commentary at Showdown in the Middle East website
- The Arab Revolution www.spiegel.de ’ਤੇ ਇਕੱਠੀਆਂ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਖ਼ਬਰਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕਮੈਂਟਰੀ
- The Middle East in Revolt collected news and commentary at Time
- Scholarship
- Donald J. Kochan, You Say You Want a (Nonviolent) Revolution, Well Then What? Translating Western Thought, Strategic Ideological Cooptation, and Institution Building for Freedom for Governments Emerging Out of Peaceful Chaos, 114 W. Va. L. Rev. 897 (2012).
- Other
- The Arab Spring—One Year Later: The CenSEI Report analyzes how 2011's clamor for democratic reform met 2012's need to sustain its momentum. The CenSEI Report, 13 February 2012
- Interface journal special issue on the Arab Spring, Interface: a journal for and about social movements, May 2012
- "The Shoe Thrower's index (An index of unrest in the Arab world)". The Economist. 9 February 2011. http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/02/daily_chart_arab_unrest_index.
- "Interview with Tariq Ramadan: 'We Need to Get a Better Sense of the Trends within Islamism'". Qantara.de. 2 February 2011. http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1164/i.html.
- Sadek J. Al Azm, "The Arab Spring: Why Exactly at this Time?" Reason Papers 33 (Fall 2011)
- Tracking the wave of protests with statistics, RevolutionTrends.org
- Arab uprisings: 10 key moments from BBC Middle East Editor Jeremy Bowden (10 December 2012)
ਹਵਾਲੇ[ਸੋਧੋ]
- ↑ "Tunisia's Ben Ali flees amid unrest". Al Jazeera. 15 January 2011. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/01/20111153616298850.html.
- ↑ Peterson, Scott (11 February 2011). "Egypt's revolution redefines what's possible in the Arab world". The Christian Science Monitor. http://web.archive.org/web/20110723035217/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0211/Egypt-s-revolution-redefines-what-s-possible-in-the-Arab-world. Retrieved on 12 ਜੂਨ 2011.
- ↑ Spencer, Richard (23 February 2011). "Libya: civil war breaks out as Gaddafi mounts rearguard fight". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8344034/Libya-civil-war-breaks-out-as-Gaddafi-mounts-rearguard-fight.html. Retrieved on 12 ਜੂਨ 2011.
- ↑ Bakri, Nada; Goodman, J. David (28 January 2011). "Thousands in Yemen Protest Against the Government". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html.
- ↑ "Protester killed in Bahrain 'Day of Rage'". Reuters. 14 February 2011. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/14/uk-bahrain-protests-idUKTRE71D1G520110214.
- ↑ "'It Will Not Stop': Syrian Uprising Continues Despite Crackdown". Der Spiegel. 28 March 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110610212100/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,753517,00.html. Retrieved on 12 ਜੂਨ 2011.
- ↑ "Algeria protest draws thousands". CBC News. 12 February 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110512100629/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/02/12/algeria.html. Retrieved on 12 ਜੂਨ 2011.
- ↑ McCrummen, Stephanie (25 February 2011). "13 killed in Iraq's 'Day of Rage' protests". The Washington Post (Baghdad). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/24/AR2011022403117.html. Retrieved on 12 ਜੂਨ 2011.
- ↑ "Thousands protest in Jordan". Al Jazeera. 28 January 2011. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011128125157509196.html. Retrieved on 12 ਜੂਨ 2011.
- ↑ "Kuwaiti stateless protest for third day". Middle East Online. 20 February 2011. http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44476. Retrieved on 12 ਜੂਨ 2011.
- ↑ "Morocco King on holiday as people consider revolt". Afrol. 30 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ↑ "Sudan opposition leader arrested". Press TV. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ↑ "Mauritania police crush protest – doctors announce strike". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 9 March 2011. http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/mauritania-police-crush-protest-doctors-announce-strike. Retrieved on 23 ਮਾਰਚ 2011.
- ↑ Vaidya, Sunil (27 February 2011). "One dead, dozen injured as Oman protest turns ugly". Gulf News. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/one-dead-dozen-injured-as-oman-protest-turns-ugly-1.768789. Retrieved on 12 ਜੂਨ 2011.
- ↑ "Man dies after setting himself on fire in Saudi Arabia". BBC News. 23 January 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110125223439/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12260465. Retrieved on 29 ਜਨਵਰੀ 2011.
- ↑ Manson, Katrina (20 February 2011). "Pro-democracy protests reach Djibouti". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/001f94f6-3d18-11e0-bbff-00144feabdc0.html. Retrieved on 1 ਜੂਨ 2011.
- ↑ "New clashes in occupied Western Sahara". Afrol. 27 February 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110707093158/http://www.afrol.com/articles/37450. Retrieved on 12 ਜੂਨ 2011.