Timeline of cannabis law

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The list includes significant events globally in the history of national-level cannabis law.

1700s[edit]

  • 1787: Madagascar's King Andrianampoinimerina takes the throne, and soon after bans cannabis with capital punishment.[1]

1800s[edit]

  • 1800: Shortly following Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, concerned by his troops' use of smoked hashish and cannabis drinks, he bans the drug and the establishments that provide it.[2]
  • 1830: The Municipal Council of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, prohibits bringing cannabis into the city, and punishing its use by any slave.[3]
  • 1861: British Guiana passed a law entitled An Ordinance to Regulate the Sale of Opium and Bhang.[4]
  • 1870: Natal Colony (now in South Africa) passes the Coolie Law Consolidation prohibiting: "the smoking, use, or possession by and the sale, barter, or gift to, any Coolies [Indian indentured workers] whatsoever, of any portion of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa)..."[5]
  • 1870: Singpore bans cannabis.[6]
  • 1877: the Ottoman government in Constantinople mandated that all hashish in Egypt be destroyed, and in 1879 importation of cannabis was banned by the Khedivate of Egypt.[7][8]
  • 1890: Morocco's Sultan Hassan I instituted strict regulations on cultivation and trade, but also conferred clear cannabis production privileges on several Rif tribes.[9]
  • 1890: Greece bans the cultivation, importation, and use of cannabis.[10]
  • 1894: In British India the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission releases its findings, concluding that "The moderate use practically produces no ill effects. In all but the most exceptional cases, the injury from habitual moderate use is not appreciable."[11]

1900s[edit]

  • 1913: Jamaica bans cannabis with the Ganja Law, supported by the white elites and the Council of Evangelical Churches in Jamaica[12]
  • 1920: Sierra Leone bans cannabis.[13]
  • 1920: Mexico banned the cultivation, sale, and recreational use of cannabis.[14]
  • 1922: South Africa banned cannabis nationally, under the Customs and Excises Duty Act.[15][16]
  • 1923: Canada banned cannabis.[17]
  • 1923: Panama banned the cultivation and use of cannabis.[18]
  • 1924: Sudan bans the cultivation and use of cannabis.[19]
  • 1925: The League of Nations signs the revised International Opium Convention, for the first time adding cannabis among prohibited drugs.
  • 1925: Trinidad and Tobago banned cannabis.[20]
  • 1926: Lebanon prohibits hashish.[21][22]
  • 1926: Australia banned cannabis.[23]
  • 1927: Indonesia bans cannabis.[24]
  • 1928: The United Kingdom first prohibited cannabis as a drug, in accordance with the 1925 International Opium Convention, adding cannabis as an addendum to the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920.[25][26]
  • 1928: Romania established laws for countering narcotics, including hashish and its preparations.[27]
  • 1934: The Irish Free State prohibits cannabis and cannabis resin with the Dangerous Drugs Act 1934.[28]
  • 1935: Thailand criminalizes cannabis.[29]
  • 1937: The United States passed the Marijuana Tax Act, effectively prohibiting all use of cannabis on a federal level.
  • 1939: Burma legalizes and licenses the production and sale of cannabis.[30]
  • 1948: Japan adopts the Cannabis Control Law, establishing a licensing system for dealers, and punishments for unlicensed use or sale.[31]
  • 1951: Poland classifies cannabis as a narcotic.[32]
  • 1953: Tunisia bans cannabis.[33]
  • 1953: The Netherlands criminalizes cannabis.[34]
  • 1956: Morocco becomes independent, and bans cannabis by royal decree.[35]
  • 1961: The United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs decrees: "The use of cannabis for other than medical and scientific purposes must be discontinued as soon as possible but in any case within twenty-five years..."
  • 1965: New Zealand bans cannabis under the Narcotics Act.[36]
  • 1966: Finland prohibits cannabis.[37]
  • 1969: Iceland bans cannabis.[38]
  • 1970: The United States passed the Controlled Substances Act, prohibiting cannabis federally along with several other drugs and replacing the 1937 act.
  • 1972: The Netherlands divided drugs into more- and less-dangerous categories, with cannabis being in the lesser category. Accordingly, possession of 30 grams or less was made a misdemeanor.[39]
  • 1973: Nepal canceled the licenses of all cannabis shops, dealers, and farmers, under pressure from the United States and the international community.[40]
  • 1973: Afghanistan's King Zahir Shah outlawed cannabis production, followed by genuine commitment to eradication, backed by $47 million in funding from the United States government.[40]
  • 1975: Comoros' Ali Soilih seizes power, and among other radical reforms to gain the support of youth, legalizes cannabis in Comoros.[41][42]
  • 1976: South Korea passes the Cannabis Control Act.[43]
  • 1988: Paraguay decriminalizes personal possession of 10 grams of cannabis or less.[44][45]
  • 1989: Bangladesh bans the sale of cannabis.[46]
  • 1992: Lebanon bans and eradicates cannabis, under US pressure.[47]
  • 1997: Poland criminalizes possession of cannabis.[48]

2000s[edit]

  • 2001: Portugal decriminalized all drugs, including cannabis.[49][50]
  • 2002: Luxembourg decriminalized cannabis.[51]
  • 2003: Belgium decriminalized cannabis.[52][53]
  • 2004: The United Kingdom re-classifies cannabis as a Class B (less-harmful) drug, before restoring it to Class A in 2009.[54]
  • 2005: Chile decriminalized cannabis.[55]
  • 2006: Russia reduced the limits for criminal possession of many drugs, with the criminal threshold for cannabis being reduced from 20 to 6 grams for cannabis, and 5 to 2 grams for hashish.[56]
  • 2006: Brazil decriminalizes possession and cultivation of personal amounts of cannabis.[57]
  • 2009: Mexico decriminalized possession of up to 5 grams of cannabis.[58]
  • 2009: Argentina decriminalized cannabis.[59]
  • 2010: Czech Republic reduces the penalty for small possession and up to five cannabis plants to a misdemeanor.[60]
  • 2011: Denmark approves several cannabis-derived drugs for medical use.[61][62]
  • 2012: Switzerland decriminalizes possession of 10 grams or less to a fine.[63]
  • 2012: Colombia decriminalizes possession of 20 grams or less.[64]
  • 2013: Croatia decriminalized possession of cannabis.[65]
  • 2013: Uruguay legalizes cannabis, becoming the first country in the modern era to explicitly do so.[66]
  • 2013: Italy legalized medical cannabis.[67]
  • 2013: Romania became the tenth EU country to legalize medical marijuana.[68]
  • 2013: Czech Republic legalizes cannabis for medical use.[69][70]
  • 2013: France legalizes the sale of medications containing cannabis derivatives.[71][72]
  • 2015: Malta decriminalized cannabis.[73]
  • 2015: Colombia legalizes medical cannabis.[74]
  • 2015: Croatia legalized cannabis-based drugs for specified medical purposes.[75]
  • 2015: Jamaica decriminalized possession of up to 2 ounces of cannabis and legalized the cultivation for personal use of up to 5 plants.[76]
  • 2016: Macedonia legalized medical cannabis.[77]
  • 2016: Australia legalised medicinal cannabis at the federal level.[78]
  • 2016: Canada's Minister of Health announces plans to legalise cannabis by Spring 2017 to the United Nations (coincidently occurred on 420).[79][80][81]
  • 2016: Poland legalized medical cannabis.[82]
  • 2016: Georgia'a Supreme Court rules that imprisonment for possession of small amounts of cannabis is unconstitutional.[83]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Gwyn Campbell (3 April 2012). David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar". BRILL. pp. 437–. ISBN 90-04-20980-8. 
  2. ^ Booth, M. (2015). Cannabis: A History. St. Martin's Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-250-08219-0. 
  3. ^ Robert Clarke; Mark Merlin (1 September 2013). Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany. University of California Press. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-0-520-95457-1. 
  4. ^ The Laws of British Guiana. H. Hart. 1895. pp. 88–. 
  5. ^ Brian M. Du Toit (1991). Cannabis, alcohol, and the South African student: adolescent drug use, 1974-1985. Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN 978-0-89680-166-0. 
  6. ^ Nanthawan Bunyapraphatsō̜n (1999). Medicinal and poisonous plants. Backhuys Publishers. p. 169. ISBN 978-90-5782-042-7. 
  7. ^ India. Hemp Drugs Commission (1893–1894); Sir William Mackworth Young (1969). Marijuana: Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–1894. Thos. Jefferson Publishing Company. p. 270. 
  8. ^ E.L. Abel (29 June 2013). Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-1-4899-2189-5. 
  9. ^ Fredrik Söderbaum; Ian Taylor; Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (2008). Afro-regions: The Dynamics of Cross-border Micro-regionalism in Africa. Stylus Pub Llc. p. 130. ISBN 978-91-7106-618-3. 
  10. ^ E.L. Abel (29 June 2013). Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-1-4899-2189-5. 
  11. ^ "(298) Page 264 - India Papers > Medicine - Drugs > Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1894-1895 > Volume I - Medical History of British India - National Library of Scotland". nls.uk. Retrieved 13 July 2015. 
  12. ^ "The ganja law of 1913: 100 years of oppressive injustice - Columns". JamaicaObserver.com. 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2015-07-24. 
  13. ^ Emmanuel Akyeampong; Allan G. Hill; Arthur Kleinman (1 May 2015). The Culture of Mental Illness and Psychiatric Practice in Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-253-01304-0. 
  14. ^ Isaac Campos (2012). Home Grown: Marijuana and the Origins of Mexico's War on Drugs. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-0-8078-3538-8. 
  15. ^ Martin Chanock (5 March 2001). The Making of South African Legal Culture 1902-1936: Fear, Favour and Prejudice. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-0-521-79156-4. 
  16. ^ Craig Paterson (2009). Prohibition & Resistance: A Socio-political Exploration of the Changing Dynamics of the Southern African Cannabis Trade, C. 1850 - the Present. Rhodes University. . Cited in http://mg.co.za/article/2014-07-04-00-for-our-love-of-dagga-we-go-to-court
  17. ^ Martin A. Lee (14 August 2012). Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific. Simon and Schuster. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-1-4391-0260-2. 
  18. ^ Rowan Robinson (1996). The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial, and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-0-89281-541-8. 
  19. ^ Sudan (1975). Laws of the Sudan. Khartoum University Press. p. 230. 
  20. ^ Axel Klein; Marcus Day; Anthony Harriott (13 November 2004). Caribbean Drugs: From Criminalization to Harm Reduction. Zed Books. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-1-84277-499-1. 
  21. ^ Robert Connell Clarke (1998). Hashish!. Red Eye Press. ISBN 978-0-929349-05-3. 
  22. ^ France. Ministère des affaires étrangères (1925). ... Rapport sur la situation de la Syrie et du Liban ... Imprimerie nationale. p. 73. Par arrêté du Haut-Commissaire en date du 8 octobre 1925, la culture du haschich, qui était particulièrement intense dans la Békaa (Grand Liban), a été interdite à compter du ier janvier 1926. 
  23. ^ Alex Wodak; Ron Owens (January 1996). Drug Prohibition: A Call for Change. UNSW Press. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-86840-175-1. 
  24. ^ Thomas H. Slone (2003). Prokem. Masalai Press. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-0-9714127-5-0. 
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  26. ^ Bernard Porter (30 October 2015). Empire Ways: Aspects of British Imperialism. I.B.Tauris. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-0-85773-959-9. 
  27. ^ "EMCDDA | Country legal profiles". Emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 2016-11-26. 
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  29. ^ "พระราชบัญญัติกันชา พุทธศักราช ๒๔๗๗" (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 52: 339–343. 5 May 1935. Retrieved 6 December 2016. 
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  31. ^ Minoru Shikita; Shinichi Tsuchiya (6 December 2012). Crime and Criminal Policy in Japan: Analysis and Evaluation of the Showa Era, 1926–1988. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-1-4612-2816-5. 
  32. ^ Bołtryk, Piotr (2014). KRYMINOLOGICZNE I PRAWNE ASPEKTY POSIADANIA NARKOTYKÓW W POLSCE (NA PRZYKŁADZIE POCHODNYCH KONOPI INNYCH NIŻ WŁÓKNISTE) (PDF) (in Polish). UNIWERSYTET W BIAŁYMSTOKU. pp. 188–195. 
  33. ^ United Nations. Commission on Narcotic Drugs (1949). Summary of Annual Reports of Governments Relating to Opium and Other Narcotic Drugs. 
  34. ^ Dirk J. Korf (1995). Dutch Treat: Formal Control and Illicit Drug Use in the Netherlands. Thesis Publishers. p. 272. ISBN 978-90-5170-369-6. 
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  40. ^ a b Martin Booth (30 September 2011). Cannabis: A History. Transworld. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-1-4090-8489-1. 
  41. ^ Dossiers sur les 30 Chefs d'Etat ou de Gouvernements tués(French)
  42. ^ Transition, 73 – The Mercenary Position 
  43. ^ Korea News Review. Korea Herald, Incorporated. 1988. p. 44. 
  44. ^ TNI. "Paraguay - Drug Law Reform in Latin America". Retrieved 25 February 2016. 
  45. ^ "En Paraguay, la posesión y consumo personal de la marihuana es legal". E'a. Retrieved 25 February 2016. 
  46. ^ "Drug Abuse: Where is The Way of Remedy? (Part II- Some Dangerous Silent Killers)". DhakaInsider. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-11-15. 
  47. ^ Réalités. Spectacle du monde. May 1996. p. 354. Les Américains ne lâchant pas prise, le gouvernement libanais interdisait officiellement la culture du pavot et du cannabis en 1992. 
  48. ^ Bołtryk, Piotr (2014). KRYMINOLOGICZNE I PRAWNE ASPEKTY POSIADANIA NARKOTYKÓW W POLSCE (NA PRZYKŁADZIE POCHODNYCH KONOPI INNYCH NIŻ WŁÓKNISTE) (PDF) (in Polish). UNIWERSYTET W BIAŁYMSTOKU. pp. 196–197. 
  49. ^ Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Home Affairs Committee (10 December 2012). Drugs: Breaking the Cycle, Ninth Report of Session 2012-13, Vol. 2: Oral and Written Evidence. The Stationery Office. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-0-215-05095-3. 
  50. ^ Robin Room (2010). Cannabis Policy: Moving Beyond Stalemate. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-0-19-958148-1. 
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  52. ^ Police fdrale - CGPR Webteam. "Federale politie - Police fdrale". Retrieved 14 January 2015. 
  53. ^ Cannabis legal status vault – Belgium, Erowid.org, retrieved 2011-02-17 
  54. ^ Alan Travis (24 October 2001). "Cannabis laws eased in drug policy shakeup". the guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2012. 
  55. ^ TNI. "Chile - Drug Law Reform in Latin America". Retrieved 25 February 2016. 
  56. ^ USA. "Half a gram – a thousand lives". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. PMC 2474596Freely accessible. 
  57. ^ Professor Anita Kalunta-Crumpton (28 June 2015). Pan-African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control: An International Perspective. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 242–. ISBN 978-1-4724-2214-9. 
  58. ^ "Mexico Legalizes Drug Possession". The New York Times. 21 August 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
  59. ^ TNI. "Argentina - Drug Law Reform in Latin America". Retrieved 25 February 2016. 
  60. ^ Carney, Sean (2009-12-08). "Czech Govt Allows 5 Cannabis Plants For Personal Use From 2010 - Emerging Europe Real Time - WSJ". Blogs.wsj.com. Retrieved 2016-11-26. 
  61. ^ Danish Medicines Agency (30 September 2016): Cannabis for medicinal use – questions and answers.
  62. ^ DR Nyheder (10 October 2016). BAGGRUND Derfor er cannabis-medicin faktisk lovligt. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  63. ^ "FF 2012 7539" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-11-16. 
  64. ^ "Colombia decriminalizes cocaine, marijuana | Public Radio International". Pri.org. 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2016-11-26. 
  65. ^ http://www.encod.org/info/CROATIA-TO-DECRIMINALIZE-DRUG.html
  66. ^ Mic. "One Year After Uruguay Legalized Marijuana, Here's What It's Become". Mic. Retrieved 2016-11-26. 
  67. ^ https://www.ibtimes.com/marijuana-legalization-italy-pot-laws-eased-growers-cultivating-medical-cannabis-2267841%3Famp%3D1?client=safari
  68. ^ "Romania Legalizes Medical Marijuana, Becomes 10th EU Country To Permit Theraputic Use". Novinite. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013. 
  69. ^ Zdravotnictví prochází změnou. Léčba konopím je nyní legální | Zprávy z domova. www.lidovky.cz. Retrieved on 2013-04-17.
  70. ^ Radio Prague – News – 01-04-2013 21:30. Radio.cz. Retrieved on 2013-04-17.
  71. ^ Marie Jamet (6 November 2013). "Legalising or decriminalizing cannabis in France: not that easy". Euronews. Retrieved 15 December 2013. 
  72. ^ Ann Törnkvist (10 June 2013). "French law on pot-based medicine takes effect". The Local. Retrieved 15 December 2013. 
  73. ^ "New drugs reform law into force today– what has changed?". MaltaToday.com.mt. 2015-04-15. Retrieved 2016-11-26. 
  74. ^ Paula Carrillo (2015-12-22). "Colombia legalizes medical marijuana". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 2016-11-18. 
  75. ^ "Croatia Legalises Marijuana for Medical Use". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 30 November 2016. 
  76. ^ "Jamaica Lawmakers Decriminalize Small Amounts of 'Ganja'". ABC News. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015. 
  77. ^ "Macedonia: Parliament Legalizes Medical Marijuana". Eurasia Review. 
  78. ^ "Medical marijuana is now legal in Australia". Business Insider Australia. 24 February 2016. 
  79. ^ ""A/S-30/PV.3" of the Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on the World Drug Problem 2016". United Nations General Assembly Official Transcript. 2016. 
  80. ^ Jane, Philpott (20 April 2016). "Plenary Statement for the Honourable Jane Philpott Minister of Health - UNGASS on the World Drug Problem". Retrieved http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=1054489 – via Government of Canada.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  81. ^ "Federal marijuana legislation to be introduced in spring 2017, Philpott says". 20 April 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2017 – via CBC News. 
  82. ^ "Legalizacja marihuany jest prawnie niemożliwa - Służba zdrowia - rp.pl". Retrieved 2016-12-02. 
  83. ^ "Norms envisaging imprisonment for marijuana use now null and void in Georgia". Agenda.ge. 24 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016. 
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