National Research Council (Canada)
Conseil national de recherches Canada | |
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Agency overview | |
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Formed | 1916 |
Jurisdiction | Government of Canada |
Headquarters | Ottawa, Ontario |
Employees | 3,700 |
Minister responsible | |
Agency executive |
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Website | www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca |
The National Research Council (NRC, French: Conseil national de recherches Canada) is the primary national research and technology organization (RTO) of the Government of Canada,[1] in science and technology research and development.[1] The Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development is responsible for the National Research Council (NRC). The transformation of the NRC into an RTO that focuses on "business-led research" was part of the federal government's Economic Action Plan.[1] On 7 May 2013, the NRC launched its new "business approach" in which it offered four business lines: strategic research and development, technical services, management of science and technology infrastructure and NRC-Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP). With these services, NRC intends to shorten the gap between early stage research and development and commercialization.[1] NRC now has over 30 approved programs.[2]
Contents
- 1 Mandate
- 2 Programs
- 3 Governance
- 4 Employment
- 5 History
- 6 Nobel Prizes
- 7 Minister of State for Science and Technology, Gary Goodyear 2008-2013
- 8 Planning and reporting
- 9 Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC IRAP)
- 10 Transition of NRC to industry-driven, program-based research
- 11 Controversies
- 12 Agencies with special relationships with the NRC
- 13 Divisions and Porfolios
- 14 Aircraft Fleet
- 15 See also
- 16 Notes
- 17 Citations
- 18 References
- 19 External links
Mandate[edit]
NRC is a Government of Canada organization. It’s mandate is set out in the National Research Council Act.
Under the Act, NRC is responsible for:
- Undertaking, assisting or promoting scientific and industrial research in fields of importance to Canada;
- Providing vital scientific and technological services to the research and industrial communities;
- Investigating standards and methods of measurement;
- Working on the standardization and certification of scientific and technical apparatus, instruments and materials used or usable by Canadian industry;
- Operating and administering any astronomical observatories established or maintained by the Government of Canada;
- Establishing, operating and maintaining a national science library; and
- Publishing and selling or otherwise distributing such scientific and technical information as the Council deems necessary.
Programs[edit]
In 2011, NRC President John R. McDougall, began to oversee a change in research focus away from basic research and towards industrial-relevant research.[3][4] This included the development of multiple "programs", shifting research budget out of existing research and into a number of focused programs. Approved programs are:
- Advanced photonic components for communications technology
- Aeronautics for the 21st century
- Aeronautical product development technologies
- Air defence systems
- Algal carbon conversion flagship
- Arctic Program
- Bioenergy systems for viable stationary applications
- Biologics program
- Building regulations for market access
- Canadian wheat improvement flagship
- Civilian unmanned aircraft systems
- Critical concrete infrastructure
- Energy storage for grid security and modernization
- Gallium nitride (GaN) electronics
- Health Technologies
- High efficiency mining
- High performance buildings
- Industrial biomaterials
- Learning and performance support systems
- Light weighting of ground transportation vehicles
- Marine Vehicles
- Mid-rise wood buildings
- Marine infrastructure, Energy and Water Resources
- Measurement science for emerging technologies
- Metrology for industry and society
- Mining materials wear and corrosion
- Multimedia analytic tools for security
- National Institute for Nanotechnology
- Natural health products program
- Printable electronics flagship
- Quantum photonic sensing and security
- Reducing aviation icing risk
- Scientific support for the national measurement system
- Security materials technology
- Therapeutics beyond brain barriers program
- Vaccines program
- Working and travelling on aircraft
Algal Carbon Conversion Flagship Program[edit]
The Algal Carbon Conversion Pilot Program,[5] development of an algae system to recycle carbon emissions from the oil sands, with plans for a $19 million facility to be constructed in Alberta, in partnership between the NRC and industry partners, Canadian Natural Resources Limited (Canadian Natural) and Pond Biofuels.[5]
In 2008 researchers from five I-CAN organizations were developing a Carbon Algae Recycling System (CARS) to "feed waste heat and flue gas containing CO2 from industrial exhaust stacks to micro-algae growing in artificial ponds."[6] The "Algal Carbon Conversion",[5] is related to prior interests of Mr. McDougall, as he previously headed Innoventures, a company involved in lobbying for the development of an algae system to recycle carbon emissions.[7] The Algal Carbon Conversion Pilot Project, with plans for a $19 million facility to be constructed in Alberta, is a partnership between the NRC and industry partners, Canadian Natural Resources Limited (Canadian Natural) and Pond Biofuels.[5] The NRC was not involved in this area of research prior to the arrival of Mr. McDougall.
The Canadian Wheat Improvement Flagship[edit]
The Canadian Wheat Improvement Program is a "strategic collaboration with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), the University of Saskatchewan’s Crop Development Centre and the province of Saskatchewan."[8][9] With a budget of approximately $97 million (2013-2018), the Canadian Wheat Alliance will be conducting research on improving the yield of Canadian wheat crops and on the most efficient use of chemical fertilizers.[9] Working with breeders and scientists at the Crop Development Centre and at AAFC, they will be integrating long term research with genetic improvement of wheat.[10]
Gallium Nitride (GaN) Electronics Program[edit]
The GaN Electronics program supports partner research and development activities with a goal of ensuring that GaN technology will create wealth and a greener future for Canadians.[11] NRC is the only Canadian foundry for GaN electronics, and offers both normally-on and normally-off devices. The GaN500v2 Foundry Design Kit was released on June 28, 2014.[12][13]
Governance[edit]
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20170210051206im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Radiant_heat_panel_nrc_ottawa.jpg/200px-Radiant_heat_panel_nrc_ottawa.jpg)
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20170210051206im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fire_house_nrc_ottawa.jpg/200px-Fire_house_nrc_ottawa.jpg)
The NRC is managed by a governing council. Current members of the council are: Patricia Béretta, PhD. Biomedical Engineer; Louis Brunel, President International Institute of Telecommunications Montreal, Quebec; John McDougall (President and Chairman), CEO of I-CAN, former petroleum engineer; Delwyn Fredlund, Senior Geotechnical Engineering Specialist, Golder Associates Ltd; Dr. Wayne Gulliver, dermatologist, President Newlab Clinical Research Inc.; James P. Hatton, a commercial solicitor specializing in intellectual property assets; Joseph Hubert, PhD, Dean, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal; Pascale Michaud, PhD, President of Business Families Foundation; Gilles Patry, PhD, Rector and Vice-Chancellor University of Ottawa; Alan Pelman, PhD, Former Vice-President, Technology Canada, Weyerhaeuser Ltd.; Louise Proulx, PhD, Vice-President, Product Development, Topigen Pharmaceuticals Inc.; René Racine, OC, PhD, professor emeritus with the physics department at the University of Montreal, director of the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope project; Salma Rajwani, CIO of Acrodex, president of Arcspan Solutions, (PSA) program; Inge Russell, PhD, brewing yeast and fermentation scientist, London, Ontario; Barbara Stanley, corporate solicitor; President BESCO Holdings 2002 Inc. Rothesay, New Brunswick; Howard Tennant, PhD, President Emeritus University of Lethbridge; Jean-Claude Villiard, Special Advisor, Privy Council Office, Government of Canada and Louis Visentin, PhD, President Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba.[14] Opposition questioned the reduction in size of the council advising the president from 18 to 10 in October 2013, given "the large geographic diversity in this country and the large diversity of research in the natural sciences, engineering, health sciences, and social sciences."[15]
Employment[edit]
Close to 4,000 people across Canada are employed by the NRC. In addition, the Council also employs guest workers from universities, companies, and public and private-sector organizations.[16]
History[edit]
The NRC was established in 1916 under the pressure of World War I to advise the government on matters of science and industrial research. In 1932, laboratories were built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa.
With the impetus of World War II, the NRC grew rapidly and for all practical purposes became a military science and weapons research organization. It undertook a number of important projects, which included participation with the United States and United Kingdom in the development of chemical and germ warfare agents, the explosive RDX, the proximity fuse, radar, and submarine detection techniques. A special branch known as the Examination Unit was involved with cryptology and the interception of enemy radio communications. According to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service website, the NRC headquarters in Ottawa "was a prime espionage target" during the Cold War.[17] The NRC was also engaged in atomic fission research at the Montreal Laboratory, then the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario.
Post-WWII, the NRC reverted to its pre-war civilian role and a number of wartime activities were spun off to newly formed organizations. Military research continued under a new organization, the Defence Research Board, while inventions with commercial potential were transferred to the newly formed Canadian Patents and Development Limited. Atomic research went to the newly created Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. Foreign signals intelligence gathering officially remained with the agency when, by Order in Council, the Examination Unit became the Communications Branch of the NRC in 1946. The CBNRC was transferred to the Department of National Defence in 1975, and renamed the Communications Security Establishment. During the 1950s, the medical research funding activities of the NRC were handed over to the newly formed Medical Research Council of Canada.
Finally, on May 1, 1978, with the rapid post-war growth of Canadian universities the NRC's role in university research funding in the natural sciences was passed to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Under financial pressure in the 1980s, the federal government produced what popularly became known as the Neilson Report, which recommended across-the-board financial cuts to all federal government organizations, including the NRC. This led to staff and program cutbacks.
In 2000, there were about 1000 NRC researchers with Ph.D.s conducting research in a many areas.[18]
Recovery was slow, but the NRC has managed to regain its status as Canada's single most important scientific and engineering research institution among many other Canadian government scientific research organizations.[citation needed]
As President of the National Research Council Canada, chemist Arthur Carty, revitalized the organization. In 2004 he left the NRC when then prime minister Paul Martin appointed him as independent, non-partisan advisor on science and technology.[19]
Nobel Prizes[edit]
Several Nobel Laureates have been associated with the NRC at various points of their careers
- John Polanyi Postdoctoral Fellow, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- Rudolph A. Marcus Postdoctoral Fellow, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- Gerhard Herzberg Director of the Division of Pure Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Minister of State for Science and Technology, Gary Goodyear 2008-2013[edit]
Today, much of the NRC's focus is on developing partnerships with private and public-sector technology companies, both nationally and internationally. Under the federal Minister of State for Science and Technology, Gary Goodyear, the NRC became a "toolbox for industry" and dented basic-research infrastructure.[20] [notes 1]
Planning and reporting[edit]
The NRC reports yearly within the Treasury Board Secretariat's Results-Based Management Framework. The NRC is currently guided by a strategic plan for 2006-2011: Science at Work for Canada.[21]
Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC IRAP)[edit]
The National Research Council of Canada Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC-IRAP) was introduced in the 1950s to support product developments in small to medium-sized businesses. The NRC provides grants and financial support to business' looking to bring new and innovative technologies to the market.[22]
Some of the many innovations by NRC personnel included the artificial pacemaker, development of canola (rapeseed) in the 1940s, the Crash Position Indicator in the 1950s, and the Cesium Beam atomic clock in the 1960s.
Since 1974 Paul Barton of PSB Speakers used the NRC's world-class measurement facilities, their anechoic chamber. By the 1980s more companies began to use this incredible resource and began to develop at the NRC. Even small companies had access to these facilities for loudspeaker measurements of high quality, offering them a competitive edge.[18] Eventually almost every major Canadian company including Energy Loudspeakers and Paradigm Electronics, tested their loudspeakers at the NRC. Electrical engineer, Floyd E. Toole, who worked at the NRC was at the centre of this research.[18] By the year 2000 most companies had their own sound chambers, but Paul Barton continued to use the NRC's facilities. In about 1990, PSB and other Canadian companies worked with the NRC on Athena to evaluate digital signal processing (DSP) for loudspeaker design.[18]
The metal walls of the NRC’s anechoic chamber are located about a foot and a half from the internal walls that surround it. The whole chamber is suspended on springs. This makes it a building within the M-37 building. The purpose of all this is to provide a completely isolated environment that, according to Barton, registers a noise level that is less than 0dB. (0dB is a statistical average of the lowest level of human hearing.) Wedges made from fiberglass are inside the chamber, and they help create the reflection-free environment. No sound gets in, none gets out, and what occurs within gets completely absorbed with nary a bounce.
— Schneider, 2000
From 2002 to 2006, John R. McDougall, who was appointed President of NRC in 2010, was a member of the NRC-Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC-IRAP) Advisory Board.[23]
In 2011 Bev Oda Minister of International Cooperation and Gary Goodyear, Minister of State (Science and Technology) announced the grant recipients. These included small to medium-sized businesses, such as, Nortek Solutions a privately owned Canadian software company. They received a $30,000 grant from NRC to hire a young graphics design graduate to work on their "CUROS" people management software. Oasys Healthcare, a company that provides "innovative audio and video solutions for the medical marketplace" received a $13,000 NRC grant for its new technology for operation rooms. Jeffrey Ross Jewellery's product called Dimples, imprints fingerprints in silver using an innovative process and material, developed through a NRC $35,750 grant.[24]
Transition of NRC to industry-driven, program-based research[edit]
In a press conference held in Ottawa, 7 May 2013, with Gary Goodyear, Minister of State (Science and Technology) and Deputy Leader of the Government at the Senate, Claude Carignan, John R. McDougall announced the transition of the NRC to an industry-driven, program-based research and technology organization.[25][4]
Controversies[edit]
Restriction on government scientists to communicate with media[edit]
Under the tenure of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Canadian Government research organizations began to restrict the ability of government scientists to communicate with the public.[19] This includes restricting scientists within the NRC to communicate with the public through non-scientist communications personnel. Harper's focus as an economist was on his action plan, creating jobs and building the economy. There were widespread concerns that the progress in development was at the cost of the environment.
In 2012, the federal government moved "to defund government research centers in the High Arctic." In the same year National Research Council environmental scientists "were barred from discussing their work on snowfall with the media.[26]
"Scientists for the governmental agency Environment Canada, under threat of losing their jobs, were banned from discussing their research without political approval. Mentions of federal climate change research in the Canadian press have dropped 80 percent. The union that represents federal scientists and other professionals has, for the first time in its history, abandoned neutrality to campaign against Mr. Harper.
— New York Times
Appointment of John McDougall as NRC Director 2010[edit]
The appointment of John McDougall as President of NRC, who has a long and successful career in partnering science and technology research and development with industry partners, was a cause of concern.
Bill C-38[edit]
Bill C-38 raised the ire of many who opposed unfettered industrial growth and who argued that science was being gutted and silenced to open the way for development in ecologically sensitive areas in the north.[27]
In June, 2012, the federal opposition made a motion in parliament,[28]
That, in the opinion of the House, Canadian scientific and social science expertise is of great value and, therefore, the House calls on the Government to end its muzzling of scientists; to reverse the cuts to research programs at Environment Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Library and Archives Canada, National Research Council Canada, Statistics Canada, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; and to cancel the closures of the National Council of Welfare and the First Nations Statistical Institute.
— 2012
Agencies with special relationships with the NRC[edit]
Specialized agencies and services which have branched out of the NRC include:
- Canadian Space Agency
- Defence Research Board
- Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Communications Security Establishment
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
Divisions and Porfolios[edit]
Emerging Technologies[edit]
- Information and Communications Technologies[29]
- Measurement Science and Standards[30]
- NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics[31]
- Security and Disruptive Technologies[32]
Life Sciences[edit]
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development
- Human Health Therapeutics
- Medical Devices
Engineering[edit]
- Aerospace
- Automotive and Surface Transportation
- Construction
- Energy, Mining and Environment
- Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering
Aircraft Fleet[edit]
NRC's Current Fleet of Research and Test Aircraft[edit]
The NRC has a fleet of aircraft for their research purposes:[33]
- Bell 412EP Advanced Systems Research Aircraft & Airborne Simulator[34]
- Bell 205 Airborne simulator[34]
- Bell 206B Rotary trainer and Advanced vision studies[34]
- Convair 580 - For atmospheric testing & Defense[34]
- Falcon 20 - Aerospace and geoscience testing. (Performs micro gravity testing)[34]
- Twin Otter - Atmospheric and biospheric studies, and for flight mechanics and flight systems development[34]
- Harvard IV - Trainer and experimental platform for avionics research [2][34]
- Canadair CT-133 Silver Star - Emissions testing & Wake Vortex research (used to do Astronaut training for the Canadian Space Agency with astronaut's such as Marc Garneau and Roberta Bondar.)[34]
- Extra 300 - studying pilot perception in a dynamic environment and trainer[34]
NRC's Past Fleet of Research and Test Aircraft[edit]
- C-45 - Atmospheric studies (retired in 1992)[34]
- Bell 47 - Fly by wire and icing studies (Last of 3 retired in mid 1990's)[34]
- Canadair North Star - Similar work as the Convair 580. (Retired 1974)
- de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo - High wing super STOL aircraft joint project with USAF
- Canadair CT-133 Silver Star - Microgravity experiments and proficiency flights. (Retired 1999)[34]
- de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk
- Beechcraft Queen Air - Retired from fleet pre 1980
Research Aircraft[edit]
See also[edit]
- National Research Council Time Signal
- Canadian government scientific research organizations
- Canadian university scientific research organizations
- Canadian industrial research and development organizations
- List of presidents of the National Research Council of Canada
- Science and technology in Canada
- Herbert Yardley - American cryptologist who help establish the Examination Unit in 1941
- William Arthur Steel - headed radio laboratory at NRC in 1930s
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Goodyear, the minister of state for science and technology, has presided over the most retrograde federal Science and Technology policy in memory. During his tenure, the government shuttered the office of the National Science Adviser, blocked asbestos from a UN hazardous chemicals list on which it clearly belongs, gutted the Fisheries Act, gutted the Navigable Waters Protection Act, set out to weaken the Species at Risk Act, killed the long-form census, eroded Environment Canada’s ability to monitor climate change, earned an international reputation for muzzling scientists and, at a great potential cost, defunded the world’s leading freshwater research centre... At the same time, changes to our science-funding regime and a makeover of the National Research Council, Canada’s science agency, into a tool box for industry have dented our basic-research infrastructure and damaged our prospects for innovation (Himelfarb 2014)."
Citations[edit]
- ^ a b c d Government of Canada nd.
- ^ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/index.html
- ^ Hoag 2011, p. 269.
- ^ a b NRC 2013a.
- ^ a b c d NRC 2013c.
- ^ I-CAN 2008, p. 11.
- ^ Sixth Estate 2011.
- ^ NRC 2013e.
- ^ a b National Research Council Canada 2013.
- ^ http://canadianwheatalliance.ca/.
- ^ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/gan_index.html
- ^ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/advisory/gan_design_index.html
- ^ http://www.compoundsemiconductor.net/article/94489-national-research-council-of-canada-announces-gan-design-kit.html
- ^ NRC-CNRC 2009.
- ^ Open Parliament 2013.
- ^ [1] Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "The National Research Council headquarters in Ottawa". Canadian Security Intelligence Service. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
- ^ a b c d Schneider 2000.
- ^ a b Nature 2008, p. 866.
- ^ Himelfarb 2014.
- ^ A Strategy for the National Research Council 2006 – 2011, Science at Work For Canada, National Research Council Canada
- ^ NRC 2012a.
- ^ Genome Canada 2014.
- ^ Alexander 2011.
- ^ NRC 2013.
- ^ Stephen Marche (14 August 2015). "The Closing of the Canadian Mind". New York Times. Sunday Review. Toronto. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ^ Environmental Hansard 2013.
- ^ Enviro-Hansard 2012.
- ^ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/rd/ict/index.html
- ^ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/rd/mss/index.html
- ^ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/rd/nsi/index.html
- ^ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/rd/security/index.html
- ^ NRC Flight Research Centre
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "History". Government of Canada. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
References[edit]
- Alexander, Jane (24 November 2011), Research Council grants help Uxbridge businesses develop new technologies, The Uxbridge Cosmos
- "Crop Development Centre", College of Agriculture and Bioresources, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan, n.d., retrieved 12 January 2014
- Collins, Andrea (Fall 2005), Bridging Science and the Marketplace, retrieved 11 January 2014
- "House of Commons Debates, 41st Parl, 1st Sess, No 134, 5 June 2012 at 8815", Enviro-Hansard, 5 June 2012, retrieved 11 January 2014
- "John R. McDougall: Ex-officio Advisor for Genome Canada", Genome Canada, 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014
- "Transforming the National Research Council", Government of Canada, n.d., retrieved 12 January 2013
- Hoag, Hannah (21 April 2011), "Canadian research shift makes waves", Nature, 472, doi:10.1038/472269a, retrieved 11 January 2014
- "Working Together: Innoventures Canada WORKING Annual Report 2008" (PDF), I-CAN, 2008, retrieved 11 January 2014
- I-CAN™Visibly Strong at Re$earch Money Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, 11–12 May 2011, retrieved 11 January 2014
- Konotopetz, Gyle (2003), ARC chief revving up innovation engine: Values, standards and ethics important to uphold, 3 (19), Business Edge Magazine, retrieved 11 January 2014
- Himelfarb, Jordan (12 July 2013), Federal cabinet shuffle: Gary Goodyear has to go, retrieved 12 January 2014
- "Economic Action Plan 2013 Act No. 2 Government Orders", Open Parliament National Research Council, 28 October 2013, retrieved 12 January 2014
- "Metadata | Collection". National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
- "Canada to improve the yield, sustainability and profitability of Canadian wheat: Canadian Wheat Alliance to support R&D projects to develop new wheat varieties", National Research Council Canada, 16 May 2013, retrieved 12 January 2014
- "Canadian Wheat Improvement Flagship", NRC, 19 July 2013, retrieved 12 January 2014
- "Science in retreat:Canada has been scientifically healthy. Not so its government", Nature, Editorial, 452 (7181), p. 866, 21 February 2008, doi:10.1038/451866a, retrieved 11 January 2014
- "Open for business: Refocused NRC will benefit Canadian industries: The Government of Canada launches refocused National Research Council". NRC (Press release). Ottawa, Ontario: National Research Council. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- "Open for business: Refocused NRC will benefit Canadian industries (audio)". NRC (Press release). 7 May 2013a. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- Government of Canada investing in technology to reduce GHG emissions in the oil sands: Innovative new technology will convert industrial GHG emissions into commercial products, Calgary, Alberta, 10 May 2013, retrieved 11 January 2014
- "About NRC Industrial Research Assistance Program", NRC, retrieved 30 March 2012
- "Retired NRC Scientists Burtnyk and Wein honoured as Fathers of Computer Animation Technology in Canada". NRC. Sphere. 4. 1996. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- Light Up Tomorrow's Office, Ottawa, Ontario, 7 December 2009, retrieved 11 January 2014
- Governance, 2009, retrieved 12 January 2014
- Annual Report 2007-2008 (PDF), retrieved 12 January 2014
- Schneider, Doug (March 2000), A Day at the NRC With Paul Barton of PSB Speakers, SoundStage!, retrieved 11 January 2014
- "Another Harper Government Science Appointee Run Amok", Sixth Estate, 14 April 2011, retrieved 11 January 2014
- "MPs Discussed Cuts to Science and Research", Environmental Hansard, Ecojustice Clinic at the University of Ottawa, 12 May 2013, retrieved 12 January 2014
External links[edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Research Council of Canada. |
- Official website
- Archival papers held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
Other[edit]
- DPR 2003-2004 - National Research Council Canada
- NRC Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality - Environmental Fluoride 1977
- TRIUMF - Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics
- Collaboration between NRC & Canada Council for the Arts
- National Ultrahigh Field NMR Facility for Solids
Coordinates: 45°26′46″N 75°37′01″W / 45.44623°N 75.61698°W
- Government agencies established in 1916
- National Research Council of Canada
- Canadian federal departments and agencies
- Education in Canada
- Industry Canada
- Scientific organizations based in Canada
- Science and technology in Canada
- 1916 establishments in Canada
- Research councils
- Members of the International Council for Science