Tahrir al-Sham

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Not to be confused with Sham Liberation Army.
Hayʼat Tahrir al-Sham
Organization for the Liberation of the Levant
هيئة تحرير الشام
Participant in the Syrian Civil War and the
Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon
Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham logo.jpg
Logo of Hayʼat Tahrir al-Sham
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham flag.jpg
Flag of Hayʼat Tahrir al-Sham
Active 28 January 2017 – present
Ideology

Sunni Islamism
Leaders
Headquarters Idlib, Idlib Governorate, Syria
Area of operations  Syria
 Lebanon
Strength 31,000+[7]
(20,000 al-Nusra fighters)[8]
Part of al-Qaeda (Covertly)[9][10][11][12][13]
Originated as
Allies
Opponents

State opponents

Non-state opponents
Battles and wars

Syrian Civil War

Military intervention against ISIL

Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (Arabic: هيئة تحرير الشام‎‎, transliteration: Hayʼat Taḥrīr al-Shām,[19] "Organization for the Liberation of the Levant" or "Levant Liberation Committee"[17][18]), commonly referred to as Tahrir al-Sham and abbreviated HTS, and also known as al-Qaeda in Syria[20] or al-Qaeda in the Levant,[21] is an active Jihadist and Salafist group involved in the Syrian Civil War. The group was formed on 28 January 2017 as a merger between Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (former al-Nusra Front), the Ansar al-Din Front, Jaysh al-Sunna, Liwa al-Haqq, and the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement.[10][22][better source needed][23][better source needed] After the announcement, additional groups and individuals joined. The merger is currently led by Jabhat Fatah al-Sham and former Ahrar al-Sham leaders, although the High Command consists of leaders from other groups.[24][25] Many groups and individuals defected from Ahrar al-Sham, representing their more conservative and Salafist elements.[citation needed] Currently, a number of analysts and media outlets still continue to refer to this group by its previous names, al-Nusra Front, or Jabhat Fateh al-Sham.[26][27]

Some analysts reported that the goal of forming Tahrir al-Sham was to unite all groups with al-Qaeda's extreme ideology under one banner, and to obtain as many weapons as possible. They also reported that many of the former Jabhat Fateh al-Sham fighters still answered to al-Qaeda, and held an increasing amount of sway over the new group.[13] It was also reported that despite the recent formation of Tahrir al-Sham, the new group secretly maintains a fundamental link to al-Qaeda, and that many of the group's senior figures, particularly Abu Jaber, held similarly extreme views.[28] Tahrir al-Sham has the goal of turning Syria into an Islamic Emirate run by al-Qaeda.[29][30]

History[edit]

Formation[edit]

Abdullah al-Muhaysini, Abu Taher Al Hamawi, and Abd ar-Razzaq al-Mahdi worked on the formation of the group.[31] Bilal Abdul Kareem reported on the formation of the new group.[32][better source needed]

Tahrir al Sham stated that it may include the Turkistan Islamic Party in the future.[33][better source needed]

The group received praise from the Gaza-based Salafist jihadist insurgent group Jaysh al-Ummah.[34][better source needed]

The Damascus Umayyad Mosque is represented on the logo.[35]

The group is currently establishing an Islamic governing body (Majlis-ash-Shura), or the consultative council (hence the multiple signed documents creating decrees/laws which can be found on official Tahrir al-Sham outlets). The reasoning behind this is that with a governing body, the newly formed group will be able to work together & prevent infighting which had been seen as the cause of tension within the rebel held areas for weeks prior to the formation of the group.[36]

Consolidation of power (2017)[edit]

On 30 January, there were reports of mobilizations by Tahrir al-Sham and Ahrar al-Sham at the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing and other nearby areas, and that the 2 groups were preparing for another round of clashes.[3] On 30 January, it was reported that there were around 31,000 fighters in Tahrir al-Sham.[7]

On 1 February 2017, it was reported that the US had conducted an airstrike on Carlton Hotel, in the city of Idlib, which was used by Tahrir al-Sham's former al-Nusra component for troop housing, and hosting meetings of prominent commanders.[37] On the same day, the Elite Islamic Battalions of the FSA was attacked by Tahrir al-Sham.[38][39]

On 2 February, Muhaysini asked members of various factions to urge their leaders to join Tahrir al-Sham.[40][better source needed]

On 3 February, a US airstrike struck a Tahrir al-Sham headquarters[41] in Sarmin, killing 12 members of HTS and Jund al-Aqsa. 10 of the killed militants were HTS members.[42][11] The airstrike also killed militant commander Ibrahim al-Rihaal Abu Bakr.[41]

On 3 February, hundreds of Syrians demonstrated under the slogan "There is no place for al-Qaeda in Syria" in the towns of Atarib, Azaz, Maarat al-Nu'man to protest against HTS. In response, supporters of HTS organized counter-protests in al-Dana, Idlib, Atarib, and Khan Shaykhun.[43] In Idlib pro- Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham protests were held waving pictures of its leader Abu Jaber on 3 February 2017.[44][45][46]

Attendance at a speech by Muhaysini was manipulated by drawing internally displaced persons and impoverished people with promises of motorcycles and refrigerators through a raffle by HTS.[47][better source needed]

On 4 February 2017, a US airstrike killed al-Qaeda commander Abu Hani al-Masri, who was a part of Ahrar al-Sham at the time of his death. It was reported that he was about to defect to Tahrir al-Sham before his death.[11] On the same day, Tahrir al-Sham official Muslah al-Alyani criticized other groups for not joining Tahrir al-Sham, arguing that any group that "fought for Islam" would be bombed, regardless of terrorist designations. In his statement, he indicated that one of the reasons why most Ahrar al-Sham fighters refused to join Tahrir al-Sham was because the latter group contained terrorist-designated individuals.[41]

Tariq Abdul Haleem posted a tweet defending Abu Jaber against Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi.[48] Tareq praised a statement calling for war against Alawites and Zoroastrians by Hashim al Shaikh and denounced negotiations.[49][better source needed] Tariq criticized a statement on HTS by Barqawi.[50] Tareq complained about Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham being criticized by Barqawi.[51][better source needed] Hani al-Siba'i spoke on the topic of Tahrir al-Sham.[52][53]

Around 8 February, Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi confirmed that 2 senior Jabhat Fateh al-Sham leaders, including former al-Nusra deputy leader Sami al-Oraydi, left Tahrir al-Sham after its formation.[54]

A speech was released by Abu Jaber on 9 February.[55][56][57] He emphasized his group being an "independent entity" and praised his "brothers" in the "Syrian Jihad". The statement included derogatory rhetoric on Shia Muslims.[58][59][60]

On 12 February, the Al-Bunyan al-Marsous Operations Room, of which Tahrir al-Sham is a member of, launched an offensive against the Syrian Army in Daraa's Manshiyah district. Tahrir al-Sham forces began the attack with 2 suicide bombers and car bombs.[61]

On 13 February, clashes erupted between the previously-allied Tahrir al-Sham and Jund al-Aqsa, also called Liwa al-Aqsa, in northern Hama and southern Idlib.[62][63]

On 15 February, Ahrar al-Sham published an infographic on its recent defections, claiming that only 955 fighters had defected to Tahrir al-Sham.[54] There were also reports that Ahrar al-Sham, the Sham Legion, Jaysh al-Izza, the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria, and Liwa al-Tamkin would soon merge to form a new organization called the "Tahrir al-Syria Front", with websites close to the organizations reportedly disclosing this.[64][65]

Tahrir al-Sham leader Abu Al-Abed Ashida posted his condolences to Omar Abdel-Rahman upon his death.[66]

On 19 February, HTS arrested Major Anas Ibrahim in Atarib, and in response, an anti-HTS protest was held in the town.[67]

On 20 February, a Ma'rat al-Numan Shura Concil was created by Faylaq al-Sham, Ahrar al-Sham, and Tahrir al-Sham.[68]

On 22 February, Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova stated that Russia feared that Tahrir al-Sham would declare a new Islamic Emirate in northwestern Syria within a month, patterned after ISIL's self-styled "Caliphate" in Ar-Raqqah.[30] On the same day, the Combating Terrorism Center reported that Jabhat Fateh al-Sham had formed the Tahrir al-Sham group due to its fear of being isolated, and to counter Ahrar al-Sham's recent expansion during the clashes in the Idlib Province.[54]

On 22 February, the last of Liwa al-Asqa's 2,100 militants left their final positions in Khan Skaykhun, to join ISIL in the Ar-Raqqah Province, after a negotiated withdrawal deal with Tahrir al-Sham and the Turkistan Islamic Party.[69][70] Afterward, Tahrir al-Sham declared terminating Liwa al-Aqsa, and promised to watch for any remaining cells.[71]

On 25 February, 5 Tahrir al-Sham suicide bombers attacked the headquarters of the Syrian military intelligence in Homs, killing dozens of security forces, including the head of the military security in Homs.[72][73][74] There were 5 of them.[75][76][77][78] Pictures of the attackers were released.[79][80] One of the attackers was a Khan Shaykhun native called Abu Hurayra (Safi Qatini).[81] The State Security branch chief and Military security branch chief died in the attack.[82] Hassan Daaboul was among the 40 assassinated by Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham[20][83][84][85] The explosion killed Ibrahim Darwish, a Brigadier General and the state security branch's chief.[86][87][88][89] Syrian reporter Moussa al-Omar tweeted that he "thanks the terrorists who killed him".[90] Moussa uploaded a video talking about the blast.[91][92] He posted pictures of officers and soldiers who were killed.[93] The War Center Media gave a figure of six suicide attackers and a death toll of thirty.[94] The death toll was given at twenty by Moussa when he posted it a breaking.[95] The death toll was given at thirty five on 24 February according to Moussa.[96] The injured numbered fifty four and the dead numbered forty seven on 25 February according to Moussa.[97] Abu Yusuf al-Muhajir, a Tahrir al-Sham military spokesman was interviewed by Human Voice on the bombings.[98][99][100] Twenty-six names were released.[101] Sheikh Samir bin Ali Ka'aka Abu Abdurrahman from Eastern Ghouta suggested that the attack was carried out by Iranians in a dispute between Russians and Iranians.[102][103][104] It was claimed that the Homs strike was carried out by the government by Geneva based opposition Syrians.[105] The attack took place the same time as the beginning of the Geneva Four talks.[106][107] The attack was praised by Liwa Omar al-Farouq Brigade leader in Ahrar Al-Sham, Abu Abdul Malik (Mahmoud Nemah).[108] The attack was mentioned in an article in the publication Al-Masra by the terrorist group Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.[109][110] The Homs attack was commented on by the terrorist Abu Mohammad al-Julani.[111][112][113][114] It has been alleged that the raid did not result in the death of Ibrahim Darwish.[115][116] Tariq Abdelhaleem posted on the Homs attack by Tahrir al-Sham.[117]

On 26 February, a US airstrike in Al-Mastoumeh, Idlib Province, killed Abu Khayr al-Masri, who was the deputy leader of al-Qaeda.[5][6][118] The airstrike also killed another Tahrir al-Sham militant.[119][120]

On 27 February, an HTS spokesman was slammed by Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi.[121] Also, Tahrir al-Sham leader Abu al-Abed Ashida criticized the participation of certain rebel groups in Turkey's Operation Euphrates Shield.[122]

Ideology and governance[edit]

Tahrir al-Sham's leader, Abu Jaber, has Salafist jihadist beliefs. This caused him to be arrested several times by the Syrian government. He was imprisoned at the Sednaya Prison in 2005 and released among several jihadist prisoners in 2011 who would form several Salafist rebel groups during the Syrian Civil War.[58] Abu Jaber has also professed a belief in "Popular Jihad", a bottom-to-top approach in which jihadists would win the hearts and minds of the people, before setting out to establish jihadi governance, after receiving enough popular support, which is notably the opposite of ISIL's "elite Jihad" top-to-bottom approach.[28]

Analysts have also reported that the group continues to maintain many of al-Nusra Front's extreme al-Qaeda ideologies, which include Salafist jihadism and Wahhabism.[13] It was also reported that a large portion of Tahrir al-Sham's fighters from Jabhat Fateh al-Sham still refused to disengage from al-Qaeda, and continued to hold a large sway over the group, despite the public re-branding of the group.[13] Tahrir al-Sham continues to harbor the former al-Nusra Front's goal of turning Syria into an Islamic Emirate, run by al-Qaeda. If such a governing entity were declared, it would be similar to ISIL's declaration of a Caliphate.[29][30] The Combating Terrorism Center also reported that despite public statements by some of Tahrir al-Sham's top figures, the group was still largely the same al-Qaeda-aligned group it was, back when it was known as al-Nusra.[54]

Structure[edit]

Member groups[edit]

The groups in italic are defectors from Ahrar al-Sham.

Disclaimer

This list is based off official released made by Tahrir al-Sham[200][better source needed] and may not necessarily express the full extent of allegiances to the group. These groups may or may not become independent in the future; however, effort will be made to accordingly add or remove groups, based on the status given to them by the commanding office of Tahrir al-Sham. This list may not be a full comprehensive list of member groups.[citation needed]

Leadership[edit]

The "general commander" or emir of Tahrir al-Sham is Abu Jaber Hashem Al-Sheikh,[201][202] also known as Abu Jaber, who was the leader of Ahrar al-Sham until September 2015.[203] The "general commander" should not be confused with Tahrir al-Sham's "military leader", who is Abu Mohammad al-Julani,[202] the emir of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham who had also led its predecessor organisation Jabhat al-Nusra, the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda.[204] The individuals in italic are defectors from Ahrar al-Sham, which either left to join Jabhat Fateh al-Sham in the last few days of its existence, or joined it's successor group Tahrir al-Sham.

Political relations[edit]

Ahrar al-Sham[edit]

The relationship between HTS and Ahrar al-Sham is complex, while there is some enmity, both groups are not at war, according to a leading scholar in Tahrir al-Sham, the groups do not particularly hate one another in the political or social battlefield. Certain members, however, do believe that a war between the two would be feasible due to Ahrar al-Sham attending the Astana talks, labeling it as a "moderate" faction, often seen as blasphemy within groups such as Tahrir al-Sham.[228]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahrir_al-Sham&oldid=768184457"