Russian Air Force

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Russian Air Force
Военно-воздушные cилы России
Voyenno-vozdushnye sily Rossii
Medium emblem of the Военно-воздушные силы Российской Федерации.svg
Russian Air Force emblem
Founded May 1992; 24 years ago (1992-05)
Country  Russia
Type Air force
Size

148,000 personnel (2014)[1][nb 1]
Approx. 3,040+[1] to 3,155 aircraft[2]

3547 aircraft (2016) [1]
Part of Russian Aerospace Forces
Headquarters Moscow
March "Air March" (Russian: Авиамарш)[3][4][5]
Anniversaries 12 August
Engagements First Chechen War
War of Dagestan
Second Chechen War
Russo-Georgian War
Syrian Civil War[6]
Commanders
Current
commander		 Colonel General Viktor Bondarev
Insignia
Flag Flag of the Air Force of the Russian Federation.svg
Roundel (1992–2010, 2013–present)[7] URSS-Russian aviation red star.svg
Roundel (2010–2013) Russian Air Force roundel 2010-2013.svg

The Russian Air Force (Russian: Военно-воздушные cилы России, tr. Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily Rossii, literally "military air forces of Russia") is a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces, the latter being formed on the 1 August 2015 with the merger of the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.[8] The modern Russian Air Force was originally established on the 7 May 1992 following Boris Yeltsin's creation of the Ministry of Defence. However the air force can trace its lineage and traditions back to the Imperial Russian Air Service (1912–1917) and the Soviet Air Forces (1918–1991).

The Russian Navy has its own air arm, the Russian Naval Aviation, which is the former Soviet Aviatsiya Voyenno-morskogo Flota (lit. "Aviation of the military-sea fleet"), or AV-MF.

History[edit]

Further information: Imperial Russian Air Service and Soviet Air Forces
Air Forces of Russia

Russian Empire

Air Force (1909–1917)

Soviet Union

Red Air Force (1918–1991)

Naval Aviation (1918–1991)

Air Defence (1948–1991)

Strategic Rocket Forces (1959–1991)

Russian Federation

Air Force (1991–present)

Naval Aviation (1991–present)

Strategic Rocket Forces (1991–present)
Armed Forces of the
Russian Federation
Medium emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (27.01.1997-present).svg
Emblem of the Russian Federation Defence Ministry Apparatus.svg
Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (obverse).svg
Military branch
Independent troops
Other troops
Ranks of the Russian Military
History of the Russian military

1991–2000[edit]

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union into its fifteen constituent republics in December 1991, the aircraft and personnel of the Soviet Air Forces – the VVS were divided among the newly independent states. General Pyotr Deynekin (ru:Дейнекин, Пётр Степанович), the former deputy commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Forces, became the first commander of the new organisation on 24 August 1991. Russia received the majority of the most modern fighters and 65% of the manpower. The major commands of the former Soviet VVS – the Long Range Aviation, Military Transport Aviation and Frontal Aviation were renamed, with few changes, Russian VVS commands. However, many regiments, aircraft, and personnel were claimed by the republics they were based in, forming the core of the new republics' air forces. Some aircraft in Belarus and Ukraine (such as Tupolev Tu-160s) were returned to Russia, sometimes in return for debt reductions, as well as a long range aviation division based at Dolon in Kazakhstan.

During the 1990s, the financial stringency felt throughout the armed forces made its mark on the Air Forces as well.[9] Pilots and other personnel could sometimes not get their wages for months, and on occasion resorted to desperate measures: four MiG-31 pilots at Yelizovo in the Far East went on hunger strike in 1996 to demand back pay which was several months overdue, and the problem was only resolved by diverting unit money intended for other tasks.[10] As a result of the cutbacks, infrastructure became degraded as well, and in 1998, 40% of military airfields needed repair.

The VVS participated in the First Chechen War (1994–1996) and the Second Chechen War (1999–2002). These campaigns also presented significant difficulties for the VVS including the terrain, lack of significant fixed targets and insurgents armed with Stinger and Strela-2M surface-to-air missiles.

The former Soviet Air Defence Forces remained independent for several years under Russian control, only merging with the Air Forces in 1998. The decree merging the two forces was issued by President Boris Yeltsin on 16 July 1997. During 1998 altogether 580 units and formations were disbanded, 134 reorganized, and over 600 given a new jurisdiction.[11] The redistribution of forces affected 95% of aircraft, 98% of helicopters, 93% of anti-aircraft missile complexes, 95% of the equipment of radiotechnical troops, 100% of anti-aircraft missiles and over 60% of aviation armament. More than 600,000 tons of material changed location and 3500 aircraft changed airfields. Military Transport Aviation planes took more than 40,000 families to new residence areas.

The short-lived operational commands were abolished. Two air armies, 37th Air Army (long-range aviation) and 61st Air Army (former Military Transport Aviation), were established directly under the Supreme Command. The former frontal aviation and anti-aircraft forces were organized as Air Force Armies and Anti-Aircraft Defense Armies under the military district commanders. There were initially four such armies with headquarters in St.Petersburg (Leningrad Military District), Rostov-on-Don (North Caucasus Military District), Khabarovsk (Far East Military District), and Chita (Siberian Military District). Two military districts had separate Air and Air Defence Corps. When the Transbaikal Military District and Siberian Military District were merged, the 14th Air Army was reactivated to serve as the air force formation in the area.

The number of servicemen in the Air Force was reduced to about 185,000 from the former combined number of 318,000. 123,500 positions were abolished, including almost 1000 colonel positions. The resignation of 3000 other servicemen included 46 generals of which 15 were colonel generals. On 29 December 1998 Colonel General Anatoly Kornukov, a former Air Defence Forces officer and new commander-in-chief of the merged force, succeeding Deynekin, reported to the Russian defence minister that the task had 'in principle been achieved'.[12] General Kornukov established the new headquarters of the force in Zarya (ru:Заря (микрорайон Балашихи)), near Balashikha, 20 km east of the centre of Moscow, in the former PVO central command post, where the CIS common air defence system is directed from.

2001–2010[edit]

In December 2003 the aviation assets of the Russian Ground Forces —mostly helicopters— were transferred to the VVS, following the shooting down of a Mi-26 helicopter in Chechnya on 19 August 2002, that claimed 19 lives. The former Army Aviation was in its previous form intended for the direct support of the Ground Forces, by providing their tactical air support, conducting tactical aerial reconnaissance, transporting airborne troops, providing fire support of their actions, electronic warfare, setting of minefield barriers and other tasks. The former Army Aviation was subsequently managed by the Chief of the Department of Army Aviation.[13] However, by 2010, it was announced that the 2003 decision to transfer Ground Force Aviation to the Air Force was reversed, with the transfer back to the Ground Forces to occur sometime in 2015 or 2016.[14]

During the 2000s, the Air Forces continued to suffer from a lack of resources for pilot training. In the 1990s Russian pilots achieved approximately 10% of the flight hours of the United States Air Force. The 2007 edition of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Military Balance listed pilots of tactical aviation flying 20–25 hours a year, 61st Air Army pilots (former Military Transport Aviation), 60 hours a year, and Army Aviation under VVS control 55 hours a year.[15]

In 2007, under the leadership of Vladimir Putin, the Russian Air Force resumed the Soviet-era practice of deploying its strategic bomber aircraft on long-range patrols. This ended a 15-year unilateral suspension due to fuel costs and other economic difficulties after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[16][17] Patrols towards the North Pole, the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean were reinstated, bringing the planes often close to NATO territory, including in one instance, flying over the Irish Sea, between the UK and Ireland.[18]

During the 2008 South Ossetian War, the Russian Air Force suffered losses of between 4 and 7 aircraft due to Georgian anti-aircraft fire. The 2008 Russian military reforms were promptly announced following the war, which according to Western experts were intended to address many inadequacies discovered as a result. The reforms commenced during early 2009, in which air armies were succeeded by commands, and most air regiments becoming airbases.[19] Aviation Week & Space Technology confirmed that the reorganisation would be completed by December 2009 and would see a 40 percent reduction in aircrew numbers.[20]

In February 2009, the Russian newspaper Kommersant reported that 200 of the 291 MiG-29s currently in service across all Russian air arms were unsafe and would have to be permanently grounded.[21] This action would remove from service about a third of Russia's total fighter force, some 650 aircraft. On 5 June 2009, the Chief of the General Staff, Nikolai Makarov said of the Russian Air Force that "They can run bombing missions only in daytime with the sun shining, but they miss their targets anyway".[22] Maj. Gen. Pavel Androsov said that Russia's long-range bombers would be upgraded in 2009 with the aim of being able to hit within 20 meters of their targets.[23] Also in September 2009 it was reported that an East European network of the Joint CIS Air Defense System was to be set up by Russia and Belarus.[24] This network was to be established to jointly protect the Russia-Belarus Union State’s airspace. Its planned composition was to include five Air Force units, 10 anti-aircraft units, five technical service and support units and one electronic warfare unit. It was to be placed under the command of a Russian or Belarusian Air Force or Air Defence Force senior commander.

In July 2010, Russian jet fighters made the first nonstop flights from European Russia to the Russian Far East.[25] By August 2010, according to the commander-in-chief of the Russian Air Force Aleksandr Zelin (interview to the Ekho Moskvy radio station, 14 August 2010), the average flight hours of a pilot in Russian tactical aviation had reached 80 hours a year, while in army aviation and military transport aviation it exceeded 100 hours a year.[26] On the 15 August 2010, the Russian Air Force temporarily grounded its fleet of Su-25 ground attack aircraft to conduct an investigation into a crash that happened during a training mission. The Russian Defence Ministry said that the plane crashed on 6 August 2010, 60 km to the north-west of Step air base in Siberia, according to RIA Novosti.

2011–present[edit]

According to the instructions of the General Staff of the Armed Forces on 1 September 2011, the unmanned aircraft of the RuAF and the personnel operating them moved under the command structure of the Russian Ground Forces.[27]

As of 2012, the Russian Air Force operated a total of 61 air bases, including 26 air bases with tactical aircraft, of which 14 are equipped with fighter aircraft. In terms of flight hours, pilots in the Western Military District averaged 125 hours over the 2012 training year. Pilots from the Kursk airbase achieved an average of 150 hours, with transport aviation averaging 170 hours.[28]

In 2013, the tricolor red, blue, and white star roundel was phased out and replaced with the traditional Soviet-era Red Star.

On 1 August 2015, the Russian Air Force, along with the Russian Aerospace Defense Forces and the Air Defense Troops, were merged into a new branch of the Armed Forces, now officially called the Russian Aerospace Forces.[8]

On 30 September 2015, Russian Air Force launched a military intervention in Syria, in the Homs region.[29] On 24 November 2015, during the intervention, the Turkish Air Force was responsible for the shootdown of a Russian Sukhoi Su-24 that was claimed to have entered Turkish airspace.[30][31]

Leadership[edit]

Colonel General Viktor Bondarev.

Previous highest military office, pre-2015 merger.

Commander-in-chief of the Russian Air Force Years
General Pyotr Deynekin (1991–1998)
General Anatoly Kornukov (1998–2002)
General Vladimir Mikhaylov (2002–2007)
Colonel General Aleksandr Zelin (9 May 2007 – 27 April 2012)
Colonel General Viktor Bondarev (2012–2015)

Since the merger between the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces on the 1 August 2015, the highest military office of the new Russian Aerospace Forces is titled: Commander of the Aerospace Forces.[8]

Commander of the Aerospace Forces Years
Colonel General Viktor Bondarev (1 August 2015 – present )[8]

Organisation[edit]

Russian Air Force in 2009. (click to enlarge)

In 2009 the Russian Air Forces' structure was completely changed to a command-air base structure from the previous structure of air army-air division or corps-air regiment. The VVS is now divided to 4 operational commands, the Aerospace Defense Operational Strategic Command (seemingly primarily made up of the former Special Purpose Command), the Military Transport Aviation Command, and the Long Range Aviation Command.[32] This listing is a composite; the available new information covers frontline forces, and the forces of central subordination are as of approximately August 2008. Warfare.ru maintains what appears to be a reasonably up to date listing, and Combat Aircraft magazine in June 2010 listed their organisation's estimate of the new order of battle.

Forces of central subordination of the Russian Air Force 2008

  • 8th Air Division for Special Purposes — Chkalovsky Airport
  • 929th State Flight Test Centre — Akhtubinsk
  • 4th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — Lipetsk Air Base – Su-34, Su-24M2, Su-30, Su-27SM, MiG-29, L-39C.
  • 344th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — Torzhok — ground forces helicopters.
    • 696th Research and Instruction Helicopter Regiment — Torzhok — Ka-50, Ka-52, Mi-35M, Mi-8AMTSh, Mi-24PN, Mi-26, has used Mi-28N.
    • 92nd Research and Instruction Helicopter Squadron — Sokol-Vladimir — Mi-8TM(MTV-5) and Mi-24PN
  • 2881st Reserve Helicopter Base — Totskoye — Mi-24P
  • 924th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — Yegoryevsk — UAVs
  • Russian State Scientific-Research Institute Centre for Cosmonaut Training — Star City (Zvyozdniy Gorodok)
  • 2457th Air Base of Long Range Radiolocation Detection Aircraft — Ivanovo Severny — A-50(U)
  • 1st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment — Lebyazhye — Su-24M
  • 764th Fighter Aviation Regiment — Bolshoye Savino Airport (Sokol) — MiG-31BM
  • 5th Independent Long Range Reconnaissance Aviation Detachment — Voronezh (CFE and INF verification)
  • 185th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — Astrakhan
  • 118th Independent Helicopter Squadron — Chebenki (Dmitriyevka), Orenburg Oblast.
  • 4020th Base for Reserve Aircraft — Lipetsk
  • 4215th Base for Reserve Aircraft — Chebenki
  • 15th Army Aviation Brigade of the Western Military District at the airport Ostrov, Pskov Oblast

Training units

  • Krasnodar Military Aviation Institute — L-39C
  • Syzran Military Aviation Institute — Syzran — Mi-2, Mi-8T and Mi-24V, Ansat, Ka-226T[33]
  • 783rd Training Centre — Armavir — MiG-29UB and L-39C
  • 786th Training Centre — Borisoglebsk – Yak-130

The List of Soviet Air Force bases shows a number which are still active with the Russian Air Force.

With the Air Force now fusing into one joint service branch the personnel from the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces and their respective facilities, the following now report to the Aerospace Forces HQ:

Early warning of missile attack:

Voronezh radar at Lekhtusi, Armavir, Kaliningrad, Mileshevka, Yeniseysk, Barnaul[34]
Daryal radar at Pechora
Volga radar at Hantsavichy
Dnepr radar at Balkhash, Irkutsk and Olenegorsk
Oko early warning satellites

Space surveillance:

Okno in Tajikistan
Krona in Zelenchukskaya and Nakhodka
RT-70 in Yevpatoria and Galenki (together with Roscosmos)

Missile defence:

A-135 anti-ballistic missile system
Don-2N radar

Satellite systems:

Liana space reconnaissance and target designation system (2 satellites electronic reconnaissance 14F145 "Lotus-C1")[35]

Equipment[edit]

Main article: List of active Russian military aircraft

The precise quantitative and qualitative composition of the Russian Air Force is unknown and figures include both serviceable and unserviceable aircraft as well as those placed into storage or sitting in reserve. However, reliable source provide slightly divergent estimates of total aircraft inventory; the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) puts the figure at approximately 3,040+ aircraft,[1] while Flight International gives a figure of 3,155 aircraft.[2] According to the Russian Defense Ministry, share of modern armament in the Air Force had reached about 35% during 2014.[37] The figure was raised to 66% by late-2016.[38][39]

Estimates provided by the IISS show that RuAF combat pilots average 60 to 100 flight hours per year and pilots flying transport aircraft average 120 flight hours per year.[1]

Squadrons[edit]

As of 2014:[1]

  • 8 x bomber squadrons (4 operating Tu-22M3/MR; 3 operating Tu-95MS; 1 operating Tu-160)
  • 37 x fighter squadrons (8 operating MiG-29; 3 operating MiG-29SMT; 11 operating the MiG-31/MiG-31BM; 10 operating Su-27; 4 operating Su-27SM1/Su-30M2; 1 operating Su-27SM3/Su-30M2)
  • 27 x attack squadrons (11 operating the Su-24M/Su-24M2; 13 operating Su-25/Su-25SM; 3 operating Su-34)
  • 10 x attack & reconnaissance squadrons (1 operating Su-24M/MR; 8 operating Su-24MR; 1 operating Mig-25RB)
  • 1 x aew&c squadron (1 operating A-50/A50-U)
  • 1 x tanker squadron (1 operating Il-78/Il-78M)

Ranks and insignia[edit]

Main article: Air Force ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation

The independent Russian Air Force inherited the ranks of the Soviet Union, although the insignia and uniform was altered a little and the old Czarist crown and Double-headed eagle were re-introduced. The Russian Air Force uses the same rank structure as the Russian Ground Forces.

Aircraft deliveries 2010–2016[edit]

Modern Russian aircraft Sukhoi Su-35, Sukhoi Su-34, Sukhoi PAK FA, pictured in 2011
Helicopter deliveries 2010–2014 Fixed-wing aircraft deliveries 2010–2016
Type 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Mi-28N 11 12 15 14 12 12 10
Mi-35M 6 11 11 16 6 <5
Ka-52 4 12 21 17 10 12 16
Mi-8 family 15 10 14 53 32 <27 29
Mi-26 4 7 3 3 1
Ka-226 1 9 9 6 2 4
Ansat-U 8 5 6 6 3 3
Ka-31 2
Total 30 53 84 113 85 63 67
Sources:[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]

[47]
Type 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Su-27SM3 12
Su-30SM/M2 ./4 2/. 14/4 18/8 27/3 10/2
Su-34 4 6 10 12 18 18 16
Yak-130 4 8 15 18 20 12 10
Su-35S 2 8 12 12 14 12
MiG-29SMT/UBT(R) 4/2 12/2
L-410UVP 4 3
An-140-100 1 2 3 1 1
Tu-154M 1 2
An-148-100E 1 4 2 3
Il-76MD-90A 2 2 1
Tu-204R 1 1
Total 13 31 42 65 84 <85 <68
Sources:[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]

[61]

Future of the Russian Air Force[edit]

The Sukhoi PAK FA is one of the latest procurement projects of the Russian Air Force.
Aircraft Origin Class Role No. ordered Notes
Beriev A-100 Russia Jet AWACS Replaces A-50U. Both variants of the Il-76.
Kamov Ka-60/62 Russia Rotorcraft Transport 100[62]
Ilyushin Il-96 Russia Jet 12[62] Modified for different roles
Ilyushin Il-112 Russia Propeller Transport 62[62] Replaces An-26.
UAC/HAL Il-214 Russia Jet Transport 100[63] Replaces An-12 and An-72.
Ilyushin PAK TA Russia Jet Transport Supersonic transport that maybe implemented by 2030.[64]
Mikoyan MiG-35 Russia Jet Multi-role 30 Total planned 170[65]
Mikoyan MiG-41 Russia Jet Interceptor New fast interceptor[66]
PAK DP Russia Jet Interceptor New fast interceptor
LMFS Russia Jet Multirole GA F Intrc Russian stealth fighter program
Mil Mi-38 Russia Rotorcraft Transport Starting serial production in 2014–15.[67]
Sukhoi PAK FA Russia Jet Multi-role 60[62] Planned up to 150 or more .
Tupolev PAK DA Russia Jet Bomber Stealth bomber, flying wing, expected to enter service in 2025.
Sukhoi PAK ShA Russia Jet Ground Attack Stealthier ground attack, to replace Su-25
Yakovlev Yak-152 Russia Propeller Trainer 150[68][69] Replaces Yak-52. Primary trainer aircraft expected to enter service in 2017.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Russian Air Force pre-merger.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e International Institute for Strategic Studies: The Military Balance 2014, p.186
  2. ^ a b 3547 aircraft http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=russia 3Flightglobal – World Air Forces 2015 (PDF), Flightglobal.com
  3. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jo142lQQbNw
  4. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-sDqFv8I34
  5. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXkqpe-z15A
  6. ^ "US Confirms Russian Airstrikes in Syria", September 2015.
  7. ^ Russian: Военно-воздушные силы отказались от трехцветных звезд Армия, Известия
  8. ^ a b c d Russia creates new Aerospace Force service branch, janes.com, 4 August 2015
  9. ^ Austin & Muraviev, The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia, Tauris, 2000, p.235
  10. ^ Jeroen Brinkman, 'Russian Air Force in Turmoil,' Air Forces Monthly, No.105, December 1996, p.2, cited in Austin & Muraviev, 2000
  11. ^ General Heikki Nikunen, The Current State of the Russian Air Force, last updated 2005
  12. ^ Piotr Butowski, 'Russia's new air force enters a tight manoeuvre,' Jane's Intelligence Review, May 1999, p.14
  13. ^ Piotr Butowski, 'Russia Rising,' Air Forces Monthly, July 2007, p.83
  14. ^ Moscow Defense Brief #2, 2010 page 23
  15. ^ Routledge/IISS, IISS Military Balance 2007, p.200
  16. ^ "BBC NEWS, ',Russia restarts Cold War',, 17 August 2007, patrols". BBC News. 17 August 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2011. 
  17. ^ Russia restores Soviet-era strategic bomber patrols – Putin −2 Russian News & Information Agency
  18. ^ "BBC NEWS, RAF intercepted Russian planes, 30 April 2008". BBC News. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2011. 
  19. ^ Warfare.ru, Air Force: structure accessed May 2009
  20. ^ "Russian Military Aircrew Numbers Tumble". Aviationweek.com. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2011. 
  21. ^ Reuters.com, One-third Russian fighter jets old and unsafe: report Friday, 6 February 2009 5:40 am EST
  22. ^ "Russian Military Weakness Increases Importance of Strategic Nuclear Forces". Cdi.org. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2011. 
  23. ^ "Russia upgrades bomber-ALCM force for 21st century". Upi.com. 5 January 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2011. 
  24. ^ "18 September 2009". Asbarez.com. 10 February 1995. Retrieved 1 June 2011. 
  25. ^ John Pike. "Russian fighter jets make first ever nonstop flight across Russia to Far East". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 1 June 2011. 
  26. ^ "Радиостанция "Эхо Москвы" / Передачи / Военный совет / Суббота, 14.08.2010: Александр Зелин". Echo.msk.ru. Retrieved 1 June 2011. 
  27. ^ Александр Зелин. "Aviation EXplorer: С-400 начнет защищать границы России в 2012 году". Aex.ru. Retrieved 2012-10-09. 
  28. ^ ""Максимальный налет летчика в Западном военном округе превысил 215 часов в год " в блоге "Армия и Флот" – Сделано у нас". Сделано у нас. Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  29. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/world/europe/putin-military-syria.html
  30. ^ Lydia Tomkiw (24 November 2015). "What Is A Fencer Su-24? What To Know About The Russian Plane Shot Down By Turkey". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 November 2015. 
  31. ^ Press release (24 November 2015). "Hava sahası İletim" [Transmission of Airspace]. Turkish Armed Forces Chief of Staff (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 November 2015. 
  32. ^ Dmitry Gorenburg, Air Force Structure, 7 February 2011
  33. ^ ""Фотофакт. Новые вертолёты Ансат-У и Ка-226 для ВВС России " в блоге "Фотофакты" – Сделано у нас". Сделано у нас. Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  34. ^ "Герасимов: Приоритет в 2015 году — развитие стратегических ядерных сил". warfiles.ru. Retrieved 7 March 2016. 
  35. ^ "Запущен второй спутник типа "Лотос-С"". livejournal.com. Retrieved 7 March 2016. 
  36. ^ See also Michael Holm, http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/9okpro.htm, accessed August 2012.
  37. ^ "ТАСС: Армия и ОПК – Шойгу: оснащенность Российской армии современным оружием и техникой за год выросла на 7%". ТАСС. Retrieved 3 July 2015. 
  38. ^ "Восемь МБР приняты на вооружение в интересах РВСН во втором квартале". РИА Новости. Retrieved 7 March 2016. 
  39. ^ http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/1222/161038788/detail.shtml
  40. ^ "bmpd". Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  41. ^ ""Итоги 2012 года в картинках: ВВС – часть 2 (вертолёты)" в блоге "Армия и Флот" – Сделано у нас". Сделано у нас. Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  42. ^ "bmpd". Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  43. ^ "bmpd". Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  44. ^ "bmpd". livejournal.com. Retrieved 1 April 2015. 
  45. ^ "bmpd". livejournal.com. Retrieved 1 April 2015. 
  46. ^ "bmpd". livejournal.com. Retrieved 3 July 2015. 
  47. ^ http://www.interfax.ru/russia/552601
  48. ^ ""Итоги 2012 года в картинках: ВВС – часть 1 (самолёты)" в блоге "Армия и Флот" – Сделано у нас". Сделано у нас. Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  49. ^ ""Итоги 2012 года в картинках: гражданская авиация" в блоге "Авиация" – Сделано у нас". Сделано у нас. Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  50. ^ "bmpd". Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  51. ^ "bmpd". livejournal.com. Retrieved 1 April 2015. 
  52. ^ "bmpd". livejournal.com. Retrieved 1 April 2015. 
  53. ^ "Новые МиГ-29УБ(Р) и МиГ-29СМТ(Р) для ВКС России". livejournal.com. Retrieved 7 March 2016. 
  54. ^ "Еще четыре Як-130 для ВКС России". livejournal.com. Retrieved 7 March 2016. 
  55. ^ "«Итоги 2015 года: боевая и учебно-боевая авиация» в блоге «Армия и Флот» – Сделано у нас". Сделано у нас. Retrieved 7 March 2016. 
  56. ^ "«Итоги 2015 года: гражданская авиация» в блоге «Авиация» – Сделано у нас". Сделано у нас. Retrieved 7 March 2016. 
  57. ^ http://bmpd.livejournal.com/2335810.html
  58. ^ http://bmpd.livejournal.com/2326878.html
  59. ^ http://bmpd.livejournal.com/2150639.html
  60. ^ http://bmpd.livejournal.com/2358587.html
  61. ^ http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12106034@egNews
  62. ^ a b c d "World Air Forces 2016". Flightglobal Insight. 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016. 
  63. ^ "World Air Forces 2015". Flightglobal Insight. Retrieved 17 January 2015. 
  64. ^ "Russia to Build World's Biggest and Fastest Air Freighter". ruaviation.com. Retrieved February 11, 2016. 
  65. ^ https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20170127/1486613426.html
  66. ^ "Russia Developing Space Age Fighter Jet - News - Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM". 
  67. ^ "Состоялся первый полет нового вертолета Ми-38 с российскими двигателями ТВ7-117В". Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  68. ^ "Испытания учебно-тренировочного самолета Як-152 завершатся в июле". РИА Новости. Retrieved 7 March 2016. 
  69. ^ "Минобороны заказало 150 легких тренировочных самолетов Як-152". 
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  • Higham, Robin (editor). Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century. Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0-7146-4784-5
  • Palmer, Scott W. Dictatorship of the Air: Aviation Culture and the Fate of Modern Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-85957-3

External links[edit]

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