Syrian peace process

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Syrian peace process
Muslims and Christians at a meeting with Arab League monitors in Damascus on 17 January 2012.

The Syrian peace process is the ensemble of initiatives and plans to resolve the Syrian Civil War, which has ravaged in Syria since 2011 and has spilled beyond its borders. The peace process has been moderated by the Arab League, the UN Special Envoy on Syria, Russia, and Western Powers.[1] The negotiating parties to end the conflict are typically representatives of the Syrian Ba'athist government and Syrian Opposition, while the Western-backed Kurdish forces have stayed out of the negotiations framework. Radical Salafist forces and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant have not engaged in any contacts on peaceful resolution to the conflict.

The attempts to find a solution to the conflict began in late 2011, when the Arab League launched two initiatives, but without much success. Russia in January 2012 and in November 2013 suggested talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and opposition. In March–May 2012, hopes were on a United Nations/Arab League plan coordinated by Kofi Annan. In January and February 2014, the Geneva II Conference on Syria took place, organized by Lakhdar Brahimi, then UN envoy to Syria. On 30 October 2015, further talks started in Vienna involving officials from the US, the EU, Russia, China and various regional actors such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey and, for the first time, Iran. Peace talks with rebel leadership continued in Astana, Kazakhstan in 2017.[2] The Kazakh officials are offering Astana as a neutral venue and "a natural home" for peace negotiations on Syria.[3]

Timeline[edit]

Arab League peace plans 2011-2012[edit]

Main article: Arab League peace plans for Syria

In November 2011 – January 2012, the Arab League (AL) twice tried to accomplish an end to Syrian government (and opposition) violence and convince both parties to start talks instead of fighting.

After agreement of the Syrian government to the AL plan of 19 December the AL sent a monitoring mission to Syria. Violence continued and Saudi Arabia on 22 January withdrew its monitors from the mission, and called on Russia, China and all other states to pressure Syria strongly to adhere to the AL peace plan. The Arab League on 28 January 2012 ended its monitoring mission.[1]

Russian peace initiatives for Syria[edit]

See also: Russia's role in the Syrian conflict

2012 'informal talks' proposal[edit]

On January 30, 2012, the Russian foreign ministry suggested "informal" talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and opposition, and said the Syrian authorities had already agreed to the Russian offer. Abdel Baset Seda, a member of the Syrian National Council’s executive committee, told Reuters that the SNC had not received any formal invitation for such talks, but would decline if one arrived: "Our position has not changed and it is that there is no dialogue with (President Bashar al-Assad)".[4]

February 2012: offering the fall of Assad[edit]

In February 2012 Martti Ahtisaari held talks with envoys of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. During those discussions the Russian ambassador, Vitaly Churkin, proposed a three-point plan, which would bring the Syrian government and opposition to the negotiation table and result in Assad stepping down as president. But, according to Ahtisaari, US, Britain and France rejected that proposal, being convinced that fall of Assad's government was inevitable. "It was an opportunity lost in 2012," he said in an interview in September 2015. Other Western diplomats refute Ahtisaari's claims, with one stating, "I very much doubt the P3 [the US, UK and France] refused or dismissed any such strategy offer at the time. The questions were more to do with sequencing – the beginning or end of process – and with Russia’s ability to deliver – to get Assad to step down."[5]

Brokerage Proposal, 2013[edit]

On 7 November 2013, Russia again announced it was trying to broker talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and opposition, seeing that the U.S. and Russian negotiators failed to agree on whether or not Assad should be forced out of office.[6] Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister Bogdanov said, the Moscow talks could focus on humanitarian problems as well on some political issues.[6]

Friends of Syria Group, February 2012[edit]

Main article: Friends of Syria Group

In February 2012, the then French President Sarkozy initiated an international "contact group" to find a solution for the Syrian conflict, after Russia and China had vetoed a 4 February 2012 UN Security Council resolution.[7] The group held four meetings, all in the year 2012.

Kofi Annan Peace Plan, March 2012[edit]

Main article: Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan

The Kofi Annan (Joint Special Envoy for the United Nations and the Arab League) peace plan,[8] launched in March 2012, intended to commit both the Syrian government and opposition to a cease fire and commit the Syrian government to initiate deliberations with the opposition on their aspirations and concerns. After Annan on 12 April had assumed that both parties had agreed to a cease fire, the UN already on 1 May had to admit that both parties were violating it.

Geneva I, June 2012[edit]

An "action group" conference (now referred to as Geneva I Conference on Syria) was held on Saturday 30 June 2012, in Geneva, initiated by the then UN peace envoy to Syria Kofi Annan,[9] and attended by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov, a representative of China, British Foreign Secretary Hague, and Kofi Annan.[10] Mr Annan, issuing a communiqué,[11] said that the conference agreed [12] on the need for a "transitional government body with full executive powers" which could include members of the present Syrian government and of the opposition.[10] William Hague said that all five permanent members of the UN Security Council – the US, Russia, China, France and the UK – supported Mr Annan’s efforts.[10] Clinton however suggested that Syrian dictator Assad could, in such transitional government, not remain in power, which immediately was contradicted by Lavrov.[10]

The Geneva talks were condemned by Ahrar al-Sham leader Hassan Abboud.[13]

16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement[edit]

During the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement held from 26 to 31 August 2012 in Tehran, Iran and attended by leaders of 120 countries, Iran intended to draw up a new peace resolution aiming to resolve the Syrian civil war.[14] but a consensus was not reached between the leaders.

Eid al-Adha cease fire attempt, September 2012[edit]

See also: Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan

Lakhdar Brahimi, an Algerian diplomat, appointed on September 1, 2012, as the new U.N.-Arab League special representative for Syria, appealed on both the Syrian government and the armed opposition to stop the killing during the Islamic festival of Eid al-Adha, which fell that year probably on 26 October 2012, and 3 or 4 days after it. Government and most of the opposition groups said ‘yes’ to his appeal. Yet, the lull in the fighting lasted very short, according to Brahimi, after which both parties accused the other of not having stopped its violence.[9]

Geneva II, 2014[edit]

Main article: Geneva II Conference on Syria

The Geneva II Middle East peace conference was a United Nations (UN) backed international (peace) conference, aimed at bringing Syrian government and opposition together to discuss a transitional government. Lakhdar Brahimi, UN special envoy to Syria, tried to pursue the conference in close cooperation with the U.S. and Russia. It started on 22 January 2014 and ended on 31 January; no agreement was reached.

Astana Peace Talks[edit]

Syrian Opposition groups convened in Astana on May 25–27, 2015. The talks were held at the request of opposition figures to Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev.[15] A second round of peace talks were held in Astana from October 2–4, 2015.[16]

Four Committees Initiative[edit]

The Four committees initiative is a proposal put forward by United Nations envoy Staffan de Mistura on 29 July 2015 as a way to start the peace process in the Syrian Civil War.[17] There had been no peace talks on Syria since the Geneva II meetings in early 2014 ended in failure.[18]

Zabadani Ceasefire Agreement[edit]

Main article: 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement

In September 2015 Hezbollah, an ally of the Syrian government, announced a six-month truce between the rebel-held town of Zabadani near Damascus and two Shia towns in the north-west of Syria. The deal was reached after mediation from Iran.[19]

Vienna Process (since October 2015)[edit]

Further information: Syria peace talks in Vienna

On 23 October 2015, the Foreign Ministers of the United States, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Turkey met and talked in Vienna, Austria, to find a way to end the Syrian conflict.[20]

On 30 October 2015, the first round of the Syria peace talks were held in Vienna with foreign ministers of 20 countries participating: U.S., Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, China, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany and other countries. The ministers agreed on the need of the Syrian government and opposition to start political talks.[21][22] The second round of the Vienna talks held in mid-November produced an agreement on the need to convene Syrian government and opposition representatives in formal negotiations under UN auspices with a target date of 1 January 2016.[23]

A day after a meeting of anti-government factions, including Ahrar ash-Sham, held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on 10 December produced a statement of principles to guide peace talks with the Syrian government,[24][25] Syrian president Bashar Assad said he would not negotiate with "foreign terrorists."[26] Russia also rejected the outcome of the meeting in Riyadh, which it said was unrepresentative and included terrorist groups.[27]

After John Kerry visited Moscow where he met his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov as well as Vladimir Putin on 15 December, it was announced that on 18 December 2015 world powers would meet in New York to pass a UN resolution endorsing the principles of the Syria peace process.[27]

On 18 December 2015, the UN Security Council, having overcome the gridlock on Syria that had persisted since October 2011,[28][29][30] unanimously passed Resolution 2254 (2015), endorsing the ISSG′s transitional plan that set out a timetable for formal talks and a unity government within six months; the resolution put UN special envoy Staffan de Mistura in charge of organising Syria talks.[31][32] However, the major powers remained divided on who should represent the Syrian opposition; no mention was made of the future role of Syrian President Bashar Assad.[33][34]

December 2015 Riyadh conference of Syrian opposition groups[edit]

Main article: High Negotiations Committee

On 10 December 2015, a two-day meeting started in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, aiming at unifying Syria’s opposition groups and forming an opposition delegation for the planned negotiations with the Syrian government (see Syria peace talks in Vienna#14 November 2015 meeting).[35][36]

Syrian Kurdish factions were not represented at the meeting in Riyadh.[36] Jabhat al-Nusra had not been invited because of its assumed ‘terrorist links’ or al-Qaeda ties.[36]

An agreement emerged on 12 December:[36] 34 opposition groups and individuals allied themselves as ‘the High Negotiations Committee’.[37] This included, among others, Ahrar al-Sham and Jaysh al-Islam, but did not include Syrian Kurds[37] and not include some moderate opposition members supported by Russia.[38] Two of the 34 members are women, augmented by a women-only advisory body known as the Women's Consultative Committee.[39]

France announced that "the Syrian opposition" had reached an agreement and had "adopted a common program" in Riyadh.[35] Apart from France and Saudi Arabia, also Turkey and Qatar supported that ‘High Negotiation Committee’.[37]

The High Negotiation Committee was tasked with identifying 15 individuals willing and able to serve on the official opposition delegation to the Geneva III negotiations, of which 3 were women.

Russia however said that those gathered in Riyadh did not represent all opposition groups and therefore were not in a position to speak on behalf of the entire Syrian opposition.[35]

Geneva III, January 2016[edit]

Main article: Geneva Peace Conference (2016)

On Friday, 29 January 2016, a UN Peace Conference for Syria started in Geneva in Switzerland. At the first day, Syrian government and opposition refused to sit in the same room together. On 3 February 2016, UN envoy Staffan de Mistura suspended the peace talks.[40]

Russian foreign minister Lavrov commented that "the [Syrian] opposition took a completely unconstructive position and tried to put forward preconditions".[41]

Rebel commanders were cited as saying they hoped the peace talks' collapse would "convince their foreign backers, states including Turkey and Saudi Arabia, that it was time to send them more powerful and advanced weapons, including anti-aircraft missiles".[42]

The Syrian Women’s Advisory Board, February 2016[edit]

UN Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura announced appointment of a 12-woman advisory body, name the Women's Advisory Board (or "WAB" for short) on 2 February 2016.[43] WAB members include opposition, government sympathizers, and Islamist-tending women.[39] The WAB, however, is politically unaffiliated; the board does not participate directly in the negotiations but does advise the UN mediator on all proceedings.

The WAB has been criticized for the lack of transparency in member selection, with allegations that it is unrepresentative. The Syrian Women's Network went as far as to withdraw from the WAB based on these critiques.[44]

Cessation of Hostilities, February 2016[edit]

See also: Syrian Civil War ceasefires § Partial ceasefire (26 February–July 2016)

On 12 February 2016, the International Syria Support Group (ISSG) established an ISSG ceasefire task force, under the auspices of the UN, co-chaired by Russia and the United States, and issued a joint communique saying inter alia: ″An ISSG task force will within one week elaborate modalities for a nationwide cessation of hostilities."

On 22 February 2016, in Munich, foreign ministers of Russia and the U.S., as co-chairs of the ISSG,[45] announced that they had concluded a deal to seek a nationwide cessation of hostilities in Syria to begin a week later.[46] The deal set out the Terms for a Cessation of Hostilities in Syria. Russia and the U.S. proposed that the cessation of hostilities commence at 00:00 (Damascus time) on February 27, 2016.[45]

The ISSG countries are supposed to monitor compliance with the terms of the truce, which was pronounced as of 29 February 2016, when the ISSG task force met in Geneva, to be largely holding.[47][48]

September 2016 cease fire deal[edit]

Main article: U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria § September 2016 US-Russia brokered ceasefire

On 10 September 2016, Russia and U.S. reached a deal on establishing a cease fire between the Syrian Assad government and a US-supported coalition of so-called 'mainstream Syrian opposition rebel groups' including umbrella group 'High Negotiations Committee' (HNC), effective from 12 September, while jointly agreeing to continue attacks on Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (former al-Nusra Front) and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).[49]

After US-led coalition air strikes on Assad's troops on 17 September, by accident, Assad on 19 September declared the ceasefire to be ended.

October 2016 Lausanne talks[edit]

On 15 October, the U.S., Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar and Iran have talked about the Syrian war, in Lausanne.[50]

December 2016 Astana talks and ceasefire[edit]

On 28 December 2016, talks between Turkey and Russia in Astana, Kazakhstan have resulted in the two states brokering a nationwide Syrian ceasefire that is due to begin at midnight on 30 December.[51] The Syrian Democratic Council was not invited to the talks.[52] ISIL, the al-Nusra Front, and the YPG were excluded from the ceasefire, and the following rebel groups signed up for the truce:

However, the Ahrar al-Sham spokesman denied having signed the deal.[53]

January 2017 "Astana Process" talks[edit]

The International Meeting on Syrian Settlement in Astana, 25 January 2017

A Syrian opposition delegation and representatives of Bashar al-Assad’s government were convened in Astana, Kazakhstan to discuss how to extend a previously negotiated ceasefire.[54] The formal title of the Astana talks is International Meeting on Syrian Settlement.[55] Astana was chosen to host the talks because the Kazakh government is considered neutral by all parties.[56]

This round of talks in Astana is described as the "Astana-isation" of the Geneva talks, meaning a shift in the talks to the Syrian opposition conducting military operations and away from Syrians with only political influence.[57] The talks are taking place on 23 and 24 January; the first day ended without the sides reaching an agreement.[58] The "Astana Process" talks aimed to support the framework in accordance with the UN Security Council Resolution 2254,[59] and ended on the 24th with an agreement between Iran, Russia, and Turkey to form a joint monitoring body to work to enforce the Resolution 2254 ceasefire.[60]

After the talks in January 2017, Russia offered a draft for a future constitution of Syria, which would inter alia turn the "Syrian Arab Republic" into the "Republic of Syria", introduce decentralized authorities as well as elements of federalism like "association areas", strengthen the parliament at the cost of the presidency, and realize secularism by abolishing Islamic jurisprudence as a source of legislation.[61][62][63][64]

The Salafist cleric Tariq Abdelhaleem complained that religion was absent from and a nationalist secular state was proclaimed in the Astana conference by Russia in a new constitution.[65] He called it "shame" and said Ahrar ash-Sham was one of the "Astana factions".[66] He called the Geneva and Astana as "treacherous conferences" and claimed there was a Turkish Russian western alliance behind these factions.[67] Pro Syrian rebel reporter Moussa al-Omar attacked the Astana talks.[68][69]

Geneva IV, February 2017[edit]

Main article: Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)

The Geneva IV peace talks on Syria are peace negotiations between the Syrian government and the Syrian opposition under the auspices of the United Nations. The talks began on 23 February 2017 and are intended to resolve the Syrian Civil War.[70]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  70. ^ "Syria's warring sides brought together for Geneva talks". BBC. 23 February 2017. 

External links[edit]

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