Siege of Grave (1602)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
_-_Gravia_Obsessa_et_Expvgnata.jpg)
The Siege of Grave was a siege that took place between 18 July to 20 September 1602 as part of the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War. The Spanish held city of Grave was besieged by a Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange and Francis Vere respectively.[1][4] After a siege of nearly two months the city surrendered when a Spanish relief army under Francisco López de Mendoza was defeated just outside the city by the beseigers.[5][6] The defeat was severe enough to cause a major mutiny in the Spanish army.[7]
Background[edit]
Prince Maurice of Orange had been actively campaigning against the Spanish armies in the Southern Netherlands and had successfully made sure that Ostend then under siege by the Albert of Austria would be a key distraction while he took the rest of the Spanish garrisons that were still in the Republic.[8] Maurice in his first objective successfully besieged and took Rheinberg an important stronghold on the Rhine from the Spanish in July 1601.[9]
Meanwhile, Francis Vere had successfully defeated a massive Spanish assault in Ostend in January the same year.[10] The veteran Englishman with his troops stuck in Ostend proved an issue - the states general demanded that Vere would be better served in the field with Maurice. After this had been agreed the garrison of Ostend was replaced by fresh troops along with a new governor - Frederick van Dorp.[11] Vere left in March and was back in the field with a large portion of English troops (many newly recruited) numbering 8,000 men and many of them veterans from the siege at Ostend.[4][12]
On arriving at the Hague, Vere at once joined the army of Maurice and as soon as both forces had assembled which then numbered nearly 20,000 men, they crossed the Waal at Nijmegen, and the Maas at Mook, advanced thence into the heart of Brabant.[4] Maurice found his progress towards Tienen opposed by Francisco López de Mendoza, who was strongly entrenched - he refused to be tempted out while Maurice refused to engage or pass while leaving a large force in his rear.[5] Maurice then turned back to the north with the intention of besieging Grave or Venlo; the former was chosen.[13]
Grave was important town on the Maas and had been captured in 1586 by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma and from then was under Spanish control.[14] Grave's defences were steadily improved and was completely surrounded with field fortifications making any frontal assault out of the question.[6]
Siege[edit]
By mid July the Dutch and English forces had marched towards the city of Grave; the right wing composed of the English foot commanded by Sir Francis Vere, the centre corps by the Count William Louis and the left by Count Ernest of Nassau.[9] The Commentaries of Vere showed that the army moved in three columns on as many contiguous lines of march.[15] The defenders of the city numbered over 1,500 Spanish and Italian soldiers under the command of Don Antonio Gonzalez and were hoping to hold out for more than two months before a relief column could arrive.[16][17] At the same time a detached number of Spanish forces led by Mendoza and Ambrosio Spinola pursued Maurice but undeterred the besiegers pressed on towards Grave.[6]
On 18 July the Anglo-Dutch force had arrived, surrounded Grave and soon dug in around the city - laying and constructing a trench system.[3] The now besieged tried to bring in as many reinforcements as possible but this was in vain when it was cut off.[17] The Dutch and English siege positions were large in scale with every redoubt having its own wet ditch and drawbridge, and of which took nearly five hours to complete a circuit.[18]
The Spanish garrison in the city were in the hope that there would be relief relied on from nearby Venlo under Francisco Mendoza who had arrived with a force in late July.[19] Mendoza went out with the aim of relieving Grave but soon discovered the significant size of the Dutch and English besieging force when the leading part of the Spanish column ran into strong positions and were repelled with loss.[20] The city garrison on hearing the news of Mendoza close by at the same time made several unsuccessful sallies on the besieging army wasting men and supplies.[6] This abruptly stopped when they heard news that the Mendoza's troops were forced to turn back to Venlo in late August; mutinies also played their part in the Spanish retreat.[19][21]
During the relief attempt Vere was inspecting the English trenches when heavy fighting broke out as a sally was launched on the position. The Spanish were repelled but Vere was severely injured when a bullet went through his head beneath his eye and became embedded in his skull.[12] For Vere it would be the end of the war but the bullet was removed as he took up rest in Ryswick and was not able to take to the field again by the end of the year.[22] As a consequence of Vere's wound the young Frederick Henry who was only eighteen years old took over Vere's command, while Horace Vere (brother to Francis) took over the English troops in the field. The Earl of Leicester arrived at the siege in late August in case Francis' wound was mortal and needed to fill in his command but this was denied by Queen Elizabeth I.[23][24]
At the beginning of September the besiegers were running into trouble as the water levels from the Mass caused by heavy rains began to rise rapidly.[25] Before long it had risen so quickly that Maurice even considered raising the whole siege altogether and pondered to make a hasty retreat - he and made calls for the garrison to surrender.[26] Luckily for Maurice the Grave garrison was on it knees and on 20 September Gonzalez accepted Maurice's terms and surrendered.[6] Breakout of diseases, rising waters, a severe lack of food and news that the relief force had been turned back which as a result initiated a large mutiny meant that the Spanish had no choice.[17][19]
Aftermath[edit]
After a total of sixty days and with the siege over, the Spanish army were allowed to leave with arms and colours and the Dutch and English entered Grave triumphantly the following day.[5][25]
On 28 September Maurice was inaugurated as count of the country in Grave in a building of its suburbs that in 1559 was given to his father, William of Orange.[17]
With the failure of the break up of the siege, a mutiny broke out amongst the Spanish troops because of arrears of pay and about 1,200 soldiers deserted in Venlo.[7] As a force they captured Hamont and then fled to Hoogstraten with the rest of the Spanish troops on their heels before making a deal with Maurice.[19][25] In the terms given to the mutineers by Maurice Grave was to be garrisoned by them and kept in their hands before being returned to Dutch control by the end of 1603.[4] While Grave surrendered Maurice heard the news that Albert's troops were making no progress in the siege at Ostend.[7]
The following year was one of indecision by both Maurice and the states general.[25] In addition the death of Elizabeth and the crowning of King James I of England put operations on hold whilst Grand pensionary Johan van Oldenbarnevelt made talks with the English court and parliament.[5] The talks however got nowhere and the campaign resumed in 1603 with Ostend still under siege.[26] Maurice managed to retake Watchendonk in March 1603 and Sluis in the Southern Netherlands in August 1604, but the Spanish forces despite suffering heavy losses did not raise the siege of Ostend and it capitulated in September 1604.[7][27]
Grave would stay in Dutch hands for the rest of the war ad was garrisoned largely by English troops until 1648.[28]
References[edit]
- Citations
- ^ a b Dunthorne p 51
- ^ Hadfield & Hammond p. 24
- ^ a b Motley, John Lothrop (1869). History of the United Netherlands from the death of William the silent to the Synod of Dort, with a full view of the English-Dutch struggle against Spain, and of the origin and destruction of the Spanish armada, Volume 4. Oxford University. pp. 90–92.
- ^ a b c d Markham pp. 338-9
- ^ a b c d Wernham pp. 411-12
- ^ a b c d e Dalton pp 93-97
- ^ a b c d Duerloo p 130
- ^ Borman pp 230-32
- ^ a b Motley pp 60 – 61
- ^ Belleroche pp. 58–60
- ^ van Nimwegen p 179
- ^ a b
"Vere, Francis". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. At p 233 - ^ Williams 1998, p. 380.
- ^ Bruce, John (1844). Correspondence of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leycester, during his Government of the Low Countries, in the Years 1585 and 1586. Camden Society. p. 309.
- ^ The United Service Magazine: With which are Incorporated the Army and Navy Magazine and Naval and Military Journal, Part 1. University of Michigan: H. Colburn. 1832. pp. 364–5.
- ^ Nederlands instituut voor militaire historie: 18 July - 20 September 1602: Siege of Grave (Dutch)
- ^ a b c d Wap p 167
- ^ Duffy p 93
- ^ a b c d Black p. 113
- ^ Meteren, Emanuel Van (2009). Historie van de oorlogen en geschiedenissen der Nederlanden, en derzelven naburen 1315-1611, Volume 8. University of Ghent. pp. 170–72.(Dutch)
- ^ The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Difussion of Useful Knowledge. University of Madrid: Charles Knight. 1842. p. 350.
- ^ M.R.P. "VERE, Sir Francis (c.1560-1609), of Kirby Hall and Tilbury Lodge, Essex.". The History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust 1964-2013.
- ^ Roberts, R. A. "Captain R. Wigmore to Sir Robert Cecil.". Cecil Papers August 1602, 21-31. Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House, Volume 12: 1602-1603.
- ^ Astley, Terry (1795). An Historical Account of the British Regiments Employed Since the Reign of Queen Elizabeth and King James I. in the Formation and Defence of the Dutch Republic. T. Kay. p. 14.
- ^ a b c d Motley pp. 103-05
- ^ a b van Nimwegen p 182
- ^ Cortés, Manuel Lomas (2008). La expulsión de los moriscos del Reino de Aragón: política y administración de una deportación (1609–1611). Centro de Estudios Mudéjares. p. 38.
- ^ Dunthorne1 p 52
"Bibliography[edit]
- Black, Jeremy (2005). European Warfare, 1494-1660 Warfare and History. Routledge. ISBN 9781134477081.
- Belleroche, Edward (2012). The Siege of Ostend; Or the New Troy, 1601–1604. General Books. ISBN 978-1151203199.
- Borman, Tracy (1997). Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands, 1589-1603: A Re-evaluation of His Career as Sergeant Major General of Elizabeth I's Troops. University of Hull,.
- Dalton, Charles (2012). Life and Times of General Sir Edward Cecil, Viscount Wimbledon, Colonel of an English Regiment in the Dutch Service, 1605-1631, and One of His Majesty. HardPress. ISBN 9781407753157.
- Duerloo, Luc (2013). Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598-1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9781409483069.
- Duffy, Christopher (2013). Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660 Volume 1 of Siege warfare. Routledge. ISBN 9781136607875.
- Dunthorne, Hugh (2013). Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560-1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521837477.
- Fissel, Mark Charles (2001). English warfare, 1511–1642; Warfare and history. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21481-0.
- Hadfield, Andrew; Hammond, Paul, eds. (2014). Shakespeare And Renaissance Europe Arden Critical Companions. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408143681.
- Markham, C. R. (2007). The Fighting Veres: Lives Of Sir Francis Vere And Sir Horace Vere. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1432549053.
- Motley, John Lothrop. The Rise of the Dutch Republic, Entire 1566–74.
- van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010). The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688 Volume 31 of Warfare in History Series. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9781843835752.
- Wap, Johannes Jacobus Franciscus (1858). Geschiedenis van het land en der heeren van Cuyk. Kemink en zoon. (Dutch)
- Wernham, R.B. (1994). The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595-1603. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198204435.
- Williams, Penry (1998). The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192880446.
- External Links
