Hydraulic press

A hydraulic press is a device (see machine press) using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and was also known as a Bramah press after the inventor, Joseph Bramah, of England. He invented and was issued a patent on this press in 1795. As Bramah (who is also known for his development of the flush toilet) installed toilets, he studied the existing literature on the motion of fluids and put this knowledge into the development of the press.

Principle

The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle: the pressure throughout a closed system is constant. One part of the system is a piston acting as a pump, with a modest mechanical force acting on a small cross-sectional area; the other part is a piston with a larger area which generates a correspondingly large mechanical force. Only small-diameter tubing (which more easily resists pressure) is needed if the pump is separated from the press cylinder.

Pascal's law: Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished and acts with equal force on equal areas and at 90 degrees to the container wall.

Vacuum

Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.

The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10⁻¹²) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm³.Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average. According to modern understanding, even if all matter could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, transiting gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In the electromagnetism in the 19th century, vacuum was thought to be filled with a medium called aether. In modern particle physics, the vacuum state is considered the ground state of matter.

Vacuum cleaner

A vacuum cleaner is a device that uses an air pump (a centrifugal fan in all but some of the very oldest models), to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors, and from other surfaces such as upholstery and draperies. The dirt is collected by either a dustbag or a cyclone for later disposal. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well as in industry, exist in a variety of sizes and models—small battery-powered hand-held devices, wheeled canister models for home use, domestic central vacuum cleaners, huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred litres of dust before being emptied, and self-propelled vacuum trucks for recovery of large spills or removal of contaminated soil. Specialized shop vacuums can be used to suck up both dust and liquids.

Name

Although "vacuum cleaner" is a neutral name, in some countries (UK, Ireland) "hoover" is used instead as a genericized trademark, after one of the first and more influential companies in the development of the device, but actually irrespective of the brand used (like kleenex for facial tissue).

Press

Press may refer to:

Media

News media, the section of the mass media industry that focuses on presenting current news to the public

Publisher, a company that produces or disseminates literature or information

Press TV, the Iranian television network

Associated Press, a global news network

Press (newspaper), a newspaper in Serbia

The Press, a newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand

The Pittsburgh Press, a historic newspaper in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA that ceased publication in 1991.

Machines

Printing press, a machine that transfers inked images onto a medium such as paper or cloth

Machine press, a machine that shapes material

RAM press, a machine that shapes clay

Trouser press, an electrical appliance used to smooth the wrinkles from a pair of trousers

French press, a device for coffee preparation

Fruit press, a device used to separate fruit solids from juice

Garlic press, a kitchen utensil designed to crush garlic cloves

Ram press (food), a device used to extract juice or oil

Wine press, a device used to extract juice from crushed grapes during wine making

White noise (disambiguation)

White noise is a signal or sound with a flat frequency spectrum.

White noise may also refer to:

White noise (slang), a meaningless or distracting commotion or chatter

White Noise (novel), a 1985 novel by Don DeLillo

White noise machine, privacy and sleep aid that makes use of white noise or similar masking signals

White Noise, name of the supporters group of the New Zealand national football team, All Whites

In music

White Noise (band), an early electronic music band

White Noise Records, a record label

White Noise: A Cautionary Musical, a rock musical about a pair of sisters who mix music with white power rhetoric, based on the real-life band Prussian Blue

White Noise, a 2002 studio album by Alpinestars

White Noise (The Living End album), 2008

"White Noise" (The Living End song)

"White Noise" (The Living End song)

White Noise (Linkin Park song), a 2014 promotional single by Linkin Park from Mall: Music from the Motion Picture.

White Noise (Gary Numan album), 2008

Fullscreen pause

'Vacuum' is featured as a movie character in the following productions:

3-2-1 Penguins: Trouble on Planet Wait-Your-Turn (2000)

Actors: Mike Nawrocki (actor), John Wahba (editor), Phil Vischer (producer), Mike Nawrocki (writer), Phil Vischer (writer), Kurt Heinecke (composer), Phil Lollar (writer), Andy Youssi (miscellaneous crew), Ron Smith (actor), Ron Smith (actor), Ron Smith (writer), Ron Smith (director), Tim Toll (miscellaneous crew), Kymberly Mellen (actress), Keith Lango (actor),

Plot: Jason Conrad was looking forward to spending the summer at space camp. But his parent have to go on a trip, so he and his twin sister Michelle have to spend the summer at Grandmum's cottage. Just when Jason thinks he's in for the worst summer ever, he finds a toy space ship and four out of this world penguins-Zidgel, Midgel, Fidgel, and Kevin-in the attic. Suddenly he's in for one great adventure. Jason and the penguins travel to Planet Wait-Your-Turn where we learn the importance of patience and that "having to go first all the time only leads to trouble".