LGBT rights in Europe

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LGBT rights in Europe
Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg
Europe
Same-sex sexual activity legal? Legal in all 56 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories.
Gender identity/expression Legal in 43 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
Military service Allowed to serve openly in 39 out of 52 states having an army
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Discrimination protections Legal in 42 out of 56 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 Legal in 25 out of 56 states
Legal in 5 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
Restrictions:
 Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 11 out of 56 states
Adoption Legal in 19 out of 56 states
Legal in 5 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
The Greek letter "lambda"
Part of a series on
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights
Nuvola LGBT flag.svg LGBT portal

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. Thirteen out of the twenty one countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe;[A] a further thirteen European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples. Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary and Switzerland are considering legislation to introduce same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage was enacted in Finland by March 2017. Slovenia has carried out a referendum to legalise same-sex marriage in December 2015 which failed to succeed. Malta and Estonia are the only two countries within Europe that recognises legally performed same-sex marriages overseas but does not perform them, and are both the only countries where a civil union is equal to marriage but name. Constitutions of Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine recognizes marriage only as a union of one man and one woman.

The top five EU countries in terms of LGBT rights are Malta, Belgium, UK, Portugal and Norway.[1][2]

History[edit]

A participant of 2013 Prague Pride wearing a traditional Moravian dress (Hanakia) and a sign "Good day - Olomouc greets Prague"

Although same-sex relationships were quite common in ancient Greece, Rome and pagan Celtic societies, after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, severe laws against homosexual behaviour appeared. An edict by the Emperor Theodosius I in 390 condemned all "passive" homosexual men to death by public burning. This was followed by the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian I in 529, which prescribed public castration and execution for all who committed homosexual acts, both active and passive partners. Homosexual behaviour, called sodomy, was considered a capital crime in most European countries, and thousands of homosexual men were executed across Europe during waves of persecution in these centuries. Lesbians were less often singled out for punishment, but they also suffered persecution and execution from time to time.[3]

Since the foundation of Poland in 966, Polish law has never defined homosexuality as a crime.[4][5] Forty years after Poland lost its independence in 1795, the sodomy laws of Russia, Prussia, and Austria came into force in the partitioned Polish territory. Poland regained its independence in 1918 and abandoned the laws of the occupying powers.[6][7][8] In 1932, Poland codified the equal age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals at 15.[9]

In Turkey, homosexuality has been legal since 1858.[10][11]

During the French Revolution, the French National Assembly rewrote the criminal code in 1791, omitting all reference to homosexuality. During the Napoleonic wars, homosexuality was decriminalised in territories coming under French control, such as the Netherlands and many of the pre-unification German states, however in Germany this ended with the unification of the country under the Prussian Kaiser, as Prussia had long punished homosexuality harshly. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy government made homosexual relations with anyone under twenty-one illegal as part of its conservative agenda. Most Vichy legislation was repealed after the war– but the anti-gay Vichy law remained on the books for four decades until it was finally repealed in August 1982 when the age of consent (15) was again made the same for heterosexual as well as homosexual partners.

Nevertheless, gay men and lesbians continued to live closeted lives, since moral and social disapproval by heterosexual society remained strong across Europe for another two decades, until the modern gay rights movement began in 1969.

Further information: LGBT social movements

Various countries under dictatorships in the 20th century were very anti-homosexual, such as in the Soviet Union, in Nazi Germany and in Spain under Francisco Franco's regime. In contrast, after Poland regained independence after World War I, it went on in 1932 to become the first country in 20th-century Europe to decriminalise homosexual activity[clarification needed] (other than the Soviet Union, which had decriminalized it in 1917 under the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, but re-criminalized it in 1933 under Stalin), followed by Denmark in 1933, Iceland in 1940, Switzerland in 1942 and Sweden in 1944.

In 1962, homosexual behaviour was decriminalised in Czechoslovakia, following a scientific research of Kurt Freund that included phallometry of homosexually oriented men who appeared to have given up sexual relations with other men and established heterosexual marriages. Freund came to the conclusion that homosexual orientation may not be changed.[citation needed]

In 1972, Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transsexual by legislation to surgically change their sex and provide free hormone replacement therapy.[12]

In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in Europe from those that had previously defined homosexuality as an illness to remove it as such.[13]

In 1989, Denmark was the first country in Europe, and the world, to introduce registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[citation needed]

In 1991, Bulgaria was the first country in Europe to ban same-sex marriage.[14] Since then, eleven countries have followed (Lithuania in 1992, Belarus and Moldova in 1994, Ukraine in 1996, Poland in 1997, Latvia and Serbia in 2006, Montenegro in 2007, Hungary in 2012, Croatia in 2013 and Slovakia in 2014).[14][15]

In 2001 a next step was made, when the Netherlands opened civil marriage for same-sex couples, which made it the first country in the world to do so. Since then, eleven other European states have followed (Belgium in 2003, Spain in 2005, Norway and Sweden in 2009, Portugal and Iceland in 2010, Denmark in 2012, France in 2013, the United Kingdom in 2014 and Luxembourg and Ireland in 2015).[citation needed]

On 22 October 2009, the assembly of the Church of Sweden, voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples,[16] including the use of the term marriage, ("matrimony"). The new law was introduced on 1 November 2009.

Recent developments[edit]

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe
  Marriage
  Foreign marriages recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
Includes laws that have not yet gone into effect.

Civil partnerships have been legal in Ireland since 2011. In 2013, the government held a constitutional convention which voted overwhelmingly in favour of amending the constitution in order to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples. On 22 May 2015, Irish citizens voted on whether to add the following amendment to the constitution: "Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex.". 62.1% of the electorate voted in favour of the amendment, making Ireland the first country worldwide to introduce same-sex marriage through a national referendum. Ireland's first same-sex marriage ceremonies took place in November 2015.

The Isle of Man has allowed civil partnerships since 2011, as well as Jersey in 2012.[citation needed] Liechtenstein also legalised registered partnership by 68 percent of voters via a referendum in 2011.[17]

On 1 January 2012, a new constitution of Hungary enacted by the government of Viktor Orbán, leader of the ruling Fidesz party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.[18]

In 2012, the United Kingdom government launched a public same-sex marriage consultation,[19] intending to change the laws applying to England and Wales. Its Marriage Bill was signed into law on 17 July 2013. The Scottish government launched a similar consultation, aiming to legalise same-sex marriage by 2015. On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament passed a bill to legalise same sex marriages in Scotland as well as ending the "spousal veto" that would allow spouses to deny transgender partners the ability to change their legal gender. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom which does not allow same sex marriage. [20]

In May 2013, France legalised same-sex marriage, with French president François Hollande signing a law authorising marriage and adoption by gay couples.[21]

On 30 June 2013, Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, signed the Russian LGBT propaganda law into force, which was approved by the State Duma. The law makes distributing propaganda among minors in support of "non-traditional" sexual relationships a criminal offence.[22]

On 1 December 2013, a referendum was held in Croatia to constitutionally define marriage as a union between a woman and a man. The vote passed, with 65.87% supporting the measure, and a turnout of 37.9%.[23]

On 27 January 2014 in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Turkish Cypriot deputies passed an amendment repealing a colonial-era law that punished homosexual acts with up to five years in prison by a new Criminal Code.[24]

On 14 April 2014, the Parliament of Malta voted in favour of the Civil Union Act which recognises same-sex couples and permits them to adopt children. On the same day the Maltese parliament also voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

On 4 June 2014, the Slovak parliament overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, with 102 deputies for and 18 deputies against the legislation.[15]

On 18 June 2014, the Parliament of Luxembourg approved a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption.[25] The law was published in the official gazette on 17 July and took effect 1 January 2015.[26][27][28]

On 15 July 2014, Croatian Parliament passed the Life Partnership Act giving same-sex couples all rights that married couples have, except for adoption.[29] However, the Act allows a parent's life partner to become the child's partner-guardian. Partner-guardianship as an institution is equal to step-child adoption in rights and responsibilities, but it does not give parental status to the parent's life partner. Criteria for partner-guardianship and step-parent adoption for opposite-sex couples are the same. Also, regardless of partner-guardianship, a parent's life partner may attain partial parental responsibility over the child either via court or consensus among the parents and life partner, even full in some cases when the court decides that it is in the child's best interest.

In September 2014, a law went into effect in Denmark effectively dropping the former practice of requiring transgender persons to undergo arduous psychiatric evaluation and castration before being allowed legal gender change. By requiring nothing more than a statement of gender identity and subsequent confirmation of the request for gender change after a waiting period of 6 months, this means that anyone wishing their legal gender marker changed can do so with no expert-evaluation and few other formal restrictions.[30] Meanwhile, Norwegian Health Minister Bent Høie has made promises that a similar law for Norway will be drafted soon.[31]

On 9 October 2014, the parliament of Estonia passed the Cohabitation bill by a 40-38 vote.[32] It was signed by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves that same day and took effect on 1 January 2016.[33]

On 27 November 2014 the Parliament of Andorra passed a Civil Union bill, legalising also joint adoption for same-sex partners. On 24 December 2014, the bill was published in the official journal, following promulgation by co-prince François Hollande as signature of one of the two co-princes was needed. It took effect on 25 December 2014.[34]

On 12 December 2014 the Parliament of Finland passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 101-90 vote.[35] The law was signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed. The law took effect on 1 March 2017.[36]

On 21 January 2015, the Parliament of Macedonia overwhelmingly approved Amendment XXXIII to the Constitution of Macedonia, banning same-sex marriage, with 72 MPs voting for and 4 MPs voting against.[37]

On 7 February 2015, Slovaks voted in a referendum to ban same-sex marriage and same-sex parental adoption.[38] The result of the referendum was for the proposals, with 95% and 92% votes for, respectively.[39] However, the referendum was deemed invalid because of a low turnout.[40]

On 3 March 2015 the Parliament of Slovenia passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 51-28 vote.[41] On 20 December 2015, Slovenians reject the new same-sex marriage bill by a margin of 63% to 37%.

In November 2015, the Parliament of Cyprus approved a bill which legalised civil unions for same-sex couples in a 39-12 vote.[42] It took effect on 9 December 2015.[43][44]

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Greece was approved in December 2015 by its Parliament in a 194-55 vote.[45] The law was signed by the President and took effect on 24 December 2015.[46]

On 29 April 2016, the Parliament of the Faroe Islands, a Danish dependency, voted to extend Danish same-sex marriage legislation to the territory, excluding the possibility to be legally wed in a religious ceremony. The change was scheduled to come into force on 1 July 2016, but the Danish Parliament still must approve the exclusion of religious marriages for the Faroe Islands. The Danish government has signalled that it will indeed have such legislation voted.[47] The legislation is expected to enter into force in December 2016.[48]

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Italy was approved on 13 May 2016 by the Parliament of Italy. The law was signed by the President on 20 May 2016.[49] It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 May and therefore entered into force on 5 June 2016.[50]

On 21 September 2016, the States of Guernsey approved the bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in a 33-5 vote.[51][52] It received Royal Assent on 14 December 2016. The law is yet to go into effect until mid-2017.

On 26 October 2016, the Gibraltar Parliament unanimously approved a bill to allow same-sex marriage by a vote of 15-0. It received Royal Assent 1 November 2016.[53] The law went into effect on 15 December, 2016.

On 31 January 2017, the Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy) recognized a marriage between two French women (one of these had the right to claim Italian citizenship iure sanguinis), officiated in the region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais. This is the first time a homosexual marriage is admitted in Italy.[54]

Public opinion around Europe[edit]

See also: Societal attitudes towards homosexuality
Eurobarometer 2015: % of people in each country who "totally agree" or "tend to agree" with the statement that "LGB people should have the same rights as heterosexual people."[55]
Country Percentage
 Netherlands 96%
 Sweden 95%
 Denmark 90%
 Spain 90%
 Ireland 87%
 United Kingdom 84%
 France 81%
 Belgium 81%
 Malta 77%
 Finland 74%
 Italy 72%
 Portugal 71%
 Germany 70%
 Austria 70%
 Czech Republic 62%
 Greece 62%
 Slovenia 54%
 Bulgaria 51%
 Hungary 49%
 Croatia 48%
 Estonia 44%
 Latvia 42%
 Romania 36%

In a 2002 Pew Global Attitudes Project surveyed by the Pew Research Center, showed majorities in every Western European nation said homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagreed.[56] A Eurobarometer in 2006 surveying up to 30,000 people from each European Union country, showed split opinion around the then 27 member states on the issue of same sex marriage. The majority of support came from the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Belgium (62%), Luxembourg (58%), Spain (56%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%). All other countries within the EU had below 50% support; with Romania (11%), Latvia (12%), Cyprus (14%), Bulgaria (15%), Greece (15%), Lithuania (17%), Poland (17%), Hungary (18%) and Malta (18%) at the other end of the list.[57] Same sex adoption had majority support from only two countries: Netherlands at 69% and Sweden at 51% and the least support from Poland and Malta on 7% respectively.[57]

A more recent survey carried out in October 2008 by The Observer affirmed that the majority of Britons – 55% – support gay marriage.[58] A 2013 poll shows that the majority of the Irish public support gay marriage and gay adoption, 73% and 60% respectively.[59] France has support for same sex marriage at 62%,[60] and Russian at 14%.[61] Italy has support for the 'Civil Partnership Law' between gays at 45% with 47% opposed.[62] In 2009 58.9% of Italians supported civil unions, while 40.4 supported same-sex marriage.[63] In 2010, 63.9% of Greeks supported same-sex partnerships, while 38.5% supported same-sex marriage.[64] In 2012 a poll by MaltaToday[65] showed that 41% of Maltese supported same sex marriage, with support increasing to 60% amongst the 18-35 age group. In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% of Poles were against same-sex marriage, 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples, and 68% were against gays and lesbians publicly showing their way of life.[66] In Croatia, a poll from November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[67] A CBOS opinion poll from February 2014 found that 70% of Poles believe same-sex sexual activity is morally unacceptable, while only 22% believed it is morally acceptable.[68] A 2015 NDI public opinion poll shows that only 10% of the population in the Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia) believe LGBTI marriages are acceptable, in contrast to 88% who think they're unacceptable.[69]

According to pollster Gallup Europe, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.[70]

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal
  Stepparent adoption legal1
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples
1In Switzerland, the partial or step-child adoption laws are yet to go into effect.
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Austria IMAS 2015 46%[71] 48%[71] 6%
 Belgium Ipsos 2013 67%[72] 33%[72] 0%[72]
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2006 12%[73] 68%[73] 20%[73]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2006 10%[73] 86%[73] 4%[73]
 Czech Republic Median 2016 48%[74] 48%[74] 4%[74]
 Denmark YouGov 2012 59%[75] 31%[75] 11%[75]
 Estonia ASi 2012 26%[76] 66%[76] 8%[76]
 Finland Taloustutkimus 2013 51%[77] 42%[77] 7%[77]
 France BVA 2015 57%[78] 41%[78] 2%[78]
 Germany YouGov 2015 57%[79] 35%[79] 8%
 Greece DiaNeosis 2017 26%[80] 72%[80] 2%[80]
 Hungary Eurobarometer 2006 13%[73] 81%[73] 6%[73]
 Ireland Red C Poll 2011 60%[81] - -
 Italy Demos & Pi 2016 37%[82] 60%[82] 3%[82]
 Latvia Eurobarometer 2006 8%[73] 89%[73] 3%[73]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2006 12%[73] 82%[73] 6%[73]
 Luxembourg Politmonitor 2013 55%[83] 44%[83] 1%[83]
 Malta Eurobarometer 2006 7%[84] 85%[84] 9%[84]
 Netherlands Eurobarometer 2006 69%[84] 27%[84] 4%[84]
 Norway YouGov 2012 54%[75] 34%[75] 12%[75]
 Poland CBOS 2013 8%[85] 87%[85] 5%[85]
 Portugal Expresso 2014 40.4%[86] 39.1%[86] 20.5%
 Romania Eurobarometer 2006 8%[73] 82%[73] 10%[73]
 Russia VTsIOM 2015 3%[87] 88% 9%
 Serbia GSA 2010 8%[88] 79% 13%
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2006 12%[73] 84%[73] 4%[73]
 Slovenia Delo Stik 2015 38%[89] 55%[89] 7%[89]
 Spain Ipsos 2013 73%[72] 27%[72] 0%[72]
 Sweden Ipsos 2013 78%[72] 21%[72] 1%[72]
  Switzerland Pink Cross 2016 50%[90] 39%[90] 11%[90]
 Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine 2013 7% [91] 68%[91] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions[91]
 United Kingdom Ipsos 2013 65%[72] 35%[72] 0%[72]

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
Tables:

European Union[edit]

Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union European Union Yes Legal in all 28 member states.[92] Yes/No Legal in 22/28 member states.
 Yes/No Legal in 11/28 member states.
 Yes/No Joint adoption legal in 14/28 member states.
Step-child adoption legal in 18/28 member states.		 Yes/No Legal in 27/28 member states.
 Yes/No Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment only. Yes Legal in all 28 member states.[93]

Central Europe[edit]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria Austria Yes Legal since 1971[94]
+ UN decl. sign.		 Yes Registered partnership since 2010[95] No [96] Yes Step-child adoption since 2013.
Joint adoption since 2016.[97][98]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[99]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Gender change is legal.[101]
Croatia Croatia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Life partnership since 2014[102] No Constitutionally banned since the 2013 referendum.[103] Yes/No Partner-guardianship since 2014 (parental responsibility and a permanent next-of-kins relationship between a life partner and their partner's child which is registered in the child's birth certificate) Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100][104] Yes Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all types discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[105]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2006[106] No No (Step-child adoption pending)[107] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Legal recognition is granted and birth certificate is amended[not in citation given] after reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation).[108]
Germany Germany Yes Legal in East Germany since 1968
Legal in West Berlin and West Germany since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[94][109]		 Yes Registered life partnership since 2001[110] No (Pending)[111] Yes/No Step-child adoption since 2005; (Joint adoption pending) Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[112][113] Yes Gender change is legal.[114]
Hungary Hungary Yes Legal since 1962
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2009[115] No [116][117]
Constitutionally banned since 2012.[118][119]		 No LGBT individuals may adopt; (Joint and step-child adoption pending)[117] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] No No legal recognition.[108]
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Yes Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2011[120] No No LGBT individuals may adopt.[121] Has no military No (Proposed)[citation needed] No Gender change is not legal.[108]
Poland Poland Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No[122] No[123] No LGBT individuals may adopt, joint adoption forbidden.[124] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes
Romania Romania Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt.[125] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Legal recognition and birth certificates amendedTemplate:Not in soure after reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory).[108]
Slovakia Slovakia Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 2014[126] No LGBT individuals may adopt.[127] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[128][129] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change[108])
Slovenia Slovenia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2006[130];
Unregistered cohabitation since 2017[131]		 No Yes/No Step-child adoption since 2011[132] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Gender change is legal.[133]
Switzerland Switzerland Yes Legal nationwide since 1942
Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798
+ UN decl. sign.[94][134]		 Yes Registered partnership in Geneva (2001),[135] Zurich (2003),[136] Neuchâtel (2004)[137] and Fribourg (2004)[137]
Nationwide since 2007[138]		 No (Pending)[139] Yes/No Step-child adoption since 2016 Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination. (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)[140] Yes Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation is technically required but has not been enforced since 2012. Registered Partnership can become Marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.[141]

Eastern Europe[edit]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 2015[142][143] No No/Yes No explicit ban. However, LGBT persons have been reportedly discharged because of their sexual orientation.[144] No No
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[94] No No No Yes[145] No Yes (Requires sterilisation for change[108])
Belarus Belarus Yes Legal since 1994[94] No No Constitutionally banned since 1994 [146] No No/Yes Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able.[147] No LGBT activism/expression deemed terrorism[148] Yes
Donetsk People's Republic Donetsk Yes Legal since 1991
(as part of Ukraine)[149][150]		 No No No No No Emblem-question.svg
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No (Constitutional ban proposed)[151][152] No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[153] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change[108])
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[94] No No No No No Yes[154]
Luhansk People's Republic Lugansk Yes Legal since 1991
(as part of Ukraine)[149][155]		 No No No X mark.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Moldova Moldova Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 1994[156] No Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination [100] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change[108])
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh Yes Legal after 1991 No No Constitutionally banned since 2006 [157] No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Russia Russia Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[158][94]		 No No (Constitutional ban proposed)[159] No Yes No Yes (Requires sterilisation for change[108])
South Ossetia South Ossetia Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Transnistria Transnistria Yes Legal since 2002[160] No No No Emblem-question.svg No (Proposed)[161] Emblem-question.svg
Ukraine Ukraine Yes Legal since 1991
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 1996[162] No LGBT individuals may adopt.[163] No/Yes Policies depend on the regional commissioners.[164] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[165] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change[108])

Northern Europe[edit]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark Denmark Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered partnership from 1989 to 2012 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[166] Yes Legal since 2012[167][168] Yes Step-child adoption since 1999.
Joint adoption since 2010.[169]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[170]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy.[171]
Estonia Estonia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Cohabitation agreement since 2016[172] Yes/No Marriage performed abroad recognised since 2016[173] Yes/No Step-child adoption since 2016. Couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Gender reassignment legal.[108]
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)		 Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No (Pending) [174] No (Awaiting Danish parliament approval) No (Awaiting Danish parliament approval) Yes (Denmark responsible for defence) Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[175][176] No[177]
Finland Finland
Åland Islands(includes Åland Islands)		 Yes Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered partnership 2002 to 2017 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[178] Yes Legal since 2017[179] Yes Step-child adoption since 2009.
Joint adoption since 2017.		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation.[180]
Iceland Iceland Yes Legal since 1940
(As part of Denmark)
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered cohabitation since 2006[181];
Registered partnership from 1996 to 2010 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[182]		 Yes Legal since 2010[183][184] Yes Legal since 2006[185]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[186]		 Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[187][108]
Latvia Latvia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 2006[188] No LGBT individuals may adopt.[189] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Documents are amended accordingly, no medical intervention required.[190]
Lithuania Lithuania Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No (Pending)[191] No Constitutionally banned since 1992[192] No Only married couples can adopt.[193] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Gender change is legal since 2003.[194]
Norway Norway Yes Legal since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered partnership from 1993 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[195] Yes Legal since 2009[196][197] Yes Legal since 2009[198]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[199]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[101]
Sweden Sweden Yes Legal since 1944
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered partnership from 1995 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[200] Yes Legal since 2009[201] Yes Legal since 2003[202]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[203]		 Yes [204] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes[205]

Southern Europe[edit]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[94][206][207]		 Yes(for members of British forces)[208] Yes (for members of British forces)[209] Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all[citation needed] anti-gay discrimination[210] Emblem-question.svg
Albania Albania Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[211]

No No legal recognition.[108]
Andorra Andorra Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Stable union since 2005[212]; Civil union since 2014.[213] No Yes Legal since 2014[214][213][215] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] No No legal recognition.[108]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Legal since 1998 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska since 2000 and Brcko District since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Protected in hate crime legislation, but requires surgery for change.[216]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Yes Legal since 1968
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 1991[217] No LGBT individuals may adopt.[218] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity, but requires sterilisation for change[219][220]
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[221] No No No (The only EU country to ban LGBT people in the military, not enforced)[222] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[223]

No Gender change is not legal.
Gibraltar Gibraltar
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Civil partnership since 2014[224] Yes Legal since 2016[225] Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)[226] X mark.svg (Pending)[227]
Greece Greece Yes Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[94] Yes Cohabitation agreement since 2015[228] No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Sterilisation is not required for the legal change of gender since 2016 court ruling[229]
Italy Italy Yes Legal since 1890
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Civil union since 2016[230][231] Yes/No Same-sex marriages performed abroad recognised by the Court of Cassation[232][233] (Pending)[234][235][236] Yes/No Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation[237][238].

The Florence Court for Minors has recognised a foreign joint adoption by a gay couple[239]

 Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Since 1982 legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[240] The Court of Cassation decided in 2015 that sterilisation is not required.[241]
Kosovo Kosovo Yes Legal since 1994
(as part of Yugoslavia)[94]		 No No[242] No LGBT individuals may adopt.[243][244] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[245] No No legal recognition.[108]
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No (Constitutional ban pending)[246] No Yes No No
Malta Malta Yes Legal since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Civil union since 2014[247] Yes/No Marriage performed abroad recognised since 2014[247][248] Yes Legal since 2014 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Since 2015.[249]
Montenegro Montenegro Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 2007[250][251] No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity, but requires sterilisation for change[101][108]
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus Yes Legal since 2014[252][253][94] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[252][253] Yes Discrimination or hate speech banned since 2014.[252][253]

Emblem-question.svg Unknown if gender change is legal.
Portugal Portugal Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes De facto union since 2001[254][255] Yes Legal since 2010[256] Yes Legal since 2016 (+automatic co-parent recognition)[257][258][259] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[100] Yes Since 2011. All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[260]
San Marino San Marino Yes Legal since 1865
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes/No Unregistered cohabitation since 2012 (Only for one entitlement); civil unions proposed[261][262] No No Stepchild adoption proposed[263] Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No No legal recognition.[101]
Serbia Serbia Yes Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of Ottoman Empire to 1860[264] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No Proposed by new family law in 2017 No Constitutionally banned since 2006[265] No LGBT individuals may adopt Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Gender change is legal since 2007.[266][267]
Spain Spain Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes De facto union in Catalonia (1998),[268] Aragon (1999),[268] Navarre (2000),[268] Castile-La Mancha (2000),[268] Valencia (2001),[269] the Balearic Islands (2001),[270] Madrid (2001),[268] Asturias (2002),[271] Castile and León (2002),[272] Andalusia (2002),[268] the Canary Islands (2003),[268] Extremadura (2003),[268] Basque Country (2003),[268] Cantabria (2005),[273] Galicia (2008)[274] and La Rioja (2010)[275] Yes Legal since 2005[276] Yes Legal since 2005[277]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[278]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[279]
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[94] No No No No (Proposed)[280] No (Proposed)[280] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change[281])
Vatican City Vatican City Yes Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[94] No No No Has no military No X mark.svg

Western Europe[edit]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium Belgium Yes Legal nationwide since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Legal cohabitation since 2000[282] Yes Legal since 2003[283][284][285] Yes Legal since 2006[286]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[287]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes The 2007 law concerning transsexuality[288] grants the right to a legal name and gender change, but it requires hormone treatment for name change and sterilisation for gender change.
France France Yes Legal nationwide since 1791
Legal in Savoy since 1792
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[289] Yes Legal since 2013[290] Yes Legal since 2013[291] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100] Yes Since 2017 under recently passed laws, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation.[292]
Guernsey Guernsey
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[293][294][94]		 No/Yes Civil Partnership performed in UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012. Civil unions performed abroad recognised from mid-2017 (does not apply in Sark)[295][296][297] Yes From mid-2017 [298](does not apply in Sark and Alderney)[not in citation given][citation needed] No (Pending)[299] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[300] Yes 2004 anti-discrimination law. Legal gender change since 2007: Case law only. Only allows a new birth certificate to be issued. Does not amend or remove records of existing birth certificates, extension to Alderney and Sark unclear, does extend to Herm.[300][301]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Civil partnership from 2011 to 2015. (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[302] Yes Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum.[303] Yes Joint adoption since 2016. Stepchild adoption is not legal for any couples, but a birth parent and their partner may be eligible to be joint adopters of the child.[304][305][306][307]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[308]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[309][310][311] Yes Gender Recognition Act 2015 [312]
Isle of Man Isle of Man
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Civil partnership since 2011[313] Yes Legal since 2016[314] Yes Legal since 2011 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[315] Yes Transsexual persons are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11).[316][317]
Jersey Jersey
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Civil partnership since 2012[318] No (Proposed)[319] Yes Legal since 2012 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[320] Yes Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[321]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Yes Legal since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered Partnership since 2004[322] Yes Legal since 2015[323][324] Yes Legal since 2015[325] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[326] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change[108])
Monaco Monaco Yes Legal since 1793
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 No (Pending)[327] No No Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[94] Emblem-question.svg
Netherlands Netherlands Yes Legal since 1811
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Registered partnership since 1998[328] Yes Legal since 2001[329] Yes Legal since 2001[330]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[331]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[332] Yes[333]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Yes Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[94]		 Yes Civil partnership since 2005[334] Yes Legal in England, Wales and Scotland since 2014.[335][336]
No Not performed in Northern Ireland		 Yes Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[337][338]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[339]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[340][94] Yes Gender Recognition Act 2004.


See also[edit]

References and notes[edit]

A The UK Parliament excepted Scotland and Northern Ireland from its same-sex marriage legislation, although the Scottish parliament has since legalised it.
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  146. ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. "Belarus - Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 2014-01-05. 
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  148. ^ "Comment: With all eyes on anti-gay Russia, there are three countries with a shocking need for coverage". pinknews.co.uk. 
  149. ^ a b LGBT Rights in Ukraine
  150. ^ http://dnr-online.ru/ugolovnyj-kodeks-dnr/
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  152. ^ "Georgia to Consider a Ban on Same-Sex Marriage". Eurasianet.org. Retrieved 3 April 2014. 
  153. ^ "სსიპ "საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე"". სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე”. 
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  155. ^ http://lug-info.com/documents/one/ugolovnyi-kodeks-luganskoi-narodnoi-respubliki-467
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  157. ^ [2]
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  159. ^ "Campaign started to declare gay marriage unconstitutional". RT. Retrieved 3 April 2014. 
  160. ^ http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D
  161. ^ "В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок". Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас». 
  162. ^ Legal Report: Ukraine, COWI (2010)
  163. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ukraine.html
  164. ^ http://fortruss.blogspot.ch/2015/06/ukrainian-military-to-issue-draft.html
  165. ^ http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-politics/1912891-ukraines-parliament-passes-anti-discrimination-law.html
  166. ^ https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=142282
  167. ^ http://cphpost.dk/news/national/gay-marriage-legalised The Copenhagen Post, 7 June 2012: Gay marriage legalised] Retrieved 2012-09-19
  168. ^ Homoseksuelle fik ja til ægteskab - Jyllands-Posten.
  169. ^ (Danish) Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag
  170. ^ (Danish) Retsinformation.dk Børneloven
  171. ^ "MSN New Zealand - Latest News, Weather, Entertainment, Business, Sport, Technology". msn.co.nz. 
  172. ^ (Estonian) "Kooseluseadus". Riigikogu. 9 October 2014. 
  173. ^ [3]
  174. ^ Faroe Islands Say Yes to Same-Sex Marriage
  175. ^ Island Chain Votes To Ban Discrimination Against Gays
  176. ^ §266b
  177. ^ "Holdningsskred i synet på homoseksuelle på Færøerne". Information. 
  178. ^ (Swedish) Lag om registrerat partnerskap
  179. ^ "Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017". Gay Star News. 
  180. ^ (Finnish) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
  181. ^ (Icelandic)Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
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  183. ^ "Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage". IceNews. June 11, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2012. 
  184. ^ "New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force". Icenews.is. Retrieved 14 August 2010. 
  185. ^ https://adopt.com/iceland/
  186. ^ (Icelandic) Alþingi Barnalög
  187. ^ Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues
  188. ^ "President Signs Anti-Gay Constitutional Amendment". UK Gay News. December 21, 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-12. 
  189. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/latvia.html
  190. ^ (Latvian) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?
  191. ^ Čachovskis, K. (March 25, 2015). "9 MPs register bill on same-sex partnership". DELFI. Retrieved July 4, 2015. 
  192. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA". 
  193. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/lithuania.html
  194. ^ (Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
  195. ^ https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2008-06-27-53
  196. ^ "Norway Gay Marriage Bill Passes Final Hurdle". 365gay.com. Retrieved 17 June 2008. 
  197. ^ "Norway passes law approving gay marriage". Latimes.com. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2015-05-29. 
  198. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/norway.html
  199. ^ (Norwegian Nynorsk) Lovdata Barnelova
  200. ^ http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20090253.pdf
  201. ^ "Gays Win Marriage Rights". Sveriges Radio English. 1 April 2009. 
  202. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/sweden.html
  203. ^ (Swedish) Sveriges Riksdag Föräldrabalk
  204. ^ Fia Sundevall & Alma Persson (2016) "LGBT in the Military: Policy Development in Sweden 1944–2014", Sexuality Research and Social Policy, June 2016, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp 119-129, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13178-015-0217-6/fulltext.html
  205. ^ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sweden-ends-forced-sterilization-trans110113
  206. ^ Criminal Code (Amendment) Ordinance 2000 (PDF)
  207. ^ Criminal Code (consolidated)
  208. ^ Civil Partnership (Armed Forces) Order 2005 (PDF)
  209. ^ Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014 (PDF)
  210. ^ Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF)
  211. ^ Dan Littauer, Albania passes landmark gay hate crime laws, gaystarnews.com, 5 May 2013
  212. ^ (Catalan) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
  213. ^ a b (Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
  214. ^ "Diari d'Andorra - Enllestida la llei d'unions civils amb el procés d'adopció dels matrimonis". diariandorra.ad. 
  215. ^ (Catalan) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
  216. ^ http://ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/2016/bosnia_and_herzegovina.pdf
  217. ^ "Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution". Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  218. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bulgaria.html
  219. ^ "Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrimination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people". The Sofia Globe. 25 March 2015. 
  220. ^ "Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments". Novinite.com. 25 March 2015. 
  221. ^ [4]
  222. ^ http://ihrp.law.utoronto.ca/utfl_file/count/media/IHRP%20Cyprus%20Report%20FINAL%202014.pdf
  223. ^ "Cyprus: Penal code amended to protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity". PinkNews. Retrieved October 27, 2013. 
  224. ^ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
  225. ^ [5]
  226. ^ http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2006-37o.pdf
  227. ^ "Calls for gender recognition in Gibraltar". PinkNews. 
  228. ^ "Η Ελλάδα είπε το μεγάλο «ναι» στο σύμφωνο συμβίωσης". 
  229. ^ http://avmag.gr/67077/ellada-efarmostike-i-dikastiki-apofasi-gia-lixiarchiki-metavoli-filou-chorischoris-to-proapetoumeno-chirourgikis-epemvasis/
  230. ^ http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/attivita/attifirmati/sett_atti.asp?Atti=sett/2016_m05d16.htm
  231. ^ http://www.gaypost.it/presidente-mattarella-firmato-la-legge-sulle-unioni-civili/
  232. ^ http://www.west-info.eu/italian-court-recognizes-gay-marriage-officiated-abroad-for-the-first-time/
  233. ^ http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/02/01/news/cassazione_matrimonio_valido_per_due_donne_di_avellino-157389216/
  234. ^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 15
  235. ^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204
  236. ^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393
  237. ^ (Italian) "Adozioni gay, la Corte d'Appello di Roma conferma: sì a due mamme". Corriere della Sera. 
  238. ^ (Italian)"Cassazione, via libera alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari". Repubblica. 
  239. ^ https://www.thelocal.it/20170309/italy-recognizes-first-adoption-by-two-gay-men
  240. ^ (Italian) "Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso". Archived from the original on 23 May 2007. 
  241. ^ Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015
  242. ^ "FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32". childhub.org. 
  243. ^ "Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons". State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo. 
  244. ^ "Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6". OSCE Mission in Kosovo. 
  245. ^ "Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination". 
  246. ^ "Macedonia Moves to Rule Out Same-Sex Marriage". Balkan Insight. 1 July 2014. 
  247. ^ a b AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
  248. ^ MARRIAGE ACT
  249. ^ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
  250. ^ "THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05. 
  251. ^ "Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05. 
  252. ^ a b c "Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech". kaosgl.com. 
  253. ^ a b c (Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
  254. ^ (Portuguese) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
  255. ^ (Portuguese) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
  256. ^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.
  257. ^ (Portuguese) Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho
  258. ^ (Portuguese) Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República
  259. ^ (Portuguese) Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto
  260. ^ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
  261. ^ Gessa, Daniele Guido (June 27, 2012). "San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together". GayStarNews. Retrieved September 10, 2012. 
  262. ^ (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre bozze di legge
  263. ^ (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre bozze di legge
  264. ^ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years imprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography (PDF)
  265. ^ "Constitution of Serbia". Serbian Government. Retrieved 8 November 2006. 
  266. ^ http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/doneti-zakoni.1033.html
  267. ^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737
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  269. ^ "Ley 1/2001, de 6 de abril, por la que se regulan las uniones de hecho". Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved April 18, 2015. 
  270. ^ "Llei 18/2001 de 19 de desembre, de parelles estables" (in Catalan). Govern de les Illes Balears. Retrieved November 6, 2015. 
  271. ^ "LEY 4/2002, de 23 de mayo, de Parejas Estables" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved November 6, 2015. 
  272. ^ "DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento" (PDF) (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved November 6, 2015. 
  273. ^ "Ley de Cantabria 1/2005, de 16 de mayo, de Parejas de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria." (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved November 6, 2015. 
  274. ^ "Decreto 248/2007, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se crea y se regula el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia." (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved November 6, 2015. 
  275. ^ "Decreto 30/2010, de 14 de mayo, por el que se crea el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de La Rioja" (in Spanish). El Gobierno de La Rioja. Retrieved November 6, 2015. 
  276. ^ "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
  277. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html
  278. ^ (Spanish) Boletín Oficial del Estado Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (see Article 7)
  279. ^ (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
  280. ^ a b "Turkey's main opposition proposed labor bill for LGBT people". kaosgl.com. 
  281. ^ http://ijg.sagepub.com/content/18/1/77.abstract
  282. ^ (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
  283. ^ "Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage". RTÉ News. 29 November 2002. 
  284. ^ "Belgium legalizes gay marriage". UPI. 31 January 2003. 
  285. ^ "Belgium approves same-sex marriage". PlanetOut. 30 January 2003. 
  286. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/belgium.html
  287. ^ (French)(Dutch) Belgian Official Gazette Loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente, as amended by loi du 18 décembre 2014 modifiant le Code civil, le code de droit international privé, le Code consulaire, la loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente et la loi du 8 mai 2014 modifiant le Code civil en vue d’instaurer l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme dans le mode de transmission du nom à l’enfant et à l’adopté
  288. ^ (French) (Dutch) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la transsexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transseksualiteit
  289. ^ (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
  290. ^ Erlanger, Steven (18 May 2013). "Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2015. 
  291. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
  292. ^ [6]
  293. ^ "Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011". guernseylegalresources.gg. 
  294. ^ "JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey". jurist.org. 
  295. ^ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98634&p=0
  296. ^ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98636&p=0
  297. ^ "Union civile, Green, marriage, Liberate « Guernsey Press". guernseypress.com. 
  298. ^ "Guernsey votes to legalise same-sex marriage". Gay Times Magazine. 
  299. ^ "Guernsey law change allows same-sex couples to adopt". BBC News. 
  300. ^ a b "The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004". Guernsey Legal Resources. Retrieved 31 May 2014. 
  301. ^ "Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161". guernseylegalresources.gg. 
  302. ^ "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010". irishstatutebook.ie. 
  303. ^ Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015
  304. ^ "Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referendum". The Irish Times. 21 January 2015. 
  305. ^ "FAQs". The Adoption Authority of Ireland. 
  306. ^ http://rainbow-europe.org/#8639/0/0
  307. ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/change-sought-to-anomaly-in-adoption-law-1.1848049
  308. ^ Oireachtas Children and Family Relationships Act 2015
  309. ^ "Employment Equality Act, 1998". Irishstatutebook.ie. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 11 July 2010. 
  310. ^ "Equal Status Act, 2000". Irishstatutebook.ie. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2010. 
  311. ^ "Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989". irishstatutebook.ie. 
  312. ^ http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-transgender-recognition-bill-2218956-Jul2015/
  313. ^ "Civil Partnership Act 2011" (PDF). legislation.gov.im. 
  314. ^ "Same-sex Manx marriages can go ahead after Royal Assent". BBC. 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016. 
  315. ^ EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006
  316. ^ "GENDER RECOGNITION ACT 2009" (PDF). legislation.gov.im. 
  317. ^ "Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents". PinkNews. 
  318. ^ "Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012" (PDF). jerseylaw.je. 
  319. ^ Equal Marriage and Partnership Options Paper Report
  320. ^ http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf
  321. ^ GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010
  322. ^ (French) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats
  323. ^ Same-sex marriages from January 1
  324. ^ Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015
  325. ^ http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/a125.pdf
  326. ^ (French) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006
  327. ^ n°207 - Proposition de loi relative au Pacte de vie commune
  328. ^ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF). INED. Retrieved October 27, 2013. 
  329. ^ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch". CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010. 
  330. ^ ttp://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/netherlands.html
  331. ^ (Dutch) Staatsblad Wet van 25 november 2013 tot wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met het juridisch ouderschap van de vrouwelijke partner van de moeder anders dan door adoptie
  332. ^ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
  333. ^ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
  334. ^ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". legislation.gov.uk. 
  335. ^ "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014. 
  336. ^ "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014. 
  337. ^ Thomas, Ellen (20 September 2009). "New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children". The Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2009. 
  338. ^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/united-kingdom.html
  339. ^ legislation.gov.uk Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008: Cases in which woman to be other parent
  340. ^ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)

External links[edit]

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