List of Cubans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of notable and well-known Cubans, ordered alphabetically by first name within each category.
Contents
Additional lists
For Cuban-Americans please see List of Cuban Americans
Art and entertainment
Actors
- Ana Margarita Martínez-Casado, actress and singer
- Andy García, actor
- César Évora, actor
- Daisy Fuentes, actress
- Desi Arnaz, actor
- Emiliano Díez, actor
- Enrique Molina, actor
- Faizon Love, actor and comedian
- Francisco Gattorno, actor
- Julio Oscar Mechoso, actor
- Luis Oquendo, actor
- Manela Bustamante, actress
- María Conchita Alonso, actress
- Mario Cimarro, actor
- Mario Ernesto Sánchez, actor and founder of Teatro Avante
- Renny Arozarena, actor
- Steven Bauer, actor
- Velia Martínez, actress and singer
- William Levy, actor
Artists, photographers and fashion designers
Main article: List of Cuban artists
Further information: List of Cuban painters
- Agustín Cárdenas, sculptor
- Alberto Korda, photographer
- Alexandre Arrechea, painter, sculptor
- Amelia Peláez, painter
- Carlos Enríquez, painter
- Fidelio Ponce de León, painter
- Humberto Jesús Castro García, painter
- José Bernal, painter
- José Vilalta Saavedra, sculptor
- Josignacio Painter, creator of plastic paint medium, contemporary painter.
- Juan José Sicre, sculptor
- Juan T. Vázquez Martín, painter
- Luis Castaneda, photographer
- Mario Perez, painter
- Pedro Álvarez Castelló, painter
- Raúl Corrales, photographer
- Raúl Martínez, pop artist, painter
- Rene Mederos, poster artist and graphic designer
- René Portocarrero, painter
- Tomas Sanchez, painter
- Victor Manuel, painter
- Waldo Diaz-Balart, painter
- Wifredo Lam, painter
Authors and poets
Main article: List of Cuban writers
Further information: Cuban literature
- Antonio Benitez-Rojo author
- Daína Chaviano, author
- Carilda Oliver Labra, poet
- Dulce María Loynaz, author
- Edmundo Desnoes, author
- Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, author, poet
- Gilda Antonia Guillen, writer, poet, political activist
- Guillermo Cabrera Infante, author
- Heberto Padilla, poet
- Héctor Zumbado, writer, journalist, humorist, critic
- José Ignacio Rivero, author and journalist
- Antonio Rodríguez Salvador, poet, author
- José Lezama Lima, author, poet
- José María Heredia y Campuzano, poet
- José Martí, author, poet, journalist
- Julián del Casal, 19th-century poet
- Leonardo Padura Fuentes, novelist, journalist
- Mariano Brull, author
- Nancy Morejón, author
- José Gómez-Sicre, art critic and author
- Nicolás Guillén, poet
- Norberto Fuentes, author
- Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, author, poet, painter
- Pedro Luis Boitel, poet
- Raúl Rivero, poet and journalist
- Reinaldo Arenas, author
- Severo Sarduy, poet
- Virgilio Piñera, author, playwright, poet, short-story writer and essayist
- Zoé Valdés, author
Composers
- Alejandro García Caturla, symphonic composer
- Mariá Álvarez Rios, composer
- Antonio María Romeu, composer
- Arsenio Rodríguez developer of the rumba
- Didier Hernández, singer composer
- Ernesto Lecuona, often regarded as the greatest Cuban composer
- Esteban Salas y Castro, 18th century Cuban baroque composer
- Gonzalo Roig, often regarded as one of the greatest composers of Cuba, "Quiere me mucho"/ Cecilia Valdez
- Ignacio Cervantes, Chopinesque piano composer
- José White Lafitte, violinist and composer
- Leo Brouwer, guitarist and composer
- Yalil Guerra, composer
- Amadeo Roldán, composer and violinist
- Dámaso Pérez Prado, developer of the mambo
- Armando Rodriguez-Gonzalez, composer
- Antonio Rodríguez Ferrer, composer
- René Touzet, composer, bandleader and pianist
- Armando Rodriguez Ruidiaz, composer
- Flores Chaviano, guitarist and composer
- Danilo Avilés, composer
- Magaly Ruiz,composer
- José Ardévol, composer
- Harold Gramatges, composer
- Carlos Fariñas, composer
- Roberto Valera, composer
- Julián Orbón, composer
Musicians
- Aida Diestro, pianist, arranger
- Albita, singer
- Alfredo de la Fé, musician
- Adalberto Álvarez, pianist, director, composer
- Ana Cristina, singer, actress, composer
- Ángel Reyes, violinist
- AJ McLean, singer, member of American boyband The Backstreet Boys
- Armando Peraza, percussionist
- Arturo Sandoval, trumpeter
- Arsenio Rodríguez, composer
- Benny Moré, singer, songwriter, conductor, arranger
- Bola de Nieve, singer, pianist
- Cándido Fabré, musician, songwriter, singer
- Carlos Manuel Pruneda, singer
- Carlos Varela, singer, songwriter
- Celia Cruz, singer
- Celina González, singer-songwriter
- Cesar "Pupy" Pedroso, pianist, musician
- Christina Milian, singer
- Chucho Valdés, pianist, bandleader, composer, arranger.
- Compay Segundo, musician, songwriter
- Conchita Espinosa, pianist, teacher
- Cuban Link, rapper
- Cubanito 20.02, hip-hop band
- Dave Lombardo, drummer
- David Calzado, musician
- Didier Hernández, singer, songwriter
- Don Dinero, rapper
- Elena Burke, singer
- El Medico, timba musician
- Eliades Ochoa, guitarist and singer
- Emilio Estefan producer, composer
- Ernesto Lecuona, pianist, composer
- Esther Borja, singer
- Eusebio Delfín, singer
- Francisco Aguabella, percussionist
- German Nogueira Gomez, songwriter, composer, producer
- Gloria Estefan, singer, composer
- Gonzalo Rubalcaba, pianist
- Guillermo Portabales, singer, songwriter
- Guillermo Rubalcaba, musician
- Horacio Gutiérrez, concert pianist
- Hubert de Blanck, pianist, composer
- Ignacio Piñeiro, composer
- Ibrahim Ferrer, musician
- Issac Delgado, singer
- Jacobo Rubalcaba, musician
- Jorge Bolet, concert pianist
- Juan Croucier, bassist
- Juan Formell, composer
- Juan de Marcos González, musician
- La Lupe, singer
- Lena, singer
- Lissette, singer
- Malena Burke, singer
- Manuel Barrueco, classical guitarist
- María Teresa Vera, composer, guitarist, singer
- Mayra Verónica, singer
- Miguel Matamoros, singer, composer
- Moisés Valle, musician
- Moisés Simons, composer
- Mongo Santamaría, jazz musician
- Moraima Secada, singer
- Nelson Martinez, baritone
- Ñico Saquito, composer, singer
- Olga Guillot, singer
- Omara Portuondo, singer
- Orlando "Cachaito" López, bassist
- Pablo Milanés, singer, songwriter
- Pío Leyva, singer
- Pitbull, rapper
- Raul Paz, singer
- Rey Ruiz, singer
- Rita Montaner, singer
- Roberto Faz, singer, conductor
- Rubén González, pianist
- Rudy Sarzo, rock bassist
- Sen Dog, rapper
- Silvio Rodríguez, singer, songwriter
- Tico Torres, drummer, percussionist
- Willy Chirino, singer, songwriter
- Voltaire (musician), musician
- Xavier Cugat, musician
- Yalil Guerra, producer, musician, composer
- Yotuel Romero, rapper
- Harold Lopez Nussa, jazz pianist
Film directors
Further information: Cinema of Cuba
- Fernando Pérez
- Humberto Padrón
- Jorge Luis Sánchez
- Juan Carlos Cremata
- Juan Padrón
- Miguel Coyula
- Rodrigo García
- Santiago Álvarez
- Tomás Gutiérrez Alea
- Will Vazquez
Journalists
- Calixto Martínez
- German Pinelli
- Héctor Zumbado, writer, journalist, humorist, and critic.
- Nicolás Guillén
- Oscar Espinosa Chepe
- Pablo de la Torriente Brau
- Raúl Rivero
- Rick Sanchez
Dancers
- Alicia Alonso, Prima Ballerina Assoluta, director of the Cuban National Ballet (Ballet Nacional de Cuba)
- Carlos Acosta, dancer
- Sadaise Arencibia, star dancer with the Cuban National Ballet
- Fernando Bujones, dancer
- Jose Manuel Carreño, American Ballet Theatre principal dancer
- Lydia Diaz Cruz, prima ballerina
- Miguel Campaneria, ballet dancer, currently artistic director of the National Ballet Theater of Puerto Rico
- Vida Guerra, video dancer
- Yat-Sen Chang, principal dancer, English National Ballet
Other entertainment
- Alvarez Guedes, comedian and author
- Ana María Polo, television personality and lawyer
- A Pair of Nuts: The Comedy Duo comedians and actors
- Cachita, television personality
- Cristina Saralegui, magazine editor, talk show host (Cristina) and actress
- Vida Guerra, model/actress
- Lili Estefan, television personality and former model
- Mauricio Zeilic, television personality
- Mayra Verónica, model
- Nelson Ascencio, comedian (Madtv)
- Pedro Zamora, AIDS activist, featured on The Real World: San Francisco
- Raúl De Molina, television personality
- Raúl Musibay, Food Network chef and author
- Rosaura Andreu, children's television entertainer
Sport
Baseball
- Adeiny Hechavarria, Miami Marlins
- Adolfo Luque, Cincinnati Reds
- Alex Fernandez, Chicago White Sox, Florida Marlins
- Alex Sánchez
- Ariel Pestano, Cuba national baseball team
- Ariel Prieto, Oakland Athletics
- Aroldis Chapman, Cincinnati Reds
- Aurelio Monteagudo, Kansas City Athletics
- Barbaro Canizares, Atlanta Braves
- Bárbaro Garbey, Detroit Tigers
- Bert Campaneris, Kansas City Athletics
- Brayan Peña, Atlanta Braves
- Cristóbal Torriente, Negro Leagues – Baseball Hall of Fame
- Danys Báez, Baltimore Orioles
- Diego Seguí, Kansas City Athletics
- Eli Marrero, New York Mets
- Esteban Bellán, first Latin American professional baseball player to play in the United States
- Germán Mesa, trainer for the Cuban national baseball team
- Jack Calvo, Washington Senators
- Jorge Soler, Chicago Cubs
- José Abreu, Chicago White Sox
- José Canseco, Oakland Athletics
- José Cardenal, San Francisco Giants
- José Contreras, Chicago White Sox
- José Fernández, Miami Marlins
- José Iglesias, Detroit Tigers
- José Méndez, Kansas City Monarchs – Baseball Hall of Fame
- José Rodríguez, New York Giants
- José Tartabull, Kansas City Athletics
- Kendrys Morales, Kansas City Royals
- Liván Hernández, Arizona Diamondbacks
- Luis Tiant, Cleveland Indians
- Martín Dihigo, Negro Leagues – Baseball Hall of Fame
- Mike Cuellar, Cincinnati Reds
- Minnie Miñoso, Chicago White Sox
- Octavio "Cookie" Rojas, Cincinnati Reds
- Omar Linares, Pinar del Río Vegueros, Cuban national baseball team
- Orestes Destrade, New York Yankees, ESPN on-air personality
- Orlando Hernández, New York Mets
- Ozzie Canseco, Oakland Athletics
- Pedro Ramos, Washington Senators
- Preston Gómez, Washington Senators
- Rafael Palmeiro, Baltimore Orioles
- Ray Noble, New York Giants
- René Arocha, St. Louis Cardinals
- René Monteagudo, Washington Senators
- Rey Ordóñez, New York Mets
- Roberto "Bobby" Estalella, Washington Senators
- Rolando Arrojo, Tampa Bay Devil Rays
- Sandy Amorós, Brooklyn Dodgers
- Tony Fossas, Texas Rangers
- Tony González, Cincinnati Reds
- Tony Oliva, Minnesota Twins
- Tony Pérez, Cincinnati Reds
- Tony Taylor, Chicago Cubs
- Yuniesky Betancourt, last played for the Milwaukee Brewers
- Yasiel Puig, Los Angeles Dodgers
- Yasmani Grandal, Los Angeles Dodgers
- Yoenis Céspedes, New York Mets
- Zoilo Versalles, Minnesota Twins, first Latin American Major League MVP in 1965.
- Alexei Ramírez, Chicago White Sox
- Yunel Escobar, Washington Nationals
Boxing
- Adolfo Horta, Featherweight Olympic boxer
- Ariel Hernández, Middleweight Olympic boxer
- Armando Martínez, light middle-weight olympic boxer
- Benny Paret, boxer
- Eliseo Castillo, boxer
- Félix Savón, olympic boxer
- Florentino Fernández, boxer
- Guillermo Rigondeaux Ortiz, amateur boxer
- Joel Casamayor, boxer
- Jorge Rubio, boxing trainer
- José Nápoles, boxer
- Kid Charol, boxer
- Kid Chocolate, boxer
- Kid Gavilan, boxer
- Lorenzo Aragon Armenteros olympic welterweight boxer
- Luis Manuel Rodríguez, boxer
- Mario César Kindelán Mesa, Olympic gold medal winning boxer
- Raúl González, boxer
- Roberto Balado, Olympic Super Heavyweight boxer
- Sugar Ramos, world champion boxer
- Teófilo Stevenson, amateur boxer
- Yan Bartelemí Light Flyweight gold medal winning boxer
- Yanqui Díaz, boxer
- Yudel Johnson Cedeno Light-Welterweight Olympic Boxer
- Yuriorkis Gamboa Flyweight olympic gold medal winning boxer
Athletes
- Alberto Juantorena, track
- Aliecer Urrutia, triple jump
- Ana Fidelia Quirot 800m
- Anier García, hurdler
- Dayron Robles, hurdling athlete
- Emeterio González, javelin thrower.
- Héctor Herrera, sprinter
- Ioamnet Quintero, high jumper
- Iván García, sprinter
- Iván Pedroso, long jump
- Javier Sotomayor, track and field record setter
- Joel Isasi, sprinter
- Joel Lamela, sprinter
- Jorge Aguilera, sprinter
- Lázaro Martínez, sprinter
- Luis Alberto Pérez-Rionda, sprinter
- Osleidys Menéndez, javelin
- Roberto Hernández (athlete)
- Roberto Moya, discus throw
- Víctor Moya, high jumper
- Yargelis Savigne, jump
- Yipsi Moreno, hammer thrower
- Yoandri Betanzos, triple jump
- Yoel García, triple jumper
- Yoel Hernández hurdler
- Yudelkis Fernández long jumper.
- Yunaika Crawford, hammer thrower
- Yuniel Hernández, hurdler
Swimming
- Joel Armas, record holder in the US in monofin swimming
- Neisser Bent, bronze medalist at the 1996 Summer Olympics
- Rodolfo Falcón, silver medalist at the 1996 Summer Olympics
- Leonel "Bebito" Smith, gold medalist in the 1926 and 1930 Central American and Caribbean Games
Other
- Deborah Andollo, Holds world-records in Free Diving.
- Alberto Delgado, soccer
- Ivan Dominguez, two time gold medalist in the Pan American Games and Cuban national champion in cycling
- José Raúl Capablanca, chess world champion, grandmaster considered "the Mozart of Chess"
- Héctor Socorro, footballer
- Ibrahim Rojas, flatwater canoer
- Juan Corzo, chess
- Juan Tuñas, former Cuban footballer
- Lázaro Bruzón, chess grandmaster
- Rafael A. Lecuona, gymnast
- Rey Ángel Martínez, soccer
- Tomás Fernández, footballer in the 1938 world cup
- Yanelis Yuliet Labrada Diaz, Olympic silver medallist in Taekwondo
- Maykel Galindo, soccer
- Jorge Sánchez Salgado, volleyball player
Politics
Current
- Abelardo Colomé Ibarra vice president of the Council of State of Cuba
- Alfonso Fraga-Perez, diplomat, Secretary General of the Organization of Solidarity of the People of Asia, Africa & Latin America (OSPAAAL), former Head of Cuban Interests Section
- Carlos Lage Dávila former executive Secretary of the Council of Ministers of Cuba
- Felipe Pérez Roque former Cuban government minister
- Fidel Castro, previous Cuban President
- José Luis Rodríguez García Cuban government minister
- José Ramón Balaguer Cabrera, current Minister for Health in Cuba
- Juan Almeida Bosque third ranking member of the Cuban Council of State
- Luis Posada Carriles Cuban paramilitary leader, accused terrorist
- Mariela Castro, director of the Cuban National Center for Sex Education and daughter of Raúl Castro
- Oscar Elías Biscet, physician and dissident and founder of the Lawton Foundation, currently jailed.
- Oswaldo Payá, Founder of Proyecto Varela.
- Raúl Castro, current President of the Council of State of Cuba
- Liaena Hernandez Martínez, youngest member of the Cuban National Assembly
- Roberto Fernández Retamar President of the Casa de las Américas
- Ricardo Alarcón de Quesada President of the Cuban National Assembly
- Rosa Elena Simeón Negrín former Minister of Science, Technology and the Environment.
Historical
- Abel Santamaría, Cuban Revolutionary
- Alcibiades Hidalgo, former ambassador to the UN
- Ana Betancourt, first to campaign for equal rights for Cuban women, in 1868 during the Ten Years' War
- Andrés Rivero Agüero, Cuba's prime minister from March 1957 to March 1958
- Anselmo Alliegro, Acting President of Cuba for one day (1–2 January 1959) after the departure of General Fulgencio Batista from the country.
- Antonio Guiteras, politician and revolutionary
- Antonio Maceo, revolutionary, military strategist
- Armando Hart Dávalos, politician and Communist leader
- Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban Revolutionary
- Carlos Hevia, provisional president of Cuba 1934
- Carlos Manuel Piedra, Acting President of Cuba for one day (2 January 1959) after the departure of General Fulgencio Batista from the country
- Carlos Prio Socarras, former President of Cuba
- Celia Sánchez, Cuban Revolutionary and Secretary to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers
- Cosme Torres Espinoza. ambassador to Zimbabwe
- Eduardo Chibás, Cuban politician who used radio to broadcast his political views against Batista's government to the public
- Federico Laredo Brú, President of Cuba from 1936 to 1940
- Fernando Tarrida del Mármol, Cuban anarchist
- Fabio Grobart, Communist leader
- Fulgencio Batista, former Cuban President
- Frank País, 20th century revolutionary
- Gerardo Machado, Cuban president 1920–33
- Gustavo Arcos, Cuban Revolutionary later became an imprisoned dissident
- Huber Matos, Cuban Revolutionary
- Ignacio Agramonte, 19th century Cuban revolutionary
- Jorge Mas Canosa, Founder of the Cuban American National Foundation
- José Miró Cardona, President of Cuba in 1959
- José Martí, poet, philosopher, politician, writer, revolutionary
- Juan Carlos Robinson Agramonte, former member of the Cuban politburo and First Secretary of the Provincial Committee of the Cuban Communist Party in Santiago de Cuba
- Julio Antonio Mella founder of the original Cuban Communist Party
- Manuel Piñeiro, First head of the Cuban General Intelligence Directorate
- Manuel Urrutia Lleó, provisional Cuban President January to July 1959
- Miguel Mariano Gómez, President of Cuba for seven months in 1936
- Paul Lafargue, Cuban-born French Communist and son-in-law to Karl Marx
- Rafael Diaz-Balart, Cuban politician and majority leader during presidency of Batista
- Ramón Grau, Cuban president for two terms 1933, 1940–44
- Saturnino and Mariano Lora, brothers and 19th century revolutionaries
- Vilma Espín Guillois, President of the Cuban Federation of Women, wife of Raúl Castro
- Virgilio Paz Romero, anti-Castro paramilitary
Religion
- Alfredo Llaguno-Canals, former Auxiliary Bishop of Havana
- Miguel A. De La Torre, prolific author on Hispanic religiosity
- Agustin Roman, retired Auxiliary Bishop of Miami
- Braulio Orue-Vivanco, former Bishop of Pinar del Río
- Eduardo Tomas Boza-Masvidal, former Auxiliary Bishop of Havana
- Félix Varela, beatified priest, candidate for sainthood
- Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cardinal Archbishop of Havana
- Meyer Rosenbaum, former Rabbi and spiritual leader in Havana
Royalty and nobility
- Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
- Edelmira Ignacia Adriana Sampedro-Robato, Countess of Covadonga, first wife of Alfonso Prince of Asturias
- Marta Ester Rocafort-Altazarra, second wife of Alfonso Prince of Asturias
Military
- Adolfo Fernández Cavada, Captain in the Union Army during the American Civil War who later served as Commander-in-Chief of the Cinco Villas during Cuba's Ten Year War
- Alberto Bayo y Giroud, a Cuban military leader of the defeated left-wing Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War
- Antonio Maceo Grajales, Second-in-command of the Cuban army of independence
- Arnaldo Ochoa, Cuban General
- Calixto García, Cuban soldier in the Ten Years' War
- Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Cuban General in the war of independence against the Spanish
- Emilio Mola Vidal (June 9, 1887 – June 3, 1937) was a Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). He is best known for coining the phrase "fifth column."
- Federico Fernández Cavada, Colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War and later Commander-in-Chief of all the Cuban forces during Cuba's Ten Year War.
- Jesús Sosa Blanco, captain in the Cuban army under Fulgencio Batista
- José Braulio Alemán, Cuban general in the Spanish–American War
- José Miguel Gómez, Cuban General in the war of independence against the Spanish
- Julius Peter Garesché, Lieutenant Colonel in the Union Army who served as Chief of Staff, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel to Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans
- Loreta Janeta Velazquez, a.k.a. "Lieutenant Harry Buford", Velazquez was a Cuban born woman who masqueraded as a male Confederate soldier during the Civil War
- Manuel Artime, leader of the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961
- Máximo Gómez, 19th century leader of Cuban forces in the wars of independence
- Pedro Luis Diaz Lanz, Chief Air Force Commander and member of Operation 40
- Víctor Dreke, Communist leader and a General in the Revolutionary Armed Forces
- Tomás Diez Acosta, revolutionary soldier and historian
Science
- Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez, First Cuban cosmonaut and the first person from a country in the Western Hemisphere other than the U.S. to travel to space
- Carlos Juan Finlay, epidemiologist, proposed the mode of transmission of yellow fever and was instrumental in assisting Walter Reed with his studies in Cuba
- Celia Hart, Cuban physicist
- Felipe Poey, zoologist
- Hilda Molina, former chief neuro-surgeon in Cuba.
- Luis Alvarez, winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physics, worked on the Manhattan Project
- Juan Gundlach, 19th century naturalist and taxonomist.
Other categories
- Sebastian Arcos Bergnes Human rights activist
- Ramón Castro, older brother of Fidel and Raúl Castro
- Mirta Diaz-Balart, Fidel Castro's first wife
- Delfín Fernández, High ranking in government, defected to Spain
- Gregorio Fuentes, Cuban nautical captain
- Elián González, boy who came to the US, leading to a custody battle between his American family and his father in Cuba
- Jose Miguel Battle, Sr. Former Godfather of the Cuban Mafia
- Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven Judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice at the Hague
- Dr. Eduardo J. Padrón, educator and college president
- Ignacio José Urrutia, Historian born in 1730
- Nitza Villapol, Cuban chef
Non-resident Cubans
- List of Cuban-Americans
- List of Cuban-Mexicans
- Dane Bowers
- Guillermo Cabrera Infante
- Yat-Sen Chang
- Sienna Guillory
- William Montagu (Yznaga)[1]
- Consuelo Yznaga[2]
- Taismary Agüero
- Mirka Francia
- Libania Grenot
- Magdelín Martínez
- Alex Cabrera
- Majandra Delfino
- Marieh Delfino
- Viviana Gibelli
- Arturo Miranda
- Eduardo Sebrango
- Bárbara Bermudo
- Mike Lowell
- Carlos Ponce
- Rita Marley
- Ziggy Marley
- Lenny Martinez
- Mariane Pearl
- Oscar Isaac
References
- ^ "The Peerage". Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ^ "LORD MANDEVILLE'S WEDDING.;". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 July 2015., Retrieved 5 December 2012.