Duke University

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Duke University
Duke University Crest.svg
Latin: Universitas Dukiana[1]
Former names
  • Brown School (1838–1841)
  • Union Institute (1841–1851)
  • Normal College (1851–1859)
  • Trinity College (1859–1924)
Motto Eruditio et Religio (Latin)[2]
Motto in English
Knowledge and Faith[3]
Type Private
Established 1838
Affiliation Nonsectarian/Independent
(Historic ties with the United Methodist Church)[4]
Endowment $6.840 billion (2016)[5] (The university is also the primary beneficiary (32%) of the independent $3.4 billion Duke Endowment)[6]
Budget $4.5 billion (in fiscal year 2013)[7]
President Richard H. Brodhead
Academic staff
3,522 (Fall 2016)[6]
Administrative staff
  • 8,435 Campus Employees
  • 37,142 Total University & Health System Employees (as of July 2015) [6]
Students 14,832 (Fall 2016)[6]
Undergraduates 6,449 (Fall 2016)[6]
Postgraduates 8,383 (Fall 2016)[6]
Location Durham, North Carolina, U.S.
36°0′4″N 78°56′20″W / 36.00111°N 78.93889°W / 36.00111; -78.93889Coordinates: 36°0′4″N 78°56′20″W / 36.00111°N 78.93889°W / 36.00111; -78.93889
Campus
[6]
Colors Duke blue, white[8]
Athletics NCAA Division I FBSACC
Sports 26 varsity teams
Nickname Blue Devils
Affiliations
Website www.duke.edu
Duke University Logo.svg

Duke University is a private research university located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892.[9] In 1924, tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment, at which time the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father, Washington Duke.

Duke's campus spans over 8,600 acres (3,500 hectares) on three contiguous campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort. The main campus—designed largely by architect Julian Abele—incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot (64-meter) Duke Chapel at the campus' center and highest point of elevation. The first-year-populated East Campus contains Georgian-style architecture, while the main Gothic-style West Campus 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) away is adjacent to the Medical Center. Duke is the seventh-wealthiest private university in America with $11.4 billion in cash and investments in fiscal year 2014.[10]

Duke's research expenditures in the 2015 fiscal year were $1.037 billion, the seventh largest in the nation.[11] In 2014, Thomson Reuters named 32 of Duke's professors to its list of Highly Cited Researchers, making it fourth globally in terms of primary affiliations.[12] Duke also ranks fifth among national universities to have produced Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Goldwater, and Udall Scholars.[13] Ten Nobel laureates and three Turing Award winners are affiliated with the university. Duke's sports teams compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference and the basketball team is renowned for having won five NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championships, most recently in 2015.

Duke is consistently included among the best universities in the world by numerous university rankings,[14][15][16] and among the most innovative, according to a Reuters' survey.[17] According to a Forbes study, Duke is ranked 11th among universities that have produced billionaires.[18][19] In a New York Times corporate study, Duke's graduates were shown to be among the most sought-after and valued in the world,[20] and Forbes magazine ranked Duke seventh in the world on its list of 'power factories' in 2012.[21]

History[edit]

Beginnings[edit]

Early 20th century black-and-white photo of three-story building
One of the first buildings on the original Durham campus (East Campus), the Washington Duke Building ("Old Main"), was destroyed by a fire in 1911.

Duke started in 1838 as Brown's Schoolhouse, a private subscription school founded in Randolph County in the present-day town of Trinity.[22] Organized by the Union Institute Society, a group of Methodists and Quakers, Brown's Schoolhouse became the Union Institute Academy in 1841 when North Carolina issued a charter. The academy was renamed Normal College in 1851 and then Trinity College in 1859 because of support from the Methodist Church.[22] In 1892, Trinity College moved to Durham, largely due to generosity from Julian S. Carr and Washington Duke, powerful and respected Methodists who had grown wealthy through the tobacco and electrical industries.[9] Carr donated land in 1892 for the original Durham campus, which is now known as East Campus. At the same time, Washington Duke gave the school $85,000 for an initial endowment and construction costs—later augmenting his generosity with three separate $100,000 contributions in 1896, 1899, and 1900—with the stipulation that the college "open its doors to women, placing them on an equal footing with men."[23]

In 1924 Washington Duke's son, James B. Duke, established The Duke Endowment with a $40 million trust fund. Income from the fund was to be distributed to hospitals, orphanages, the Methodist Church, and four colleges (including Trinity College). William Preston Few, the president of Trinity at the time, insisted that the institution be renamed Duke University to honor the family's generosity and to distinguish it from the myriad other colleges and universities carrying the "Trinity" name. At first, James B. Duke thought the name change would come off as self-serving, but eventually he accepted Few's proposal as a memorial to his father.[9] Money from the endowment allowed the University to grow quickly. Duke's original campus, East Campus, was rebuilt from 1925 to 1927 with Georgian-style buildings. By 1930, the majority of the Collegiate Gothic-style buildings on the campus one mile (1.6 km) west were completed, and construction on West Campus culminated with the completion of Duke Chapel in 1935.[24]

Statue of James B. Duke in foreground with Duke Chapel behind
James B. Duke established the Duke Endowment, which provides funds to numerous institutions, including Duke University.

In 1878, Trinity (in Randolph County) awarded A.B. degrees to three sisters—Mary, Persis, and Theresa Giles—who had studied both with private tutors and in classes with men. With the relocation of the college in 1892, the Board of Trustees voted to again allow women to be formally admitted to classes as day students. At the time of Washington Duke's donation in 1896, which carried the requirement that women be placed "on an equal footing with men" at the college, four women were enrolled; three of the four were faculty members' children. In 1903 Washington Duke wrote to the Board of Trustees withdrawing the provision, noting that it had been the only limitation he had ever put on a donation to the college. A woman's residential dormitory was built in 1897 and named the Mary Duke Building, after Washington Duke's daughter. By 1904, fifty-four women were enrolled in the college. In 1930, the Woman's College was established as a coordinate to the men's undergraduate college, which had been established and named Trinity College in 1924.[25]

Expansion and growth[edit]

Engineering, which had been taught since 1903, became a separate school in 1939. In athletics, Duke hosted and competed in the only Rose Bowl ever played outside California in Wallace Wade Stadium in 1942.[26] During World War II, Duke was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.[27] In 1963 the Board of Trustees officially desegregated the undergraduate college.[28] Increased activism on campus during the 1960s prompted Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to speak at the University in November 1964 on the progress of the civil rights movement. Following Douglas Knight's resignation from the office of university president, Terry Sanford, the former governor of North Carolina, was elected president of the university in 1969, propelling the Fuqua School of Business's opening, the William R. Perkins library completion, and the founding of the Institute of Policy Sciences and Public Affairs (now the Sanford School of Public Policy). The separate Woman's College merged back with Trinity as the liberal arts college for both men and women in 1972. Beginning in the 1970s, Duke administrators began a long-term effort to strengthen Duke's reputation both nationally and internationally. Interdisciplinary work was emphasized, as was recruiting minority faculty and students. During this time it also became the birthplace of the first Physician Assistant degree program in the United States.[29][30][31] Duke University Hospital was finished in 1980 and the student union building was fully constructed two years later. In 1986 the men's soccer team captured Duke's first National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship, and the men's basketball team followed shortly thereafter with championships in 1991 and 1992, then again in 2001, 2010, and 2015.

The university's campus spans 8,547 acres (34.59 km2) on three contiguous campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort. Duke's main campus—designed largely by African American architect Julian Abele—incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot (64 m) Duke Chapel at the campus' center and highest point of elevation. The forest environs surrounding parts of the campus belie the University's proximity to downtown Durham. Construction projects have updated both the freshmen-populated Georgian-style East Campus and the main Gothic-style West Campus, as well as the adjacent Medical Center over the past five years.

Recent history[edit]

Photo of Levine Science Research Center on campus of Duke University
The Levine Science Research Center is the largest single-site interdisciplinary research facility of any American university.[32]

Duke's growth and academic focus have contributed to continuing the university's reputation as an academic and research powerhouse.[33]

In summer 2014, Duke Kunshan University (DKU) opened in Kunshan, China. DKU blends liberal education with Chinese tradition in a new approach to elite higher education in China. The DKU will conduct research projects on climate change, health-care policy and tuberculosis prevention and control.[34]

In August 2005, Duke established a partnership with the National University of Singapore to develop a joint medical program, which had its first entering class in 2007.[35]

The university is part way through Duke Forward, a seven-year fundraising campaign that aims to raise $3.25 billion by June 30, 2017, to enrich the student experience in and out of the classroom, invest in faculty and support research and initiatives. Every dollar donated to Duke's ten schools and units, Duke Medicine or university programs and initiatives counts toward the campaign's goal.[36]

Among academic achievements at Duke, three students were named Rhodes Scholars in both 2002 and 2006, a number surpassed only by Harvard in 2002 and the United States Military Academy in 2006.[37][38] Overall, Duke has produced 45 Rhodes Scholars through 2015, including 24 between 1990 and 2015.

Also, the first working demonstration of an invisibility cloak was unveiled by Duke researchers in October 2006.[39] In 2006, three men's lacrosse team members were falsely accused of rape, which garnered significant media attention. On April 11, 2007, North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper dropped all charges and declared the three players innocent. Cooper stated that the charged players were victims of a "tragic rush to accuse."

The university has "historical, formal, on-going, and symbolic ties" with the United Methodist Church, but is a nonsectarian and independent institution.[40][41][42][43]

Campus[edit]

Complete photo of Duke Chapel on a sunny day
Duke Chapel, an icon for the university, can seat nearly 1,600 people and contains a 5,200-pipe organ.

Duke University owns 254 buildings on 8,691 acres (35.17 km2) of land, which includes the 7,044 acres (28.51 km2) Duke Forest.[6] The campus is divided into four main areas: West, East, and Central campuses and the Medical Center, which are all connected via a free bus service. On the Atlantic coast in Beaufort, Duke owns 15 acres (61,000 m2) as part of its marine lab. One of the major public attractions on the main campus is the 55-acre (220,000 m2) Sarah P. Duke Gardens, established in the 1930s.[6]

Duke students often refer to the campus as "the Gothic Wonderland," a nickname referring to the Collegiate Gothic architecture of West Campus.[44][45] Much of the campus was designed by Julian Abele, one of the first prominent African-American architects and the chief designer in the offices of architect Horace Trumbauer.[46] The residential quadrangles are of an early and somewhat unadorned design, while the buildings in the academic quadrangles show influences of the more elaborate late French and Italian styles. The freshmen campus (East Campus) is composed of buildings in the Georgian architecture style. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed Duke among the most beautiful college campuses in the United States.[47]

The stone used for West Campus has seven primary colors and seventeen shades of color.[48] The university supervisor of planning and construction wrote that the stone has "an older, more attractive antique effect" and a "warmer and softer coloring than the Princeton stone" that gave the university an "artistic look."[48] James B. Duke initially suggested the use of stone from a quarry in Princeton, New Jersey, but later amended the plans to purchase a local quarry in Hillsborough to reduce costs.[48] Duke Chapel stands at the center of West Campus on the highest ridge. Constructed from 1930 to 1935, the chapel seats 1,600 people and, at 210 feet (64 m) is one of the tallest buildings in Durham County.[49]

A number of construction projects were in progress during 2015, including renovations to Duke Chapel, Wallace Wade Stadium (football) and Cameron Indoor Stadium (basketball).[50]

In early 2014, the Nicholas School of the Environment opened a new home, Environmental Hall,[51] a five-story, glass-and-concrete building that incorporates the highest sustainable features and technologies, and meets or exceeds the criteria for LEED platinum certification. The School of Nursing in April 2014 opened a new 45,000-square-foot addition to the Christine Siegler Pearson Building.[52] In summer 2014, a number of construction projects were completed or else in full swing, including renovations to the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, housed in Duke's original West Campus library building.[53] The project is part of the final phase of renovations to Duke's West Campus libraries that will transform one of the university's oldest and most recognizable buildings into a state-of-the-art research facility. Renovation work began in late 2012; opening is scheduled for 2015.

In 2013, construction projects included transforming buildings like Gross Hall and Baldwin Auditorium, plus new construction such as the Events Pavilion. About 125,000 square feet was updated at Gross Hall, including new lighting and windows and a skylight.[54] Baldwin's upgrades include a larger stage, more efficient air conditioning for performers and audience and enhanced acoustics that will allow for the space to be "tuned" to each individual performance.[55] The 25,000-square-foot Events Pavilion opened to students in 2013 and serves as temporary dining space while the West Campus Union undergoes major renovations, expected to be completed in the spring of 2016. From February 2001 to November 2005, Duke spent $835 million on 34 major construction projects as part of a five-year strategic plan, "Building on Excellence."[56] Completed projects since 2002 include major additions to the business, law, nursing, and divinity schools, a new library, the Nasher Museum of Art, a football training facility, two residential buildings, an engineering complex, a public policy building, an eye institute, two genetic research buildings, a student plaza, the French Family Science Center, and two new medical-research buildings.[57]

In early 2012, the Duke Cancer Center opened next to Duke Hospital in Durham.[58] The patient care facility consolidates nearly all of Duke's outpatient clinical care services.

A building's Gothic-style exterior and grass lawn in foreground
The Gothic Reading Room of Perkins Library

West, East, and Central Campuses[edit]

West Campus, considered the main campus of the University, houses the majority of the sophomores, along with some juniors and seniors.[59] Most of the academic and administrative centers are located there. Main West Campus, with Duke Chapel at its center, contains the majority of residential quads to the south, while the main academic quad, library, and Medical Center are to the north. The campus, spanning 720 acres (2.9 km2), includes Science Drive, which is the location of science and engineering buildings. The residential quads on West Campus are Craven Quad, Crowell Quad, Edens Quad, Few Quad, Keohane Quad, Kilgo Quad, and Wannamaker Quad.[60] Most of the campus eateries and sports facilities—including the historic basketball stadium, Cameron Indoor Stadium—are on West Campus.[61]

Panoramic photo of a row of three-story Gothic style building exteriors
The main West Campus is dominated by Neo-Gothic architecture. Shown here are typical residence halls.

East Campus, the original location of Duke after it moved to Durham,[62] functions as a first-year campus, housing the university's freshman dormitories as well as the home of several academic departments. Since the 1995–96 academic year, all freshmen—and only freshmen, except for upperclassmen serving as Resident Assistants—have lived on East Campus, an effort to build class unity. The campus encompasses 97 acres (390,000 m2) and is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from West Campus.[6] The Art History, History, Cultural Anthropology, Literature, Music, Philosophy, and Women's Studies Departments are housed on East.[62] Programs such as dance, drama, education, film, and the University Writing Program reside on East. The self-sufficient East Campus contains the freshman residence halls, a dining hall, coffee shop, post office, Lilly Library, Baldwin Auditorium, a theater, Brodie Gym, tennis courts, several disc golf baskets, and a walking track as well as several academic buildings.[62] The East Campus dorms are Alspaugh, Basset, Bell Tower, Blackwell, Brown, East House (formerly known as Aycock), Epworth, Gilbert-Addoms, Giles, Jarvis, Pegram, Randolph, Southgate, and Wilson.[63] Separated from downtown by a short walk, the area was the site of the Women's College from 1930 to 1972.[62]

Panoramic photo of Georgian style buildings lining a grass lawn with a domed auditorium in the background
East Campus, home to all Duke freshmen, features Georgian style architecture. Baldwin Auditorium can be seen on the right side.

Central Campus, consisting of 122 acres (0.49 km2) between East and West campuses, houses around 1,000 sophomores, juniors, and seniors, as well as around 200 professional students in double or quadruple apartments.[64] There are 26 specific houses, accommodating 22 selective living groups (sororities and fraternities), 3 independent houses and 1 administrative house.[64] Central Campus is home to the Nasher Museum of Art, the Freeman Center for Jewish Life, the Center for Muslim Life, the Duke Police Department, the Duke Office of Disability Management, a Ronald McDonald House, and administrative departments such as Duke Residence Life and Housing Services. Central Campus has several recreation and social facilities such as basketball courts, a sand volleyball court, a turf field, barbecue grills and picnic shelters, a general gathering building called "Devil's Den", a restaurant known as "Devil's Bistro", a convenience store called Uncle Harry's, and the Mill Village. The Mill Village consists of a gym and group study rooms.[64][65]

Since 2005, there has been a long-term plan in place to restructure Central Campus over the subsequent 20 to 50 years.[66] The idea is to develop an "academic village" as a key center for the Duke community.[67] This academic village will provide living arrangements for undergraduate, graduate, and professional students and some faculty, plus dining, recreation, and academic support spaces while serving as a living laboratory for sustainability.[66][68]

Key places[edit]

A Lilly pond and stoned walkway with various trees in the background
The Sarah P. Duke Gardens attract more than 300,000 visitors each year.

Duke Forest, established in 1931, consists of 7,044 acres (28.51 km2) in six divisions, just west of West Campus.[6] The largest private research forest in North Carolina and one of the largest in the nation,[69] the Duke Forest demonstrates a variety of forest stand types and silvicultural treatments. Duke Forest is used extensively for research and includes the Aquatic Research Facility, Forest Carbon Transfer and Storage (FACTS-I) research facility, two permanent towers suitable for micrometerological studies, and other areas designated for animal behavior and ecosystem study.[70] More than 30 miles (48 km) of trails are open to the public for hiking, cycling, and horseback riding.[71]

The Duke Lemur Center, located inside the Duke Forest, is the world's largest sanctuary for rare and endangered strepsirrhine primates.[72] Founded in 1966, the Duke Lemur Center spans 85 acres (34 ha) and contains nearly 300 animals of 25 different species of lemurs, galagos and lorises.[73]

Gothic-style four story exterior of a building with castle-like turrets
Entrance to the Medical Center from West Campus

The Sarah P. Duke Gardens, established in the early 1930s, is situated between West Campus and the apartments of Central Campus. The gardens occupy 55 acres (22 ha), divided into four major sections:[74] the original Terraces and their surroundings; the H.L. Blomquist Garden of Native Plants, devoted to flora of the Southeastern United States; the W.L. Culberson Asiatic Arboretum, housing plants of Eastern Asia, as well as disjunct species found in Eastern Asia and Eastern North America; and the Doris Duke Center Gardens. There are five miles (8 km) of allées and paths throughout the gardens.[74]

Duke University Medical Center, bordering Duke's West Campus northern boundary, combines one of the top-rated hospitals[75] and one of the top-ranked medical schools[76] in the U.S. Founded in 1930, the Medical Center occupies 8 million square feet (700,000 m²) in 99 buildings on 210 acres (85 ha).[77]

The Orrin Pilkey research laboratory at the Duke University Marine Lab in Beaufort, NC.

Duke University Marine Laboratory, located in the town of Beaufort, North Carolina, is also technically part of Duke's campus. The marine lab is situated on Pivers Island on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, 150 yards (140 m) across the channel from Beaufort. Duke's interest in the area began in the early 1930s and the first buildings were erected in 1938.[78] The resident faculty represent the disciplines of oceanography, marine biology, marine biomedicine, marine biotechnology, and coastal marine policy and management. The Marine Laboratory is a member of the National Association of Marine Laboratories.[78] In May 2014, the newly built Orrin H. Pilkey Marine Research Laboratory was dedicated.[79]

Administration and organization[edit]

School founding
School
Year founded
Trinity College of Arts and Sciences
1838
Duke University School of Law
1868
Graduate School of Duke University
1926
Duke Divinity School
1926
Duke University School of Medicine
1930
Duke University School of Nursing
1931
Nicholas School of the Environment
1938
Pratt School of Engineering
1939
Fuqua School of Business
1969
Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School
2007
Sanford School of Public Policy
2009
Duke Kunshan University
2012

Duke University has 12 schools and institutes, two of which are for undergraduates: Trinity College of Arts and Sciences and Pratt School of Engineering.[6]

Duke's endowment had a market value of $7.0 billion in the fiscal year that ended June 30, 2014.[6] The University's special academic facilities include an art museum, several language labs, the Duke Forest, the Duke Herbarium, a lemur center, a phytotron, a free electron laser, a nuclear magnetic resonance machine, a nuclear lab, and a marine lab. Duke is a leading participant in the National Lambda Rail Network and runs a program for gifted children known as the Talent Identification Program.[80][81]

Four-story tower on left beset by arched walkway in center and pedestrian bridge connecting tower to three-story Gothic building
Entrance to Bostock Library, which opened in the fall of 2005

Academics[edit]

Admissions[edit]

Admission to Duke is defined by U.S. News & World Report as "most selective"; Duke received 32,111 applications for the Class of 2020 and admitted 3,432 (10.7%) of applicants.[82] According to The Huffington Post, Duke was one of the ten toughest universities in the United States to get into based on admissions data from 2010.[83] The yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend) for the Class of 2020 was 50.4%.[82] For the class of 2019, the middle 50% range of SAT scores for the freshmen enrolling in fall 2015 was 670–760 for critical reading, 690–790 for math, and 690–780 for writing, while the ACT Composite range was 31–34.[84]

From 2001 to 2011, Duke has had the sixth highest number of Fulbright, Rhodes, Truman, and Goldwater scholarships in the nation among private universities.[85][86][87][88] The University practices need-blind admissions and meets 100% of admitted students' demonstrated need. About 50 percent of all Duke students receive some form of financial aid, which includes need-based aid, athletic aid, and merit aid. The average need-based grant for the 2015–16 academic year was nearly $45,074.[6] Roughly 60 merit-based scholarships are also offered, including the Angier B. Duke Memorial Scholarship, awarded for academic excellence. Other scholarships are geared toward students in North Carolina, African-American students, and high-achieving students requiring financial aid.[89]

Cathedral-sized arched and intricate windows on chapel are displayed prominently in foreground with larger soaring chapel peaking out at the top
Part of the Divinity School addition, Goodson Chapel

Graduate profile[edit]

In 2009, the School of Medicine received 5,166 applications[90] and accepted approximately 4% of them,[91] while the average GPA and MCAT scores for accepted students from 2002 through 2009 were 3.74 and 34, respectively.[92][93] The School of Law accepted approximately 13% of its applicants for the Class of 2014, while enrolling students had a median GPA of 3.75 and median LSAT of 170.[94]

The University's graduate and professional schools include the Graduate School, the Pratt School of Engineering, the Nicholas School of the Environment, the School of Medicine, the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, the School of Nursing, the Fuqua School of Business, the School of Law, the Divinity School, and the Sanford School of Public Policy.[95]

Undergraduate curriculum[edit]

Gray stone building with large Doric columns and grassy foreground, framed by trees
The West Duke Building on East Campus replaced the destroyed Washington Duke Building.

Duke offers 46 arts and sciences majors, four engineering majors, 52 Minors (including two in engineering) and Program II, which allows students to design their own interdisciplinary major in arts & sciences, and IDEAS, which allows students to design their own engineering major.[96] Twenty-four certificate programs also are available.[96] Students pursue a major, and can pursue a combination of a total of up to three including minors, certificates, and/or a second major. Eighty-five percent of undergraduates enroll in the Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, while the rest are in the Pratt School of Engineering.[97]

Trinity's curriculum operates under the revised version of "Curriculum 2000."[98] It ensures that students are exposed to a variety of "areas of knowledge" and "modes of inquiry." The curriculum aims to help students develop critical faculties and judgment by learning how to access, synthesize, and communicate knowledge effectively. The intent is to assist students in acquiring perspective on current and historical events, conducting research and solving problems, and developing tenacity and a capacity for hard and sustained work.[98] Freshmen can elect to participate in the FOCUS Program, which allows students to engage in an interdisciplinary exploration of a specific topic in a small group setting.[99]

Pratt's curriculum is narrower in scope, but still accommodates double majors in a variety of disciplines. The school emphasizes undergraduate research—opportunities for hands-on experiences arise through internships, fellowship programs, and the structured curriculum. More than 27 percent of Pratt undergraduates study abroad,[100] small compared to about half of Trinity undergraduates, but much larger than the recent national average for engineering students (3.2%).[101][102]

Libraries and museums[edit]

Duke Libraries, one of the nation's top 10 private research library systems, includes the Perkins, Bostock, and Rubenstein Libraries on West Campus, the Lilly and Music Libraries on East Campus, the Pearse Memorial Library at the Duke Marine Lab, and the separately administered libraries serving the schools of business, divinity, law and medicine.

Duke's art collections are housed at the Nasher Museum of Art on Central Campus. The museum was designed by Rafael Viñoly and is named for Duke alumnus and art collector Raymond Nasher. The museum opened in 2005 at a cost of over $23 million and contains over 13,000 works of art, including works by William Cordova, Marlene Dumas, Olafur Eliasson, David Hammons, Barkley L. Hendricks, Christian Marclay, Kerry James Marshall, D Alma Thomas, Hank Willis Thomas, Bob Thompson, Kara Walker, Andy Warhol, Carrie Mae Weems, Ai Weiwei, Fred Wilson and Lynette Yiadom Boakye.[103]

Research[edit]

A four-story brick and stone building alongside pedestrian path
The Fitzpatrick Center is home to many of Duke's engineering programs.

Duke's research expenditures in the 2015 fiscal year were $1.037 billion, the seventh largest in the nation.[11] In the 2013 fiscal year, Duke University Medical Center received $270 million in funding from the National Institutes of Health (exclusive of contracts and Economic Stimulus Program awards).

Duke's faculty is among the most productive in the nation. Throughout the school's history, Duke researchers have made breakthroughs, including the biomedical engineering department's development of the world's first real-time, three-dimensional ultrasound diagnostic system and the first engineered blood vessels and stents.[104] In 2015, Paul Modrich shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 2012, Robert Lefkowitz along with Brian Kobilka, who is also a former affiliate, shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on cell surface receptors.[105] In the mechanical engineering department, Adrian Bejan developed the constructal theory, which explains the shapes that arise in nature. Duke has pioneered studies involving nonlinear dynamics, chaos, and complex systems in physics. In May 2006 Duke researchers mapped the final human chromosome, which made world news as the Human Genome Project was finally complete.[106] Reports of Duke researchers' involvement in new AIDS vaccine research surfaced in June 2006.[107] The biology department combines two historically strong programs in botany and zoology, while one of the divinity school's leading theologians is Stanley Hauerwas, whom Time named "America's Best Theologian" in 2001.[108] The graduate program in literature boasts several internationally renowned figures, including Fredric Jameson,[109] Michael Hardt,[110] and Rey Chow, while philosophers Robert Brandon and Lakatos Award-winner Alexander Rosenberg contribute to Duke's ranking as the nation's best program in philosophy of biology, according to the Philosophical Gourmet Report.[111]

The Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index ranked Duke's faculty first in the nation in the fields of Oncology and Cancer Biology, Biomedical Engineering and, Applied Economics. The Public Policy, Statistics, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Medicine and Molecular Genetics departments (among others) all ranked in the top five. Several other departments including Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Nursing ranked in the top ten.[112]

Reputation and rankings[edit]

University rankings
National
ARWU[113] 19
Forbes[114] 26
U.S. News & World Report[115] 8
Washington Monthly[116] 11
Global
ARWU[14] 25
QS[15] 24
Times[16] 18
U.S. News & World Report[117] 19
A four-story Gothic building with three entrance archways and historic balconies with evergreen trees at base and stairwells leading to each entrance
Built in 1932, Old Chemistry has scientific symbols carved above the main doorway.

Undergraduate rankings[edit]

In the 2017 U.S. News & World Report ranking of undergraduate programs at doctorate granting institutions in the U.S., Duke was ranked tied for 8th. USA Today ranked Duke 3rd in the United States,[118] while Business Insider ranked the university 7th.[119] In the past twenty years, U.S. News & World Report has placed Duke as high as 3rd and as low as 10th.[120] In 2016, The Wall Street Journal ranked Duke 7th overall out of 1,061 universities and 4th for student "outcome".[121] In 2014, Duke was ranked 1st in the United States for majors in economics and psychology,[122][123] and 10th overall for computer science and engineering.[124] In 2016, The Washington Post ranked Duke 7th overall based on the accumulated weighted average of the rankings from U.S. News & World Report, Washington Monthly, Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education, Times Higher Education (global), Money and Forbes.[125] Duke is also listed in the top five dream college list by Princeton Review.[126]

In 2016/17, Duke was ranked 19th in the world by U.S. News & World Report, 18th in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, 14th in the world by Newsweek,[127] and 24th in the world by the QS World University Rankings. Duke was ranked 25th best globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) in 2016, focusing on quality of scientific research and the number of Nobel Prizes.The university also ranks 22nd in the world on the alternative Academic Ranking of World Universities which excludes Nobel Prize and Fields Medal indicators.[128] The Wall Street Journal ranked Duke sixth (fifth among universities) in its "feeder" rankings in 2006, analyzing the percentage of undergraduates that enroll in what it considers the top five medical, law, and business schools.[129] The 2010 report by the Center for Measuring University Performance puts Duke at 6th in the nation.[33]

The 2011 Global Employability Ranking as published by The New York Times surveyed hundreds of chief executives and chairmen from around the world and asked them to select the best universities from which they recruited. Duke placed 13th in the world and 9th in the country.[130][131] Duke also ranked 18th in the world and 8th in the country on Times Higher Education's global employability ranking in 2015.[132]

In 2013, Duke enrolled 139 National Merit Scholars, the 6th university in rank by number.[133] Duke ranks 5th among national universities to have produced Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Goldwater, and Udall Scholars.[13] As of 2012, Duke graduates have received 25 Churchill Scholarships to the University of Cambridge. Only graduates of Princeton and Harvard have received more Churchill awards.[134] Kiplinger's 50 Best Values in Private Universities 2013–14 ranks Duke at 5th best overall after taking financial aid into consideration.[135]

According to a study by Forbes, Duke ranks 11th among universities that have produced billionaires and 1st among universities in the South.[18][19] A survey by the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education in 2002 ranked Duke as the #1 university in the country in regard to the integration of African American students and faculty.[136] According to a poll of recruiters conducted by The Wall Street Journal, Duke ranks 2nd in terms of producing the best graduates who have received either a marketing or liberal arts degree. In a corporate study carried out by The New York Times, Duke's graduates were shown to be among the most valued in the world,[137] and Forbes magazine ranked Duke 7th in the world on its list of 'power factories' in 2012.[138] Duke was ranked 17th on Thomson Reuters' list of the world's most innovative universities in 2015. The ranking graded universities based on patent volume and research output among other factors.[139] In 2015, NPR ranked Duke first on its list of "schools that make financial sense".[140] Time Magazine ranked Duke third on its list of the "Best 50 Colleges for African Americans". The ranking was based on representation, affordability and post-graduate earnings.[141] In 2016, Forbes ranked Duke sixth on its list of "Expensive Schools Worth Every Penny".[142] Duke also ranked 7th in the U.S. on the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Ranking in 2016.[143]

Graduate school rankings[edit]

In U.S. News & World Report's "America's Best Graduate Schools 2017," Duke's medical school ranked tied for 8th in research[144] and 8th in primary care.[145] The School of Law was ranked 11th in the 2017 rankings by the same publication,[146] with Duke's nursing school ranked tied for 4th[147] while the Sanford School of Public Policy ranked tied for 13th overall for 2017.[148] Among business schools in the United States, the Fuqua School of Business was ranked tied for 12th overall by U.S. News & World Report for 2017, while BusinessWeek ranked its full-time MBA program 1st in the nation in 2014.[149][150] The graduate program for the Pratt School of Engineering was ranked 30th in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings.[151]

Times Higher Education ranked the mathematics department tenth in the world in 2011.[152] Duke's graduate level specialties that are ranked among the top ten in the nation include areas in the following departments: biological sciences, medicine, nursing, engineering, law, business, English, history, physics, statistics, public affairs, physician assistant (ranked #1), clinical psychology, political science, and sociology.[153] In 2007, Duke was ranked 22nd in the world by Wuhan University's Research Center for Chinese Science Evaluation. The ranking was based on journal article publication counts and citation frequencies in over 11,000 academic journals from around the world. A 2012 study conducted by academic analytics ranks Duke fourth in the nation (behind only Harvard, Stanford, and MIT) in terms of faculty productivity.[154] In 2013, Duke Law ranked 6th in Forbes magazine's ranking of law schools whose graduates earn the highest starting salaries.[155] In 2013, Duke's Fuqua School of Business was ranked 6th in terms of graduate starting salaries by U.S. News & World Report. In the same year, a ranking compiled by the University of Texas at Dallas ranked Fuqua 5th in the world based on the research productivity of its faculty. The MEM (Masters in Engineering Management) program has been ranked 3rd in the world by Eduniversal[156] In 2013, Forbes ranked Duke 4th in the nation in terms of return on investment (ROI). The ranking used alumni giving as a criterion to determine which private colleges offer the best returns.[157] In the same year, Above the Law ranked Duke Law 6th in the nation in its ranking of law schools based on employment outcomes[158] In 2013, Business Insider ranked Duke's Fuqua School of Business 5th in the world based on an extensive survey of hiring professionals.[159] In the same year, Forbes magazine ranked Fuqua 8th in the country based on return on investment. In 2014, Duke was named the 20th best global research university according to rankings published by U.S. News & World Report and the University Ranking by Academic Performance published by Middle East Technical University. The U.S. News ranking was based on 10 indicators that measure academic research performance and global reputations.[160] The University Ranking by Academic Performance uses citation data obtained from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science to rank universities based on research output.[161]

Student life[edit]

Student body[edit]

Demographics of student body Fall 2016[6][162]
Undergraduate Graduate U.S. Census[163]
African American 10% 5% 12.2%
Asian American 22% 10% 4.7%
Non-Hispanic
White American
46% 49% 63.7%
Hispanic American 8% 4% 16.4%
International 10% 25% N/A
Other/Unknown 4% 4% 3.0%

Duke's student body consists of 6,449 undergraduates and 8,383 graduate and professional students (as of fall 2016).[6]

Residential life[edit]

A large Georgian-style building exterior with six Ionic Columns and red brick with large arched windows
East Campus' Union building, home to the freshman dining hall also known as Marketplace

Duke requires its students to live on campus for the first three years of undergraduate life, except for a small percentage of second-semester juniors who are exempted by a lottery system.[59] This requirement is justified by the administration as an effort to help students connect more closely with one another and sustain a sense of belonging within the Duke community.[164] Thus, 85% of undergraduates live on campus.[165] All freshmen are housed in one of 14 residences on East Campus. These buildings range in occupancy size from 50 (Epworth—the oldest residence hall, built in 1892 as "the Inn") to 190 residents (Gilbert-Addoms).[166][167] Most of these are in the Georgian style typical of the East Campus architecture. Although the newer residence halls differ in style, they still relate to East's Georgian heritage. Learning communities connect the residential component of East Campus with students of similar academic and social interests.[168] Similarly, students in FOCUS, a first-year program that features courses clustered around a specific theme, live together in the same residence hall as other students in their cluster.[169]

Sophomores, juniors and seniors can choose to reside on either West or Central campuses, although the majority of undergraduate seniors choose to live off campus.[170][171] West Campus contains six quadrangles—the four along "Main" West were built in 1930s, while two newer ones have since been added. Central Campus provides housing for over 1,000 students in apartment buildings.[172] All housing on West and Central is organized into about 80 "houses"—sections of residence halls or clusters of apartments—to which students can return each year. House residents create their house identities. There are houses of unaffiliated students, as well as wellness houses and living-learning communities that adopt a theme such as the arts or foreign languages. There are also numerous "selective living groups" on campus for students wanting self-selected living arrangements. SLGs are residential groups similar to fraternities or sororities, except they are generally co-ed and unaffiliated with any national organization. Many of them also revolve around a particular interest such as entrepreneurship, civic engagement or African-American or Asian culture. Fifteen fraternities and nine sororities also are housed on campus, primarily on Central. Most of the non-fraternity selective living groups are coeducational.[173]

Greek and social life[edit]

A large group of individuals gather in a parking lot alongside a tent campground with lightposts
Cameron Crazies gathering in K-ville

About 30% of undergraduate men and about 40% of undergraduate women at Duke are members of fraternities and sororities.[165] Most of the 17 Interfraternity Council recognized fraternity chapters live in sections within the residence halls. Starting in 2012, the nine Panhellenic Association sorority chapters decided to live in houses (clusters of apartments) on Central Campus. Not all sorority members live with their chapters, though, as membership exceeds house space. Eight National Pan-Hellenic Council (historically African American) fraternities and sororities also hold chapters at Duke.[174] In addition, there are seven other fraternities and sororities that are a part of the Inter-Greek Council, the multicultural Greek umbrella organization.[175] Duke also has Selective Living Groups, or SLGs, on campus for students seeking informal residential communities often built around themes. SLGs are residential groups similar to fraternities or sororities, except they are generally co-ed and unaffiliated with any national organizations.[176] Fraternity chapters and SLGs frequently host social events in their residential sections, which are often open to non-members.[177]

In the late 1990s, a new keg policy was put into effect that requires all student groups to purchase kegs through Duke Dining Services. According to administrators, the rule change was intended as a way to ensure compliance with alcohol consumption laws as well as to increase on-campus safety.[178] Some students saw the administration's increasingly strict policies as an attempt to alter social life at Duke.[179] As a result, off-campus parties at rented houses became more frequent in subsequent years as a way to avoid Duke policies. Many of these houses were situated in the midst of family neighborhoods, prompting residents to complain about excessive noise and other violations. Police have responded by breaking up parties at several houses, handing out citations, and occasionally arresting party-goers.[180] In the mid-to-late 2000s (decade), the administration made a concerted effort to help students re-establish a robust, on-campus social life and has worked with numerous student groups, especially the Duke University Union, to feature a wide array of events and activities. In March 2006, the university purchased 15 houses in the Trinity Park area that Duke students had typically rented and subsequently sold them to individual families in an effort to encourage renovations to the properties and to reduce off-campus partying in the midst of residential neighborhoods.[181][182]

Duke athletics, particularly men's basketball, traditionally serves as a significant component of student life. Duke's students have been recognized as some of the most creative and original fans in all of collegiate athletics.[183] Students, often referred to as Cameron Crazies, show their support of the men's basketball team by "tenting" for home games against key Atlantic Coast Conference rivals, especially University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC).[184] Because tickets to all varsity sports are free to students, they line up for hours before each game, often spending the night on the sidewalk. For a mid-February game against UNC, some of the most eager students might even begin tenting before spring classes begin.[185] The total number of participating tents is capped at 100 (each tent can have up to 12 occupants), though interest is such that it could exceed that number if space permitted.[186] Tenting involves setting up and inhabiting a tent on the grass near Cameron Indoor Stadium, an area known as Krzyzewskiville, or K-ville for short. There are different categories of tenting based on the length of time and number of people who must be in the tent.[186] At night, K-ville often turns into the scene of a party or occasional concert. The men's basketball coach, Mike Krzyzewski, occasionally buys pizza for the inhabitants of the tent village.[187]

Activities[edit]

Student organizations[edit]

A Gothic-style exterior showcases Cathedral-like windows with intricate framework and dark, colorful stone, with bushes and grass in the foreground
Duke's West Campus Union building has restaurants, offices, and some administrative departments. The Chronicle's editorial office, the Mary Lou Williams Center for Black Culture, and the Center for LGBT Life are all located in the Union.

More than 400 student clubs and organizations operate on Duke's campus.[188] These include numerous student government, special interest, and service organizations.[189] Duke Student Government (DSG) charters and provides most of the funding for other student groups and represents students' interests when dealing with the administration.[190] The Duke University Union (DUU) is the school's primary programming organization, serving a center of social, cultural, intellectual and recreational life.[191] Cultural groups are provided funding directly from the university via the Multicultural Center as well as other institutional funding sources. One of the most popular activities on campus is competing in sports. Duke has 37 sports clubs, and several intramural teams that are officially recognized. Performance groups such as Hoof 'n' Horn, the country's second-oldest student-run musical theater organization, a cappella groups, student bands, and theater organizations are also prominent on campus.[192] The Duke University mock trial team won the national championship in 2012.[193] The Duke University Student Dining Advisory Committee provides guidance to the administration on issues regarding student dining, life, and restaurant choices.

Cultural groups on campus include the Asian Students Association, Blue Devils United (the student lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender group), Black Student Alliance, Diya (South Asian Association), Jewish Life at Duke, Mi Gente (Latino Student Association), International Association/International Council, Muslim Student Association, Native American Student Coalition, Newman Catholic Student Center, Languages Dorm, and Students of the Caribbean.[188][194]

Civic engagement[edit]

A glass building with a metal blue devil on top and arched details in the interior
The von der Heyden Pavilion is a popular place among students for gathering and studying.

More than 75 percent of Duke students pursue service-learning opportunities in Durham and around the world through DukeEngage and other programs that advance the university's mission of "knowledge in service to society." Launched in 2007, DukeEngage provides full funding for select Duke undergraduates who wish to pursue an immersive summer of service in partnership with a U.S. or international community. As of summer 2013, more than 2,400 Duke students had volunteered through DukeEngage in 75 nations on six continents. Duke students have created more than 30 service organizations in Durham and the surrounding area. Examples include a weeklong camp for children of cancer patients (Camp Kesem) and a group that promotes awareness about sexual health, rape prevention, alcohol and drug use, and eating disorders (Healthy Devils). The Duke-Durham Neighborhood Partnership, started by the Office of Community Affairs in 1996, attempts to address major concerns of local residents and schools by leveraging university resources.[195] Another community project, "Scholarship with a Civic Mission," is a joint program between the Hart Leadership Program and the Kenan Institute for Ethics.[196] Another program includes Project CHILD, a tutoring program involving 80 first-year volunteers; and an after-school program for at-risk students in Durham that was started with $2.25 million grant from the Kellogg Foundation in 2002.[197] Two prominent civic engagement pre-orientation programs also exist for incoming freshmen: Project CHANGE and Project BUILD. Project CHANGE is a free weeklong program co-sponsored by the Kenan Institute for Ethics and the Duke Women's Center with the focus on ethical leadership and social change in the Durham community; students are challenged in a variety of ways and work closely with local non-profits.[198] Project BUILD is a freshman volunteering group that dedicates 3,300 hours of service to a variety of projects such as schools, Habitat for Humanity, food banks, substance rehabilitation centers, homeless shelters. Some courses at Duke incorporate service as part of the curriculum to augment material learned in class such as in psychology or education courses (known as service learning courses).[199]

Student media[edit]

The Chronicle, Duke's independent undergraduate daily newspaper, has been continually published since 1905 and now, along with its website, has a readership of about 70,000.[200] Its editors are responsible for selecting the term "Blue Devil". The newspaper won Best in Show in the tabloid division at the 2005 Associated Collegiate Press National College Media Convention.[201] Cable 13, established in 1976, is Duke's student-run television station. It is a popular activity for students interested in film production and media.[202] WXDU-FM, licensed in 1983, is the university's nationally recognized, noncommercial FM radio station, operated by student and community volunteers.[203][204]

Athletics[edit]

Main article: Duke Blue Devils

Duke University teams are known as the Blue Devils. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) sub-level for football), primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 1953–54 season.[205] Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. Duke plans to add softball as its 27th varsity sport in spring 2018.

Duke's teams have won 16 NCAA team national championships—the women's golf team has won six (1999, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2014), the men's basketball team has won five (1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, and 2015), the men's lacrosse team has won three (2010, 2013, and 2014), and the men's soccer (1986) and women's tennis (2009) teams have won one each.[206]

Duke Blue Devils mascot leans against sign with tents in background
Duke Blue Devils mascot. This is an older design; an updated mascot was introduced in 2008.

Duke consistently ranks among the top in the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) Directors' Cup, an overall measure of an institution's athletic success. For Division I in 2013, Duke finished ninth overall and fifth in the ACC.

Duke has won 126 ACC Championships since claiming football, men's lacrosse and men's golf in the league's first year in 1953–54, including the Blue Devils ACC Championships in football and volleyball in 2013–14.

Since 1999–2000, Duke has captured 52 league crowns, second most in the ACC, and has won at least one ACC Championship each season since 1979–80 and at least two every season since 1990–91. Since hiring David Cutcliffe as head football coach in 2007, the Duke football program has become one of the strongest in the ACC. The Blue Devils won the ACC Coastal Division in 2013, but lost to No. 1-ranked Florida State in the conference championship game. Duke then played Texas A&M in the Chick-fil-A Bowl, losing 52–48 to the Aggies, who were led by Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Manziel.

The Blue Devil mascot's origins are rooted in an elite French alpine fighting unit that garnered accolades and much global attention during World War I and its aftermath for its flowing blue capes and blue berets.[207] Duke's mascot origin is considered to be military and patriotic rather than anti-religious.[207] Historically, Duke's major rival has been the Tar Heels of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, especially in basketball. The rivalry has led the fanbases to identify the two differing shades of blue in relation to their respective university—calling the lighter powder blue "Carolina blue" and the darker blue "Duke blue".[208]

On the academic front, eight Duke varsity athletics programs registered a perfect 1,000 score in the NCAA's multi-year Academic Progress Report (APR) released in May 2014. APR scores for football and men's basketball were the highest among ACC schools in conference-sponsored sports. Overall Duke totaled the highest APR scores in 10 of the ACC's 25 sports.

Men's basketball[edit]

Interior of basketball stadium showcasing court, rafters, and empty stands
Duke's Cameron Indoor Stadium

Duke's men's basketball team is one of the nation's most successful basketball programs.[209] The team has captured five National Championships (tied for third place all time), while competing in 15 Final Fours (third place overall) and 10 Championship games (tied for second).[210] Duke has the most Atlantic Coast Conference championships, with 19, and has the most National Players of the Year in the nation, with 11.[211] Seventy-two players have been selected in the NBA draft, while 32 players have been honored as All-Americans.[212] Duke's program is one of only two to have been to at least one Final Four and one National Championship game in each of the past five decades.[213] Their successes include becoming the only team to win five national championships since the NCAA Tournament field was expanded to 64 teams in 1985, 11 Final Fours in the past 25 years, and eight of nine ACC tournament championships from 1999 to 2006.[214] The program's home facility is historic Cameron Indoor Stadium, considered one of the top venues in the nation.[215]

The team's success has been particularly outstanding over the past 30 years under coach Mike Krzyzewski (often simply called "Coach K"), who also has coached the USA men's national basketball team since 2006 and led the team to Olympic golds in 2008, 2012, and 2016. His teams also won World Championship gold in 2010 and 2014.

Football stadium with two teams on the field and stands full on sunny day
Wallace Wade Stadium

Football[edit]

The Blue Devils have won seven ACC Football Championships, have had ten players honored as ACC Player of the Year (the most in the ACC),[205] and have had three Pro Football Hall of Famers come through the program (second in the ACC to only Miami's four). The Blue Devils have produced 11 College Football Hall of Famers, which is tied for the 2nd most in the ACC. Duke has also won 18 total conference championships (7 ACC, 9 Southern Conference, and 1 Big Five Conference). That total is tied with Clemson for the highest in the ACC.[216]

The most famous Duke football season came in 1938,[217] when Wallace Wade coached the "Iron Dukes" that shut out all regular season opponents; only three teams in history can claim such a feat.[218] That same year, Duke made their first Rose Bowl appearance, where they lost 7–3 when USC scored a touchdown in the final minute of the game.[217] Wade's Blue Devils lost another Rose Bowl to Oregon State in 1942, this one held at Duke's home stadium due to the attack on Pearl Harbor, which resulted in the fear that a large gathering on the West Coast might be in range of Japanese aircraft carriers.[219] The football program proved successful in the 1950s and 1960s, winning six of the first ten ACC football championships from 1953 to 1962 under coach Bill Murray; the Blue Devils would not win the ACC championship again until 1989 under coach Steve Spurrier.[220]

David Cutcliffe was brought in prior to the 2008 season, and amassed more wins in his first season than the previous three years combined. The 2009 team won 5 of 12 games, and was eliminated from bowl contention in the next-to-last game of the season.[221] Mike MacIntyre, the defensive coordinator, was named 2009 Assistant Coach of the Year by the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA).[222]

While the football team has struggled at times on the field, the graduation rate of its players is consistently among the highest among Division I FBS schools. Duke's high graduation rates have earned it more AFCA Academic Achievement Awards than any other institution.[223]

In 2012, the football team became bowl-eligible for the first time since the 1994 season. The Blue Devils were invited to play in the Belk Bowl in Charlotte, but lost to Big East Conference co-champion the Cincinnati Bearcats 48–34.

In 2013, the team posted a school record 10 wins including wins over #14 Virginia Tech and #23 Miami. The season culminated in a Coastal Division Championship and a narrow loss to Texas A&M in the Chick-Fil-A Bowl.

For the 2014 season, Duke finished 9–3, 5–3 (ACC) and earned a trip to the Sun Bowl, where the Blue Devils lost to the Pac 12's Arizona State 36–31. In spring 2015, the Detroit Lions drafted Duke offensive guard Laken Tomlinson in the first round of the NFL draft. The Washington Redskins drafted wide receiver Jamison Crowder in the fourth round of the draft.[224]

Track and field[edit]

In 2003 Norm Ogilvie was promoted to Director of Track and Field, and has led athletes to over 60 individual ACC championships, and 81 All-America selections, along with most of the track and field records being broken during his tenure.[225] A new facility, the Morris Williams Track and Field Stadium, opened in 2015.[226]

Notable people[edit]

Duke's active alumni base of more than 145,000 devote themselves to the university through organizations and events such as the annual Reunion Weekend and Homecoming.[227] There are 75 Duke clubs in the U.S. and 38 such international clubs.[228] For the 2008–09 fiscal year, Duke tied for third in alumni giving rate among U.S. colleges and universities according to U.S. News & World Report.[229] Based on statistics compiled by PayScale in 2011, Duke alumni rank seventh in mid-career median salary among all U.S. colleges and universities.[230] A number of alumni have made significant contributions in the fields of government, law, science, academia, business, arts, journalism, and athletics, among others.

Government[edit]

Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States graduated with a law degree in 1937.[231] Former U.S. Senator and Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole,[232] 33rd President of Chile Ricardo Lagos,[233] former U.S. Secretary of Commerce Juanita M. Kreps,[234] congressman and three-time presidential candidate Ron Paul,[235] U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs and former Chief of Staff of the United States Army Eric Shinseki,[236] and the first United States Chief Performance Officer Jeffrey Zients[237] and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Martin Dempsey are among the most notable alumni with involvement in politics and government. Stephen Miller is a senior advisor to President Trump.

Academia and research[edit]

Duke graduates who have won the Nobel Prize in Physics include Hans Dehmelt for his development of the ion trap technique,[238] Robert Richardson for his discovery of superfluidity in helium-3,[239] and Charles Townes for his work on quantum electronics.[240] Other alumni in research and academia include Turing Award winners Fred Brooks,[241] Edmund M. Clarke[242] and John Cocke,[243] Templeton Prize winning physicist and religion scholar Ian Barbour,[244] MacArthur Award recipient Paul Farmer,[245] and former Dean of the Graduate School at Princeton Theodore Ziolkowski.[246] Duke professor Robert J. Lefkowitz shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Ingrid Daubechies, currently a James B. Duke professor of mathematics, served as the first woman president of the International Mathematical Union and is known for pioneering work on Wavelets.

Journalism[edit]

Prominent journalists include talk show host Charlie Rose,[247] The Washington Post sports writer John Feinstein,[248] Chief Washington Correspondent for CNBC and The Wall Street Journal writer John Harwood,[249] CBS News President Sean McManus,[250] chief legal correspondent for Good Morning America Dan Abrams,[251][252] and CNN anchor and senior correspondent for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Judy Woodruff.[253] Basketball analysts and commentators include Jay Bilas,[254][255] Mike Gminski,[256] Jim Spanarkel,[257] and Jay Williams.[258] Magazine editors include Rik Kirkland of Fortune[259] and Clay Felker, founder of New York Magazine.[260]

Literature[edit]

In the area of literature, William Styron won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1968 for his novel The Confessions of Nat Turner and is well known for his 1979 novel Sophie's Choice.[261] Anne Tyler also received the Pulitzer Prize for her 1988 novel Breathing Lessons.[262] Additionally, Elizabeth A. Fenn won the Pulitzer Prize for History in 2015. Other acclaimed writers include John W. Campbell and Reynolds Price.

In the visual arts realm, Annabeth Gish[263] (actress in the X-Files and The West Wing), Ken Jeong[264] (actor in The Hangover and Community), Retta[265] (actress and comedian), Jared Harris (actor in Mad Men), Randall Wallace[266] (screenwriter, producer, and director, Braveheart, Pearl Harbor, We Were Soldiers), Mike Posner[267] (singer, songwriter, and producer, "Cooler Than Me", "Please Don't Go", "I Took A Pill in Ibiza"), David Hudgins[268] (television writer and producer, Everwood, Friday Night Lights) and Robert Yeoman (cinematographer, The Grand Budapest Hotel) headline the list.

Business[edit]

On the business front, the current or recent President, CEO, or Chairman of each of the following Fortune 500 companies is a Duke alumnus: Apple (Tim Cook),[269] BB&T (John A. Allison IV),[270] Boston Scientific Corporation (Peter Nicholas),[271] Chesapeake Energy (Aubrey McClendon),[272] Cisco Systems (John Chambers), General Motors (Rick Wagoner),[273] JPMorgan Chase (Steven Black),[274] Medtronic (William A. Hawkins),[275] Morgan Stanley (John J. Mack),[276] Norfolk Southern (David R. Goode),[277] Northwest Airlines (Gary L. Wilson),[278] PepsiCo (Karl von der Heyden),[279] Procter & Gamble (David S. Taylor),[280] Pfizer (Edmund T. Pratt, Jr.),[281] The Bank of New York Mellon (Gerald Hassell),[282] and Wachovia (Robert K. Steel).[283] Kevin Martin was Chairman of the FCC,[284] and Rex Adams serves as the Chairman of PBS.[285] Another alumna, Melinda Gates,[286] is the co-founder of the $31.9 billion Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the nation's wealthiest charitable foundation.[287][288] Some startups founded by Duke alumni include Box (Dylan Smith) and Yext (Howard Lerman).

Athletics[edit]

Management and ownership of professional athletic franchises include Adam Silver (NBA commissioner), John P. Angelos[289] (Executive Vice President of the Baltimore Orioles), Aubrey McClendon[290] (former partial owner of the Oklahoma City Thunder), John Canning, Jr.[291] (co-owner of Milwaukee Brewers), Danny Ferry[292] (former general manager of the Cleveland Cavaliers), Stephen Pagliuca[293] (co-owner of Boston Celtics), and Jeffrey Vinik[294] (owner of the Tampa Bay Lightning).

Finally, several athletes have become stars at the professional level, especially in basketball's NBA. Shane Battier, Corey Maggette, Elton Brand, Carlos Boozer, Luol Deng, Christian Laettner, Bobby Hurley, Grant Hill, Kyrie Irving and J.J. Redick are among the most famous.[295]

Abigail Johnston won a silver medal in synchronized diving at the 2012 Olympic games while an undergraduate at Duke and competed in the 2016 Olympic games while attending Duke Medical School.[296]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ King, William E. "Shield, Seal and Motto". Duke University Archives. Retrieved November 30, 2016. 
  2. ^ King, William E. "Shield, Seal and Motto". Duke University Archives. Retrieved November 9, 2016. 
  3. ^ "About – Duke Divinity School". Duke Divinity School. Archived from the original on July 2, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011. 
  4. ^ "Duke University's Relation to the Methodist Church: the basics". Duke University. 2002. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2010. Duke University has historical, formal, on-going, and symbolic ties with Methodism, but is an independent and non-sectarian institution ... Duke would not be the institution it is today without its ties to the Methodist Church. However, the Methodist Church does not own or direct the University. Duke is and has developed as a private non-profit corporation which is owned and governed by an autonomous and self-perpetuating Board of Trustees. 
  5. ^ As of June 30, 2016. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016" (PDF). National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute. 2017. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Duke at a Glance" (PDF). Duke University's Office of News & Communications. Retrieved January 25, 2017. 
  7. ^ "An Invitation to Apply For the Position of Chancellor for Health Affairs, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Duke University Health System at Duke University" (PDF). Retrieved September 30, 2016. 
  8. ^ "The origin of Duke Blue". Duke University Archives. March 20, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015. 
  9. ^ a b c King, William E. "Duke University: A Brief Narrative History". Duke University Archives. Retrieved May 23, 2011. 
  10. ^ "For U.S. Universities, the Rich Get Richer Faster". The Wall Street Journal. 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015. 
  11. ^ a b "Rankings by total R&D expenditures". National Science Foundation. 
  12. ^ "Highly Cited Researchers". Thomson Reuters. 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014. 
  13. ^ a b Top Scholar Rankings: 1986–2015 Archived September 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.. Kansas State University, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  14. ^ a b "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2016. 
  15. ^ a b "QS World University Rankings® 2016/17". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016. 
  16. ^ a b "World University Rankings 2016-17". THE Education Ltd. Retrieved September 21, 2016. 
  17. ^ Ewalt, David (September 15, 2015). "The World's Most Innovative Universities". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved September 9, 2016. 
  18. ^ a b "The-Billionaire-Universities". Yahoo! Finance. May 30, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2011. 
  19. ^ a b "In Pictures: Billionaire Universities". Forbes. Retrieved July 6, 2011. 
  20. ^ "Global Companies Rank Universities". NYTimes.com. October 25, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2013. 
  21. ^ "Power Factories". Forbes. 
  22. ^ a b "A Chronology of Significant Events in Duke University's History". Duke University Archives. Retrieved May 23, 2011. 
  23. ^ Pyatt, Tim (November–December 2006). "Retrospective: Selections from University Archives". 92 (6). Duke Office of Alumni Affairs. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011. 
  24. ^ Duke University Chapel – History. Friends of Duke Chapel. Retrieved July 5, 2011. Archived May 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ^ King, William, E. (1997). "Washington Duke and the Education of Women". University Archives. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Retrieved March 24, 2015. 
  26. ^ "A Chronology of Significant Events in Duke University's History". Duke University Archives. Retrieved May 23, 2011. 
  27. ^ "Navy V-12 Program". Durham, North Carolina: Duke University. 2011. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011. 
  28. ^ Marianne Twu (2010). "Slavery and Segregation". Duke Human Rights Center. Retrieved January 8, 2016. 
  29. ^ Duke Annual Report 2000/2001-Interdisciplinary Archived September 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke University Annual Report, 2001. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  30. ^ Rogalski, Jim. Breaking the Barrier: A History of African-Americans at Duke University School of Medicine. Inside DUMC, February 20, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  31. ^ Mock, Geoffrey. Duke's Black Faculty Initiative Reaches Goal Early. Duke University Office of News and Communication, November 21, 2002. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  32. ^ Academic, Cultural and Research Centers. Duke University Admissions. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
  33. ^ a b "The Top American Research Universities" (PDF). Center for Measuring University Performance. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2011. 
  34. ^ Oleniacz, Laura (August 8, 2014). "Duke Kunshan University campus in China nears opening". The Herald-Sun. Retrieved April 6, 2015. [dead link]
  35. ^ Duke University Partners with National University of Singapore to Establish New Medical School Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke Medicine News and Communications. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
  36. ^ "Duke Forward hits $2 billion mark". The Herald-Sun. March 7, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2015. [dead link]
  37. ^ Engineering Student Is One of Three Duke Rhodes Scholarship Winners Archived October 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke Engineering News. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  38. ^ The Rhodes Scholarships – Past Scholars. The Rhodes Trust. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  39. ^ Duke researchers unveil 'invisibility cloak' device. Chicago Tribune, October 20, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  40. ^ "Duke University's Relation to the Methodist Church: the basics". Duke University. 2002. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2010. Duke University has historical, formal, on-going, and symbolic ties with Methodism, but is an independent and non-sectarian institution. 
  41. ^ Separated brethren: a review of Protestant, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox & other religions in the United States. Our Sunday Visitor. 2002. ISBN 978-1-931709-05-7. 
  42. ^ "Duke University". International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities (IAMSCU). Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2007. 
  43. ^ "United Methodist schools score high in rankings". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved June 30, 2007. [permanent dead link]
  44. ^ "Duke University: Office of the University Architect Collegiate Gothic Style". Duke Office of the University Architect. Archived from the original on March 4, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011. 
  45. ^ C2005 Fall Writing 20–89. Duke Online Course Synopsis Handbook. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  46. ^ Julian Abele, Architect. Duke University Archives. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  47. ^ "America's most beautiful college campuses", Travel+Leisure (September, 2011)
  48. ^ a b c King, William E. DukeStone. Duke University Historical Notes. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  49. ^ Duke Chapel Durham[dead link]. NBC17 News. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  50. ^ Ramkumar, Amrith (June 15, 2015). "Wallace Wade renovations on track as Cameron Indoor addition begins". The Chronicle. Retrieved August 11, 2016. 
  51. ^ "Environment Hall - Nicholas School". Retrieved August 11, 2016. 
  52. ^ "Dedication Ceremony for the New Wing of the Christine Siegler Pearson Building". March 26, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2016. 
  53. ^ "Rubenstein Library Renovation". blogs.library.duke.edu. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016. 
  54. ^ "Construction Highlights Duke's Summer". Retrieved August 11, 2016. 
  55. ^ "New Awards for Historic Baldwin Auditorium". Retrieved August 11, 2016. 
  56. ^ Mueller, Jared. Campus reaps benefits of facilities boom. The Chronicle, November 1, 2005. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  57. ^ Dagger, Jacob. Stones, Bricks, and Mortar: Building for Success. Duke Magazine, March–April 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2011. Archived March 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  58. ^ Muoio, Danielle; Spector, Julian (February 23, 2012). "Cancer Center opens this week". The Chronicle. Retrieved August 11, 2016. 
  59. ^ a b RLHS: Housing. Duke Residence Life and Housing Services. Retrieved May 3, 2011. Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  60. ^ "Duke University West Campus Quads". 
  61. ^ Cameron Indoor Stadium. Duke University. Retrieved June 21, 2011. Archived January 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  62. ^ a b c d "East Campus: History of East Campus". Duke University Libraries. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011. 
  63. ^ "Duke University East Campus Quads". 
  64. ^ a b c "Duke University Central Campus". Duke University. 
  65. ^ Central Campus. Duke Student Affairs. Retrieved May 3, 2011. Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  66. ^ a b Central Campus Planning Archived April 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke Today. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  67. ^ Duke Central Campus Planning: Learning Community Archived January 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke Today. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  68. ^ Duke Central Campus Planning Archived January 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke Today. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
  69. ^ 75 Years of Duke Forest. Duke Today, October 6, 2006. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
  70. ^ Duke Forest. Duke Forest. Retrieved June 21, 2011. Archived August 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  71. ^ Duke University Admissions: Duke Forest. Duke Admissions. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  72. ^ Duke's Secret in the Forest. The Herald-Sun, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2011.[dead link]
  73. ^ Lillard, Margaret. Duke lemur center has new research focus. The Associated Press, June 4, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  74. ^ a b The Sarah P. Duke Gardens History[dead link]. Duke Gardens. Retrieved July 5, 2011. Archived May 1, 2004, at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ^ Duke University Medical Center. U.S. News & World Report, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
  76. ^ Best Medical Schools: Research Archived April 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. U.S. News & World Report, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
  77. ^ DukeMedNews Archived March 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. DukeMed News, July 30, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
  78. ^ a b Duke University Marine Lab. Duke Marine Lab. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  79. ^ "Marine Lab's Newest Research Building Showcases Sustainable Coastal Design.". Duke University. May 12, 2014. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. 
  80. ^ "UCAR joins National Lambda Rail". SCD News. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  81. ^ Duke Tip Academy. Duke TIP. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  82. ^ a b "Class of 2020 Profile" (PDF). Duke University. Retrieved January 21, 2017. 
  83. ^ Finnegan, Leah (April 6, 2010). "The HARDEST Schools To Get Into 2010 (PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. Retrieved February 25, 2011. 
  84. ^ "Duke University Common Data Set 2015–2016" (PDF). Duke University. Retrieved January 21, 2017. 
  85. ^ Recently Elected U.S. Rhodes Scholars. The Rhodes Trust. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  86. ^ "Duke Gates Scholar 2007". The Gates Cambridge Scholarship. Retrieved July 4, 2011. 
  87. ^ Twenty-two Duke Graduates, Grad Students Receive Fulbright Scholarships. Duke News & Communications, September 26, 2005. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  88. ^ Dunning, Denise. Trinity Juniors receive Truman scholarships. The Chronicle, March 22, 1996. Retrieved May 23, 2011. Archived March 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  89. ^ Financial Aid Statistics Archived May 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke Financial Aid. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  90. ^ Medical School: Duke University. Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Duke University Health System. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  91. ^ Duke University School of Medicine. Top Medical Schools in U.S.A., 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  92. ^ Education: Duke University School of Medicine.[dead link] Duke School of Medicine, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  93. ^ Duke University School of Medicine. Admission Hub, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  94. ^ Duke Law: Class Profiles, Duke Law Admissions, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
  95. ^ Duke homepage – Schools tab, Duke University. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  96. ^ a b Majors, Minors & Schools. Duke Admissions, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  97. ^ About Pratt. Pratt School of Engineering. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  98. ^ a b Curriculum 2000: Index of the Report Archived June 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke University. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  99. ^ Focus: Introduction: What is Focus?. Duke University. Retrieved June 12, 2011. Archived April 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  100. ^ Degrees Offered at Pratt. Pratt School of Engineering. Retrieved May 1, 2011. Archived September 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  101. ^ "Engineers face curricular challenges in study abroad".  The Chronicle. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  102. ^ Loftus, Margaret. A Broader Perspective. American Society for Engineering Education, January 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  103. ^ Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University. Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  104. ^ Research Duke BME. Pratt School of Engineering. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  105. ^ "Robert Lefkowitz Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Duke Today. Retrieved September 2, 2015. 
  106. ^ "Final genome 'chapter' published". BBC News. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  107. ^ "AIDS Vaccine Research Offers New Insights On Survival". Medical News Today, June 13, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  108. ^ Elshtain, Jean Bethke. An Honored Prophet: Stanley Hauerwas: "America's Best Theologian". Touchstone Journal. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  109. ^ Fredric Jameson, William A. Lane Professor of Comparative Literature and Romance Studies. Duke University. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  110. ^ Vulliamy, Ed. The Observer Profile: Michael Hardt. The Observer, July 15, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  111. ^ Philosophical Gourmet Report: Breakdown: Philosophy of Biology. Philosophical Gourmet Report. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  112. ^ "Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index". Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. 
  113. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016: USA". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved August 16, 2016. 
  114. ^ "America's Top Colleges". Forbes. July 5, 2016. 
  115. ^ "Best Colleges 2017: National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. September 12, 2016. 
  116. ^ "2016 Rankings - National Universities". Washington Monthly. Retrieved September 6, 2016. 
  117. ^ "Best Global Universities Rankings: 2017". U.S. News & World Report LP. Retrieved October 25, 2016. 
  118. ^ "UPenn named best college nationwide for 2015". USA TODAY College. Retrieved September 2, 2015. 
  119. ^ "The top 25 colleges in America". Business Insider. August 18, 2015. 
  120. ^ Duke Places Eighth in U.S. News Ranking. Duke University News & Communications, August 18, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  121. ^ "College Rankings". The Wall Street Journal. 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016. 
  122. ^ "Top colleges for a major in economics". USA TODAY College. Retrieved September 2, 2015. 
  123. ^ "The 10 best U.S. colleges for a major in psychology". USA TODAY College. Retrieved September 2, 2015. 
  124. ^ "The 50 best computer-science and engineering schools in America". Retrieved September 2, 2015. 
  125. ^ "Here's a New College Ranking, Based Entirely on Other College Rankings". Washington Post. 
  126. ^ "2015 College Hopes & Worries Survey Report". The Princeton Review. Retrieved March 21, 2016. 
  127. ^ "Top 100 Global Universities" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2011. 
  128. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2014". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. 
  129. ^ WSJ: Feeder Schools - The Wall Street Journal, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2011. Archived October 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  130. ^ What Business Leaders Says. The New York Times, October 20, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  131. ^ Gauging the Value of Your M.B.A.. The New York Times, October 19, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  132. ^ "Global Employability University Ranking 2015 results". Times Higher Education. November 6, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2016. 
  133. ^ "National Merit Scholarship Corporation Annual Report" (PDF). National Merit Scholarship Corporation. 
  134. ^ "Churchill Scholars". The Winston Churchill Foundation of the United States. Retrieved September 30, 2016. 
  135. ^ Kiplinger's Sortable Rankings of Private College Values. Kiplinger. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  136. ^ Ranking America's Leading Universities on Their Success in Integrating African Americans Archived July 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 2002. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  137. ^ "Global Companies Rank Universities". NYTimes.com. October 25, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2013. 
  138. ^ "Power Factories". Forbes. 
  139. ^ "The World's Most Innovative Universities". Thomson Reuters. 
  140. ^ "Obama Won't Rate Colleges, So We Did". NPR. September 15, 2015. 
  141. ^ "Best 50 Colleges for African Americans". Time. Retrieved April 12, 2016. 
  142. ^ "Expensive Schools Worth Every Penny". Forbes. Retrieved April 17, 2016. 
  143. ^ "The Top U.S. Colleges". WSJ. Retrieved September 29, 2016. 
  144. ^ Best Medical Schools 2017: Research. U.S. News & World Report.
  145. ^ "Best Medical Schools 2017: Primary Care". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved June 29, 2016. 
  146. ^ Best Law Schools 2017. U.S. News & World Report.
  147. ^ Best Nursing Schools 2017. U.S. News & World Report.
  148. ^ Best Public Affairs Schools 2017. U.S. News & World Report.
  149. ^ America's Best Graduate Schools 2017. U.S. News & World Report.
  150. ^ The Complete 2014 Business Schools Ranking Archived November 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.. BloombergBusinessweek.
  151. ^ Best Engineering Schools 2017. U.S. News & World Report.
  152. ^ THE – Top institutions in Mathematics. Times Higher Education, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  153. ^ Duke University: Overall Rankings. U.S. News & World Report, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  154. ^ "Duke faculty more productive than peers, according to study". The Herald-Sun. Retrieved November 27, 2012. [dead link]
  155. ^ Smith, Jacquelyn. "The 25 Law Schools Whose Grads Earn The Most". Forbes. 
  156. ^ Ranked N°3 – Master of Engineering Management (MEM) – Duke University. Best-masters.us. Retrieved on July 29, 2013.
  157. ^ Duke University – In Photos: The Grateful Grads Index: The Top 50 ROI Colleges. Forbes. Retrieved on July 29, 2013.
  158. ^ The ATL Top 50 Law School Rankings 2013 " Above the Law: A Legal Web Site – News, Commentary, and Opinions on Law Firms, Lawyers, Law Schools, Law Suits, Judges and Courts + Career Resources. Abovethelaw.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2013.
  159. ^ Best Business Schools In The World. Business Insider (July 17, 2013). Retrieved on July 29, 2013.
  160. ^ "Best Global Universities Ranking – 2014". U.S. News & World Report. 
  161. ^ "2014–2015 World Ranking (1–250)". University Ranking by Academic Performance. 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2015. 
  162. ^ Love, Maggie. "Uni analyzes impact of new housing model on diversity", The Chronicle, November 8, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
  163. ^ See Demographics of the United States for references.
  164. ^ RLHS: Mission. Duke Residence Life and Housing Services. Retrieved May 3, 2011. Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  165. ^ a b Campus Life. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved January 12, 2011. Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  166. ^ Epworth. Duke Residence Life and Housing Services. Retrieved May 3, 2011. Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  167. ^ Gilbert-Addoms. Duke Residence Life and Housing Services. Retrieved May 3, 2011. Archived March 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  168. ^ RLHS: Communities. Duke Residence Life and Housing Services. Retrieved May 3, 2011. Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  169. ^ About FOCUS. Duke University. Retrieved August 1, 2011. Archived August 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  170. ^ Kyle, Nicole. Admins detail housing reshuffling. The Chronicle, March 18, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  171. ^ Bishop, Eric. Record number of seniors to leave campus housing. The Chronicle, July 19, 2005. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  172. ^ Central Campus. Duke Residence Life and Housing Services. Retrieved July 7, 2011. Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  173. ^ Living Groups on Campus. Duke Residence Life and Housing Services. Retrieved July 7, 2011. Archived March 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  174. ^ National Pan-Hellenic Council. Duke University. Retrieved June 28, 2011. Archived September 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  175. ^ Inter-Greek Council. Duke University. Retrieved June 28, 2011. Archived March 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  176. ^ Current Living Groups. Archived February 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Duke University Student Affairs. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
  177. ^ Fraternity Housing Sections, Duke Office of Fraternity & Sorority Life. Retrieved July 4, 2011. Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  178. ^ Moulton, Jessica. Keg prices reduced by $10; bartenders remain expensive. The Chronicle. Retrieved January 12, 2011. Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  179. ^ DeLuca, Jerry and Vrettos, Christopher. Honestly, the administration wants no kegs. The Chronicle. Retrieved January 12, 2011. Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  180. ^ Mueller, Jared. Buchanan Blues. The Chronicle, April 29, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  181. ^ Eaglin, Adam. Duke to sell 5 off-East houses. The Chronicle, June 1, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  182. ^ Englander, Dan. http://dukechronicle.com/article/university-buys-east-houses. The Chronicle, February 28, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  183. ^ Cameron's Craziest. ESPN, 2002. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  184. ^ Nathan, Vignesh. K-Ville Bills: One Student's Plan to Better Tenting. Towerview Magazine, February 9, 2011.
  185. ^ McCartney, Ryan. DSG presents revised draft of tenting policy. The Chronicle, October 26, 2005. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  186. ^ a b Brill, Bill. Duke basketball: 100 seasons : a legacy of achievement, p. 97. Sports Publishing L.L.C, 2004. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  187. ^ Kville Archived September 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke Student Government. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  188. ^ a b Duke Student Organizations. Duke Student Affairs. Retrieved July 4, 2011. Archived March 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  189. ^ Non-profit organization., Duke University Office of Student Activities and Facilities, July 1, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  190. ^ Duke Student Government. Duke Student Government. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  191. ^ About DUU. Archived August 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Duke University Union. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  192. ^ Hoof 'n' Horn. Duke Hoof 'n' Horn. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  193. ^ "National Championship Final Round Results". American Mock Trial Association. Retrieved September 30, 2016. 
  194. ^ DukeGroups directory. Duke University. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  195. ^ Duke University Community Engagement. Duke Office of Durham & Regional Affairs. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  196. ^ Research Service Learning – Scholarship with a Civic Mission Archived August 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Duke University. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  197. ^ Civic Engagement Directory. Duke University Division of Student Affairs. Retrieved July 6, 2011. Archived August 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  198. ^ Kenan Institute for Ethics – Project Change Archived June 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Kenan Institute for Ethics. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  199. ^ Dean, Ashley. Duke Students Mix Service With Academics. The New York Times, November 11, 2005. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  200. ^ The Chronicle: About Us. The Chronicle. Retrieved June 28, 2011. Archived February 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  201. ^ The Chronicle heralded at conference. The Chronicle, October 31, 2005. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  202. ^ Cable 13. Cable 13. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  203. ^ WXDU Durham, 88.7 fm: Station. WXDU. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  204. ^ Raleigh-Durham Radio Waves. RDU Radio Waves. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  205. ^ a b "ACC Champions" (PDF). 2007 Atlantic Coast Conference Media Guide. Atlantic Coast Conference: 93. 2007. Retrieved January 13, 2011. 
  206. ^ "Duke National Championships". Duke University. Retrieved May 27, 2014. 
  207. ^ a b King, William. "Why a Blue Devil?". Duke University. Retrieved July 11, 2011. 
  208. ^ Duke and UNC Students Expand Rivalry. BattleofTheBlues.com. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  209. ^ All-Time Winningest Teams. NCAA, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
  210. ^ All-time NCAA Tournament results. USA Today, April 4, 2002. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  211. ^ ACC Men's Basketball Press Release. Atlantic Coast Conference, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2011. Archived November 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  212. ^ Men's Basketball All-America 56 times. GoDuke.com, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  213. ^ Duke Basketball Tradition. GoDuke.com. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  214. ^ Coach K – On the Court. Coach K.com. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  215. ^ SI's Top 20 Venues of the 20th century Archived March 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. Sports Illustrated, June 7, 1999. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  216. ^ Colleges – Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pro Football Hall of Fame, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  217. ^ a b Young, Jim. The 1938 Iron Dukes: A Lasting Legacy. Duke Magazine, July/Aug 2003. Retrieved July 11, 2011. Archived March 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  218. ^ Iron Dukes: Providing Scholarship Support for the Duke Student-Athlete. Iron Dukes. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  219. ^ King, William E. The 1942 Durham Rose Bowl. Duke University Archives. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  220. ^ Duke Blue Devils. Theacc.com. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  221. ^ Wiseman, Steve. Dilweg: Duke kept looking for next Spurrier. The Herald-Sun, July 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2011.[dead link]
  222. ^ "MacIntyre Named National Assistant Coach of the Year". GoDuke.com. November 18, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2011. 
  223. ^ Notre Dame Receives 2007 American Football Coaches Association's Academic Achievement Award. Notre Dame Athletics, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
  224. ^ "2015 NFL Draft Tracker – NFL.com". Retrieved August 11, 2016. 
  225. ^ "Norm Ogilvie Bio". goduke.com. Retrieved April 18, 2016. 
  226. ^ "Morris Williams Track & Field Stadium Opens Monday". goduke.com. January 16, 2015. 
  227. ^ Duke University Alumni. Duke University. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  228. ^ Duke Regional Networks. Duke Alumni Association. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  229. ^ Alumni Giving Rates. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved July 29, 2011. Archived February 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  230. ^ Top US Colleges – Graduate Salary Statistics. PayScale. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  231. ^ Richard M. Nixon. The White House. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  232. ^ Liddy Dole – U.S. Congress. The Washington Post, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  233. ^ Ricardo Lagos Biography. A&E Biography. Retrieved July 25, 2011. Archived August 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  234. ^ Women's Studies: The Portraits Project. Women's Studies. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  235. ^ Ron Paul Biography. A&E Biography. Retrieved July 25, 2011. Archived September 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  236. ^ Eric K. Shinseki – Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2011. Archived September 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  237. ^ OMB Leadership Bios – Jeffrey Zients. The White House. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  238. ^ Hans G. Dehmelt – Autobiography. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  239. ^ Robert C. Richardson – Autobiography. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  240. ^ Charles Townes – Biography. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  241. ^ Faculty Biography: Frederick P. Brooks Jr.. University of North Carolina. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  242. ^ "Edmund Clarke". Amturing.acm.org. Retrieved December 23, 2015. 
  243. ^ Fellow Awards: John Cocke Archived May 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. Computer History Museum. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  244. ^ Online NewsHour: Ian Barbour Biography. PBS NewsHour, May 28, 1999. Retrieved July 29, 2011. Archived December 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  245. ^ Paul Farmer, MD, PhD. Harvard University. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  246. ^ Theodore Joseph Ziolkowski. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved July 29, 2011. Archived March 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  247. ^ Charlie Rose: TV & Radio Anchors. Bloomberg. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  248. ^ John Feinstein: NPR. NPR. Retrieved July 26, 2011. Archived September 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  249. ^ John Harwood: CNBC Chief Washington Correspondent. CNBC TV Profiles. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  250. ^ Sean McManus: Executive Profile and Biography. Bloomberg. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  251. ^ Dan Abrams. The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  252. ^ 'Good Morning America' Legal Analyst Dan Abrams' Biography. ABC News. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  253. ^ Judy Woodruff PBS News Hour. Retrieved July 26, 2011. Archived January 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  254. ^ Jay Bilas. Archived August 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. ESPN MediaZone. Retrieved July 26, 2011
  255. ^ CBS Sports TV Team: Jay Bilas. CBSSports.com. Retrieved July 26, 2011. Archived October 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  256. ^ CBS Sports TV Team: Mike Gminski. CBSSports.com. Retrieved July 26, 2011. Archived July 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  257. ^ CBS Sports TV Team: Jim Spanarkel. CBSSports.com. Retrieved July 26, 2011. Archived July 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  258. ^ Jay Williams. Archived June 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. ESPN MediaZone. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  259. ^ Former FORTUNE magazine managing editor to deliver Birmingham-Southern Commencement address. Birmingham-Southern College Office of Communications. Retrieved July 26, 2011
  260. ^ In Memoriam: Clay Felker. Archived October 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. UC Berkeley. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  261. ^ William Styron Biography. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 29, 2011. Archived November 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  262. ^ Short Bio: Anne Tyler. St. Charles Library, 2004. Retrieved July 29, 2011. Archived January 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  263. ^ Annabeth Gish: Biography. TVGuide.com. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  264. ^ Biography for Ken Jeong at the Internet Movie Database
  265. ^ Fernando, Dillon. "Interview: Retta Sirleaf". The Chronicle. Retrieved October 14, 2015. 
  266. ^ Biography for Randall Wallace at the Internet Movie Database
  267. ^ Mithcell, Gail. Duke Grad Mike Posner Heats Up The Charts. Billboard.com, June 25, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  268. ^ School of Letters lecture: David Hudgins. Sewanee Today. Retrieved July 29, 2011. Archived July 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  269. ^ Wolf, Alan. Apple's new CEO has ties to Duke University. The Charlotte Observer, August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011. Archived October 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  270. ^ John Allison: Executive Profile and Biography. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  271. ^ Peter Nicholas, The World's Richest People. Forbes. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  272. ^ Aubrey McClendon: Executive Profile and Biography. Bloomberg. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  273. ^ Rick Wagoner. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  274. ^ Steven Black: Executive Profile and Biography. Bloomberg. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  275. ^ William Hawkins: Executive Profile and Biography. Bloomberg. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  276. ^ John J. Mack Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  277. ^ David R. Goode. Forbes. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  278. ^ Gary L. Wilson. Forbes. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  279. ^ Karl M. von der Heyden. Forbes. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  280. ^ David S. Taylor "Bloomberg." Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  281. ^ Pfizer Gallery of Leaders. Pfizer. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  282. ^ Gerald Hassell: Executive Profile and Compensation. Bloomber. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  283. ^ Robert Steel. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  284. ^ FCC Chairman Kevin J. Martin – Biography. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  285. ^ Rex D. Adams Profile – Forbes. Forbes. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  286. ^ Melinda Gates: Executive Profile and Biography. Bloomberg. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  287. ^ Foundation Fact Sheet. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  288. ^ The Nation's 10 Wealthiest Foundations. The Chronicle of Philanthropy, March 4, 2004. Retrieved January 12, 2011. Archived October 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  289. ^ Angelos' son moves up to No. 3. The Baltimore Sun, March 1, 1999. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  290. ^ Aubrey McClendon Archived July 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Forbes. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  291. ^ John Canning: Executive Profile and Biography. Businessweek. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  292. ^ Mason, Stuart. Former Cavs general manager Danny Ferry to San Antonio. Mega Sports News, August 28, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  293. ^ Stephen Pagliuca – Managing Partner & Alternate Governor. NBA.com. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  294. ^ Owners and Front Office – Tampa Bay Lightning. NHL.com and Lightning Hockey LP. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  295. ^ NBA & ABA Players who Attended Duke University. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  296. ^ "How Abby Johnston Manages Olympic Training -- And Med School". ESPN. Retrieved August 15, 2016. 

External links[edit]