Aube

For other uses, see Aube (disambiguation).

Aube
Department
Prefecture building of the Aube department, in Troyes
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Aube in France
Coordinates: 48°20′N 4°10′E
Country	France
Region	Grand Est
Prefecture	Troyes
Subprefectures	Bar-sur-Aube Nogent-sur-Seine
Government
• President of the General Council	Philippe Adnot (DVD)
Area
• Total	6,004 km2 (2,318 sq mi)
Population (2013)
• Total	306,581
• Rank	75th
• Density	51/km2 (130/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Department number	10
Arrondissements	3
Cantons	17
Communes	431
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

Aube (French pronunciation: ​[ob]) is a French department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. As with sixty departments in France, this department is named after a river: the Aube. With 305,606 inhabitants (2012), Aube is 76th department in terms of population. The inhabitants of the department are known as Aubois or Auboises

The department was constituted as it is today by a decree of the National Assembly of 15 January 1790.

Geography

Location

Entry to the Aube department from Route N77

The Aube department is located in the south-west side of the Grand Est region. It borders the departments of Marne in the north (about 130 km long), Haute-Marne to the east (about 100 km long), Côte-d'Or in the south-east (about 45 km long), Yonne in the south-west (about 175 km long), and Seine-et-Marne in the west (about 45 km long).

Subregions of Aube

Map of natural and traditional regions of the department.

Within the department regions of natural or traditional countryside can be identified as follows:

• northwest quarter: Champagne crayeuse (chalky Champagne)
• northwestern tip: the Nogentais
• southwest of Troyes: the Othe region
• to the south: le Chaourçois
• to the northeast: the Briennois
• to the east: the Barrois
• between Troyes and Barrois: Champagne wetlands

Communes of Aube

Main article: Communes of the Aube department

Aube is divided into 431 communes totalling 308,503 inhabitants. Major cities with more than 10,000 inhabitants) are:

• Troyes (61,823 inhabitants, prefecture),
• Romilly-sur-Seine (14,429 inhabitants),
• La Chapelle-Saint-Luc (13,401 inhabitants),
• Saint-André-les-Vergers (11,088 inhabitants) and
• Sainte-Savine (10,110 inhabitants).

They are mostly located in the centre of the department. Four of those five cities are part of the Agglomeration of Troyes.

Topography and geology

Altitude of the main towns of Aube

	Troyes	Romilly-sur-Seine	Bar-sur-Aube	Nogent-sur-Seine
Lowest Altitude	100 metres	67 metres	156 metres	60 metres
Highest Altitude	126 metres	112 metres	348 metres	113 metres
Average Altitude	113 metres	90 metres	252 metres	87 metres
Town Hall Altitude	107 metres	77 metres	165 metres	71 metres

Hydrography

The Seine at Bar-sur-Seine

There are 23 rivers throughout the department, the four main rivers being the Seine, the Aube (tributary of the Seine), the Armance (tributary of the Armançon), and the Vanne (a tributary of the Yonne).

Forests and Lakes

Temple Lake seen from the dam

The department has 140,000 hectares of forests.

Located in the Community of communes of Forests, lakes, and lands in Champagne, the Orient Forest Regional Natural Park was one of the first natural parks created in France.

In the same place, there is the Orient Lake and the Amance and Temple lakes where fishing, recreational water sports, and bathing are available. Each lake specialises in one or more of these activities.

Climate

The climate is moderate without intense cold or excessive heat which represents a climate similar to continental and oceanic.

Between 1950 and 1985 the average annual temperature recorded in the department was 10.1 °C which is equivalent to the Paris basin and the cities of north-eastern France. The average sunshine hours per year is 1771.

Average annual rainfall is quite high (653.4 mm over 115 days of rain). In general there is more rain in autumn than in winter but rainfall is highest during spring. In contrast summer is the season when rainfall is lowest. There is, however, more rain in the south-east than the north-west.

Snow is relatively infrequent. Prevailing wind is from the west.

Comparison of local Meteorological data with other cities in France

Town	Sunshine (hours/yr)	Rain (mm/yr)	Snow (days/yr)	Storm (days/yr)	Fog (days/yr)
National Average	1,973	770	14	22	40
Troyes	1,817	645	15	17	38
Paris	1,661	637	12	18	10
Nice	2,724	767	1	29	1
Strasbourg	1,693	665	29	29	56
Brest	1,605	1,211	7	12	75

Climate data for Troyes
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	6.2 (43.2)	7.7 (45.9)	11.9 (53.4)	15.2 (59.4)	19.5 (67.1)	22.7 (72.9)	25.7 (78.3)	25.4 (77.7)	21.2 (70.2)	16.3 (61.3)	10.1 (50.2)	6.7 (44.1)	15.7 (60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	3.1 (37.6)	3.7 (38.7)	7.0 (44.6)	9.5 (49.1)	13.7 (56.7)	16.7 (62.1)	19.3 (66.7)	19.0 (66.2)	15.4 (59.7)	11.6 (52.9)	6.6 (43.9)	3.8 (38.8)	10.8 (51.4)
Average low °C (°F)	−0.1 (31.8)	−0.3 (31.5)	2.0 (35.6)	3.7 (38.7)	7.8 (46)	10.7 (51.3)	12.8 (55)	12.6 (54.7)	9.6 (49.3)	6.8 (44.2)	3.0 (37.4)	0.8 (33.4)	5.8 (42.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	50.5 (1.988)	42.1 (1.657)	47.7 (1.878)	50.9 (2.004)	61.7 (2.429)	56.6 (2.228)	54.4 (2.142)	52.2 (2.055)	53.3 (2.098)	63.6 (2.504)	51.2 (2.016)	60.6 (2.386)	644.8 (25.386)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	10.0	8.4	10.3	9.1	10.1	8.6	7.2	7.0	7.5	9.6	9.8	10.6	108.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours	69	88	144	185	215	229	235	228	179	124	67	54	1,817
Source: Meteorological data for Troyes - 112m altitude, from 1981 to 2010 January 2015 (French)

Channels of communication and transport

Road network

The department has 150 km of autoroutes, 33 km of national roads, 4,517 km of departmental roads and 2,116 km of local roads.

Communal transport

In the Agglomeration of Troyes TCAT (Transport for the Communes of Troyes) provides a transport network between communes. Unlike many networks that are provided by other operators, the agglomeration community of the city is the owner of the company. The network currently serves eleven communes including two outside the Troyes agglomeration. Other cities, including Romilly-sur-Seine, have no transport network.

Aube also has intercity transport networks. 21 regular bus routes are operated between the major cities of the department. The use of these lines is entrusted to private coaches: Transdev - The Carriers of Aube has 15 routes, Keolis Sud Lorraine has 4 routes, Procars Champagne has 2 routes, Autocars Bardy has one route.

Rail network

Troyes Station

Five railway stations are currently in operation. These are: Nogent-sur-Seine, Romilly-sur-Seine, Troyes, Vendeuvre-sur-Barse, Bar-sur-Aube.

Aube does not have a strong rail coverage. Only one main non-electrified line passes through Aube - the line that connects Paris-Est to Mulhouse.

Navigable waterways

The department has 34.8 km of navigable waterways. The city of Nogent-sur-Seine has two river ports for grain.

History

Early History

The first inhabitants of Aube were the Tricasses and Lingones with a substantial human settlement around the year 400 BC.

Saints Potentian and Savinian, Greek priests from Samos, came to preach the gospel from the middle of the 3rd century. Saint Patroclus was one of the first martyrs of the new faith in the year 259. Shortly after Saint Jule and some notables of the city of Tricasses also suffered martyrdom. Nevertheless, as elsewhere, the Christian community became large enough to accommodate a bishop. Saint Amateur was the first in 340. In the year 286 the Bagaudae ravaged the land which forms Aube. Emperor Julian came to Troyes with his army and rescued it.

The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.

The 12th century and the monasteries

The Abbey of Clairvaux: today a prison

Two important monasteries were founded in the department: one at Clairvaux in 1114, created by Bernard of Clairvaux, the other at Paraclete, by his illustrious rival, Pierre Abélard and of which Héloïse d'Argenteuil was the first abbess. Bernard of Clairvaux was noted for his eloquence at the Council of Troyes and his preaching of the Second Crusade which had no result and whose outcome was disastrous.

The reunion of Champagne with the kingdom of France was finalised in 1361. Yet people wanted absolutely the incorporation of Champagne but in 1328 King Philip VI gave the city of Bar-sur-Seine to Philippe de Croy. The inhabitants, however, ransomed him to return it to the king on the condition that it become inalienable.

Definitive reunion with Kingdom of France

The decree of the National Assembly of 15 January 1790 formally established the department of Aube. Its first president was Augustin-Henri-Marie Picot and his first deputy was Louis Antoine Joseph Robin. Jacques Claude Beugnot was elected Attorney-General and also MP.

The 19th century marked the emergence of the Hosiery business in the department.

After the victory of the allies in the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the department was occupied by Russian troops from June 1815 to November 1818.

In 1911 following the revolt of the vineyards of Champagne large Riots broke out in the department. The consequences of this were tragic because the clashes resulted in dozens of injuries.

Main article: Champagne Riots

In 1919, a decree allowed Aube department to produce champagne for the first time.

In 1932 Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk visited Aube and signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.

Heraldry

Blazon: Azure, a band argent with two cotises potent and counter potent in Or, chief wavy in argent.

Politics and Administration

General Council

The General Council of Aube is located in Troyes. Its president has been DVD Senator Philippe Adnot since July 1990. It includes the 34 councillors of the 17 cantons of Aube. Of these, 32 are from the Right (mainly the UMP), the others are from the Miscellaneous left. Currently the budget of the General Council is €329.8 million. Its main mission and expenditure on social activities and health.

Politics

Aube returns three Deputies to the National Assembly, all of whom are from the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), and two Senators: one UMP and one right-wing independent.

Seats on the General Council by Political Party

Party	Abbrev.	No. Members
Left Wing
Socialist Party	PS	2
Communist Party	PCF	2
Miscellaneous left	DVG	1
Europe Ecology – The Greens	EELV	1
Right Wing
Democratic Movement	MoDem	1
New Centre	NC	2
Miscellaneous right	DVD	10
Union for a Popular Movement	UMP	13
Independent
Independent	SE	1
President of the General Council

Demography

Distribution of the population

Aube is inhabited by 308,503 people with more than a third (130,430 inhabitants) live in the Troyes agglomeration.

Population of the Main towns of Aube

Demographic change

In 2009, the department had 303,298 inhabitants.

Population Change (See database)

1793	1800	1806	1821	1831	1836	1841	1846	1851
228,885	231,455	238,819	230,688	246,361	253,870	258,180	261,881	265,247

1856	1861	1866	1872	1876	1881	1886	1891	1896
261,673	262,785	261,951	255,687	255,217	255,326	257,374	255,548	251,435

1901	1906	1911	1921	1926	1931	1936	1946	1954
246,163	243,670	241,036	227,839	238,253	242,596	239,563	235,237	240,797

1962	1968	1975	1982	1990	1999	2006	2007	2008
255,099	270,325	284,823	289,300	289,207	292,131	299,704	300,837	301,327

2009	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
303,298	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Sources : Historical data of Aube department on the SPLAF website Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006)

Histogram of Demographic Evolution

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aube compared to Champagne-Ardennes region in 2009

	Aube	Aube	Ch-Ardennes	Ch-Ardennes
Age Range	Men	Women	Men	Women
0 to 14 Years	19.0	17.3	19.1	17.2
15 to 29 Years	19.3	17.2	20.0	18.1
30 to 44 Years	20.6	19.5	20.7	19.7
45 to 59 Years	21.4	20.6	21.2	20.7
60 to 74 Years	13.0	14.1	12.7	13.6
75 to 89 Years	6.3	10.0	6.0	9.6
90 Years+	0.4	1.3	0.3	1.1

Sources:

• Population by sex and age in 2009 for Aube, INSEE.
• Population by sex and age in 2009 for Champagne-Ardennes, INSEE.

Breakdown of population by socio-professional categories

Population of 15 years or more by sex, age, and socio-professional category

socio-professionnel category	2007		1999		Details for 2007
	Nb	%	Nb	%	Men	Women	%age of the population aged
							15 to 24 yrs	25 to 54 yrs	55 yrs +
Ensemble	246,346		236,393		118,402	127,944
Farmers and Farm workers	5,094	2.1	5,408	2.3	3,584	1,510	0.2	3	1.6
Artisans, shopkeepers, business managers	7,232	2.9	7,619	3.2	5,025	2,207	0.5	4.7	1.5
Executives and Intellectuals	12,656	5.1	9,435	4	8,196	4,460	0.7	8.5	2.5
Intermediate Professions	28,805	11,7	24,953	10,6	14,020	14,786	6.6	19.7	3.1
Employees	40,276	16.3	35,303	14.9	8,782	31,493	16.4	25.5	4.2
Workers	43,950	17.8	47,771	20.2	33,297	10,653	19	27.8	4.1
Retirees	68,138	27.7	58,706	24.8	30,101	38,038	0	0.5	75.4
Others without occupation	40,194	16.3	47,198	20	15,397	24,797	56.6	10.2	7.6
Source : INSEE Census 2006 Population census of January 2006 (French)

Economy

General

The economy of Aube has focused on the textile industry since the 19th century. This sector is now in crisis due to the department being in an area of real economic change.

In 2007, the departmental workforce totalled 139,083 with 121,966 persons in employment and 17,117 people unemployed. Men accounted for nearly 53% of the active population and women 47%.

The Aube department has a high rate of feminization in employment. Nearly half of people with active jobs (46% in 2007) are women. The main areas affected by the feminization are trade, transport, textiles, utilities, education, and health. Women are slightly more affected than men by unemployment (54.8% of the unemployed in 2007). This is mainly due to layoffs in the textile sector.

Employment by sector

Distribution of Employment by Industry sector

	Agriculture	Industry	Construction	Commerce	Public Administration
Aube	6.6%	20.3%	7.3%	37.4%	28.3%
Comparison with the Region	6.7%	19.2%	6.5%	36.7%	31.0%
Sources: INSEE Employment by sector of activity for 2007 in Aube, (French), Employment by sector of activity for 2007 in Champagne-Ardenne (French)

Main economic sectors

Industry

Large Industrial Companies

	No. of Employees
Petit Bateau (Textiles)	1,022
Devanlay (Textiles)	1,018
Soufflet (Cereals)	874
Kléber (Pneumatics)	790
Vachette (Locks)	600
Mefro Roues (Wheel rims)	584
Valco (Furniture)	575
Petitjean (Public lighting)	567
Jacquot (Chocolate)	550

Tourism

Accommodations

	No. Establishments
Hotels	66	1,991 rooms
Camping	23	1,618 places
Holiday Cottages	310	2,006 places

Agriculture

Harvesting hemp at Saint-Flavy

The utilized agricultural area is 379,720 hectares. Aube is largest producer of hemp; the 2nd largest producer of champagne, cabbage for sauerkraut, medicinal poppies, and alfalfa; the 6th largest producer of potatoes; the 8th largest producer of cereals; and the 9th largest producer of beet in France.

Population and Society

Education

An old school at Troyes

Primary and secondary

In 2010 elementary and secondary education consisted of:

• 11,568 students in kindergarten across 136 schools (including 1 private);
• 18,465 students in primary school across 255 schools (including 14 private);
• 12,311 students in college across 34 institutions (including 9 private);
• 5,199 students in schools of general education across 10 institutions (including 3 private);
• 2,666 students in vocational high school across 10 institutions (including 3 private).

Higher Education

According to the latest census of the academic inspectorate of Aube in 2009 the department has 8,794 students in higher education.

List of Universities and Higher Educational Schools

Public Schools

• University of Technology of Troyes (UTT)
• Institute of Technology of Troyes (University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne)
• Faculty (University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne)
• Institute for Heritage Skills (IUMP)
• Institute for Teacher Training (IUFM)
• Institute for Nursing Education (IFSI of Troyes/DE IDE)
• Preparatory classes for Higher Education (CPGE) scientific and economic
• Graduate School for Applied Arts in Troyes
• National Conservatory of Music in Troyes

Private Schools

• Graduate School of Commerce in Troyes
• Supinfo

Health

List of Hospitals and Health Clinics

Hospitals and Clinics

Type of Institution	No. of Institutions
Hospital	4
Clinic	7

Children's Institutions

Type of Institution	No. of Institutions
Child Protection	12
Handicapped Children's Centre	18

Institutions for Handicapped Adults

Type of Institution	No. of Institutions
Institution to help for work	8
Businesses adapted for handicapped people	2
Professional rehabilitation Centres	1
Specialised Foster Homes	2
Accommodation Facilities	20
Residential Home Care for the autistic	2
Home Care	2

Institutions for the Elderly

Type of Institution	No. of Institutions
Nursing Homes for the Elderly (EHPAD)	38
Home Housing	10
Long Term Care Units (USLD)	5
Group Homes	1
Home Care	7
Rural Homes for the Elderly	1

Sports

The Aube Stadium is the residence of the ES Troyes AC football club.

There are 580 clubs and sports associations in the Aube department. The main ones are:

• ES Troyes AC: soccer club in the French Ligue 1;
• ETAC Handball: Handball Club at National Level 3;
• Union Sportive de Sainte Maure Troyes Handball: Women's handball club at National Level 1;
• Pygargues of Troyes: american football club in Division 2;
• PLAVB (Troyes): volleyball club at Regional one;
• SUMA (Troyes): Motoball club of France (one of the most successful) moved to elite since the 1930s;
• 'Troyes roller hockey: roller hockey club playing at National Level 2;
• Espadons (Swordfish )(Troyes): baseball club playing at Regional Level 1;
• Romilly Association for Sports 10: which includes multiple sections.

Media

Radio

At Troyes there are three independent local radio stations:

• Radio Latitude: that broadcasts programming focused on the dance floor. This was the first local radio station in the department. It broadcasts from Troyes, Romilly-sur-Seine, and Vendeuvre-sur-Barse
• Theme Radio: community radio broadcasting music and information flashes
• Troyes Campus radio: rock music oriented radio and sometimes rap

At Romilly-sur-Seine, in addition to Latitude Radio, there is a local independent radio broadcaster: Radio Aube et Seine.

French Christian Radio (RCF) Aube is located in the department.

Television

• Canal 32: television network with a local Troyes and department station
• France 3 Aube (France 3 Lorraine Champagne-Ardenne)

Daily Newspapers

Name	Place	Distribution Area	Press Group	Circulation
L'Est-Éclair	Saint-André-les-Vergers (agglomération de Troyes)	Aube	Groupe Hersant Média	27,948
Libération Champagne	Troyes	Aube	Groupe Hersant Média	6,395

Justice

All Aube jurisdictions are located in Troyes. The city has a Tribunal d'instance and a High Court, a commercial court and an Employment Tribunal for civil and criminal jurisdictions. There is also a Correctional court and a Juvenile court.

Appeals, however, are passed to the Court of Appeal in Reims.

Waste Management

Aube currently has two storage facilities for radioactive waste:

• Storage Centre for Very Low Activity Waste (CSTFA)
• Storage Centre for Low and Medium Activity Waste (CSFMA)

Culture and heritage

Cultural Venues

Theatres and concerts

• The Cube - in the Parc des Expositions in Troyes
• Champagne Theatre
• Théâtre of la Madeleine
• Argence space

Cinemas

The four main theatres are:

• Ciné City in Troyes
• Vagabond in Bar-sur-Aube
• Lumière in Nogent-sur-Seine
• Cinema Eden in Romilly-sur-Seine

Cultural festivities

• Festival in Othe
• Aube Templiers 2012 event

Gastronomy

Andouillette from Troyes.

• Andouillette from Troyes
• Barberey cheese
• Cacibel liqueur
• Montgueux champagne
• Chaource cheese
• Chocolate from Jacquot (Cémoi group)
• Sauerkraut from Brienne-le-Château
• Cider from Othe country
• Prunelle de Troyes liqueur
• Rosé des Riceys wine

Monuments and tourist sites

The castle of La Motte-Tilly

The Aube has 365 historical monuments of which 144 are classified, and 221 are enrolled.

Castles

• La Motte-Tilly Castle
• Bligny Castle
• Droupt-Saint-Basle Castle
• Barberey-Saint-Sulpice Castle
• Brienne-le-Château Castle

Museums

Hall in the style of Baltard d'Aix en Othe

• Napoleon Museum (Brienne-le-Château)
• Museum Hugues de Payens (Payns)
• Resistance Museum (Mussy-sur-Seine)
• Cider Museum (Eaux-Puiseaux)
• Museum of the old Champagne malt house (La Chapelle-Saint-Luc)
• Cheese Museum (Chaource)
• Museum of crystals - Centre Mazzolay (Bayel)
• Eco-Museum of the Orient Forest (Brienne-la-Vieille)
• House of Tools and Work Reflections (Troyes)
• Museum of Vauluisant (Troyes)
• Museum of peasant history (Champcharme)
• Museum of peasant memory (Estissac)
• Living Museum of Romilly hosiery (Romilly-sur-Seine)
• The Folk Art Museum (Droupt-Saint-Basle)
• Renoir Workshop (Essoyes)
• Museum of Modern Art (Troyes)
• Loukine Museum (Arsonval)
• Paul Dubois-Alfred Boucher Museum (Nogent-sur-Seine)
• Saint-Loup Museum (Troyes)
• Apothecary of the Hotel-Dieu-le-Comte (Troyes)
• Michel Marcu Museum of automata (Lusigny-sur-Barse)
• Di Marco Museum (Troyes)
• Museum of dolls of yesteryear and cooperage (Maisons-lès-Chaource)
• Museum of the Simple Past (Crésantignes)
• Aube Educational History Museum
• Museum of news design in the press (Troyes)

Other historic sites

The Hôtel de Ville in Troyes

• Clairvaux Abbey
• Basilica of St. Urbain, Troyes
• Abbey of Saint-Loup of Troyes
• Monastery Notre-Dame of Saint Espérance
• Hotel of Marisy
• Hotel de Ville in Troyes
• Hotel of the prefecture of Aube

Tourist Places

• Orient Forest Regional Natural Park
• Orient Lake
• Amance and Temple Lakes
• Nigloland: amusement park located at Dolancourt

• 

  Troyes

• 

  Troyes Cathedral

• 

  Aix-en-Othe

• 

  Clairvaux Abbey

• 

  Bar-sur-Aube

Notable People linked to the Department

Signature of Danton.

• Chrétien de Troyes, writer
• Urbain IV, Pope
• Georges Jacques Danton, Revolutionary
• Martin-Pierre Gauthier, Architect
• Jacques-Nicolas Paillot de Montabert, Painter
• Henri Gambey, Inventor
• Alexandre Du Sommerard, Archeologist
• Louis Jacques Thénard, Chemist
• Sylvain Charles Valée, Marshal of France
• Jacques Claude Beugnot, Politician
• Nicolas Desmarest, Geologist
• Pierre-Jean Grosley, Historian
• Edmé Boursault, Man of Letters
• Jean de Brienne, King of Jerusalem
• Jules Guyot, Physician, oenologist (1807-1872)
• Charles Baltet, Horticulturalist (1830-1908)
• Gabriel Bonvalot, Explorer (1853-1933)
• Gaston Bachelard, Philosopher and professor at Bar-sur-Aube
• Gaston Cheq, Leader of the revolt of the wine-growers in 1911
• Olivier Messiaen, Composer, Organist, ornithologist, Fuligny, Aube, 1928-1931

See also

• Cantons of the Aube department
• Communes of the Aube department
• Arrondissements of the Aube department

External links

• (French) Prefecture website
• (English) General Council website
• (English) Aube at DMOZ
• (French) Official Tourism website for Troyes
• Official website for Tourism for Aube (French)
• Official website for Tourism in Aube for Tablets and smartphones (French)
• (French) of Aube Accounts for the Communes and groupings: - Individual Data Principle budget only - Consolidated data "Principle Budget and annexes" (French)
• Departmental Archives
• Official website of discovery for Aube (French)
• Vitrail website for Aube (French)