The environmental impact of military activities begin long before conflict. Lax environmental standards have often led to significant environmental pollution

More weapons may be used in testing and training than are used during conflict. Nearly all constituents of conventional weapons are

The safe stewardship of weapons stockpiles is a global issue. In recent years, a number of catastrophic accidents have killed

More weapons are destroyed than are ever used in conflict. While industrial demilitarisation is increasing, which can limit environmental emissions

Large or small, permanent or temporary, military installations have a track record of generating pollution that has impacted the health

The use of explosive force in populated areas is increasingly recognised for the immense human suffering it causes through death,

Industrial sites have often been targeted in conflict, not only those directly connected to military production, such as sites manufacturing

Energy infrastructure is often targeted during conflict for short-term strategic gain. Oil recovery and fuel processing, storage and transit infrastructure

Many conventional weapons contain materials that are toxic. From explosives and propellants to heavy metals and incendiary compounds, there has

How the military processes the vast quantities of waste its bases produce during overseas operations has become a major issue

While the risks from abandoned explosive ordnance receive the majority of international attention they are just one of a wide

Rubble and other wastes caused by the destruction of infrastructure during conflict contain substances that can damage human health and

Where they exist prior to the outbreak of hostilities, basic environmental services such as municipal waste disposal and the handling

Governmental authorities fulfil a key role in reducing the health and environmental risks from pollution through assessing pollution risks and

Long-running conflicts can leave governments so degraded that the institutions necessary to protect human health from pollutants can be wholly

The military use of chemical herbicides first rose to prominence during the Vietnam War. The presence of the environmentally persistent