Edrophonium

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Edrophonium
Edrophonium.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Tensilon
AHFS/Drugs.com FDA Professional Drug Information
ATC code none
Identifiers
CAS Number 312-48-1 N
PubChem (CID) 8307
DrugBank DB01010 YesY
ChemSpider 8006 YesY
UNII 70FP3JLY7N N
KEGG D00994 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:4759 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1128 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.763
Chemical and physical data
Formula C10H16NO+
Molar mass 166.24 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Edrophonium is a readily reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It prevents breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, mainly at the neuromuscular junction. It is sold under the trade names Tensilon and Enlon (according to FDA Orange Book).

Clinical uses[edit]

Edrophonium (by the so-called Tensilon test) is used to differentiate myasthenia gravis from cholinergic crisis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. In myasthenia gravis, the body produces autoantibodies which block, inhibit or destroy nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction. Edrophonium—an effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor—will reduce the muscle weakness by blocking the enzymatic effect of acetylcholinesterase enzymes, prolonging the presence of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. It binds to a Serine-103 allosteric site, while pyridostigmine and neostigmine bind to the AchE active site for their inhibitory effects. In a cholinergic crisis, where a person has too much neuromuscular stimulation, edrophonium will make the muscle weakness worse by inducing a depolarizing block.

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), is similar to myasthenia gravis in that it is an autoimmune disease. However, in LEMS the neuron is unable to release enough acetylcholine for normal muscle function due to autoantibodies attacking P/Q-type calcium channel that are necessary for acetylcholine release. This means there is insufficient calcium ion influx into presynaptic terminal resulting in reduced exocytosis of acetylcholine containing vesicles. Consequently, there will typically be not as much increase in muscle strength observed after edrophonium injection, if any with LEMS.

The Tensilon test may also be used to predict if neurotoxic paralysis caused by snake envenomation is presynaptic or postsynaptic. If it is a postsynaptic then paralysis will be temporally reversed, indicating that can be reversed by adequate antivenom therapy. If the neurotoxic is presynaptic then the Tensilon test will show no response and antivenom will not reverse such paralysis. In this instance reversal of paralysis will not occur until the damaged terminal axons at the neuromuscular junction have recovered, this may take days or weeks.[1]

The drug may also be used for postoperative decurarization.[2]

Chemistry[edit]

Edrophonium, ethyl-(3-hydroxyphenyl)dimethylammonium chloride, is made by reacting 3-dimethylaminophenol with ethyl bromide, which forms ethyl(3-hydroxyphenyl)dimethylammonium bromide, the bromine atom of which is replaced with a chlorine atom by reacting it with silver chloride, giving edrophonium. Edrophonium synthesis.png

Pharmacokinetics[edit]

The drug has a brief duration of action, about 10–30 mins.[2]

Sources[edit]

  1. Brenner, G. M. (2000). Pharmacology. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-7757-6
  2. Canadian Pharmacists Association (2000). Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (25th ed.). Toronto, ON: Webcom. ISBN 0-919115-76-4

References[edit]

  1. ^ text book of paediatric emergency medicine, second ed, cameron et al. p443-444
  2. ^ a b KD Tripati MD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology (fifth ed.). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers(P) Ltd. p. 84. ISBN 81-8061-187-6.