Tribunal

For other uses, see Tribunal (disambiguation).

Andrew Birrell (after Henry Fuseli), Caractacus at the Tribunal of Claudius at Rome (1792)

A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title. For example, an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe that judge as 'their tribunal'. Many governmental bodies that are titled 'tribunals' are so described to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction. For example, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is a body specially constituted under international law; in Great Britain, employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes. Private judicial bodies are also often styled 'tribunals'. The word tribunal is not conclusive of a body's function. For example, in Great Britain, the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record.

The term is derived from the tribunes, magistrates of the Classical Roman Republic. "Tribunal" originally referred to the office of the tribunes, and the term is still sometimes used in this sense in historical writings.

Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, tribunal popularly refers to a public inquiry established under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921. The main difference between a Parliamentary Inquiry (non statutory) and a Tribunal of Inquiry in Ireland is that non-statutory inquiries are not vested with the powers, privileges, and rights of the High Court. Tribunals of Inquiry are. Tribunals are established by resolution of the Houses of the Oireachtas to enquire into matters of urgent public importance. It is not a function of Tribunals to administer justice, their work is solely inquisitorial. Tribunals are obliged to report their findings to the Oireachtas. They have the power to enforce the attendance and examination of witnesses and the production of documents relevant to the work in hand. Tribunals can consist of one or more people. A layperson, or non-lawyer, may be the Sole member of a tribunal.

See also: Public Inquiry §  List of selected Irish public inquiries

United Kingdom

Main article: Tribunals in the United Kingdom

The tribunal system of the United Kingdom is part of the national system of administrative justice. Though it has grown up on an ad hoc basis since the beginning of the twentieth century, from 2007 reforms were put in place to build a unified system with recognised judicial authority, routes of appeal and regulatory supervision.

Netherlands

Historically in the Netherlands, before the separation of lawmaking, law enforcement, and justice duties, all sentences were delivered by a tribunal of seven schepenen or magistrates, appointed by the local count. Such a tribunal was called a Vierschaar, so called for the four-square dimensions of the sitting judges. Most towns had the Vierschaar privilege to hear their own disputes. The Vierschaar was usually located in the town hall, and many historic town halls still have such a room, usually decorated with scenes from the Judgment of Solomon.

Hong Kong

The following tribunals exist within the Judiciary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China: Lands, Small Claims, Labour, Obscene Articles. For public inquiries, commissions are set up instead, under the Commissions of Inquiry Ordinance.

Roman Catholic Church

In the Roman Catholic Church, a tribunal usually refers literally to one of three instances of ecclesiastical courts:

1. a diocesan tribunal
2. a provincial tribunal, that is, of more than one diocese and commonly referred to as an appellate court, or
3. the Sacra Rota Romana, or Sacred Roman Rota, the highest court of appeals.

Australia

In Australia, especially within the context of sport, "tribunal" frequently refers to the AFL Tribunal, the disciplinary body of the Australian Football League. The Victorian Civil Admissions Tribunal also exists to solve many civil disputes. As well as this, a low court of law in Australia is referred to as the Small Claims Tribunal

United States

"Tribunal" is used in the U.S. generally to refer to courts or judicial bodies, as in the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct. The Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct, for instance, define "tribunal" as "a court, an arbitrator in a binding arbitration, or a legislative body, administrative agency, or other body acting in an adjudicative capacity."

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, tribunal refers to a court that serves some special purpose—of which Bangladesh have several. These have been set up to ensure speedy trial and reduce case congestion in the normal courts. Beside this, Article 117 of the Constitution Of The People's Republic of Bangladesh empowers the parliament to set up one or more administrative tribunals. No court can entertain any proceeding or make any order in respect of any matter within the jurisdiction of such tribunal.

Canada

• Civil Resolution Tribunal, an online Tribunal in British Columbia (BC)
• Landlord and Tenant Board, formerly the Ontario Rental Housing Tribunal
• Ontario Condominium Authority, facilitates dispute resolution between condo owners and boards regarding issues such as noise complaints

See also: List of Canadian tribunals

Tribunals in Health Sector

Tribunals also play an integral role in health sectors both within and across nations. Often referred to as "adjunctive tribunals", these quasi-judicial bodies possess regulatory, oversight, and dispute resolution powers to aid in health decision-making and governance. At the same time, the actual effects of adjunctive tribunals on health services are disputed, as little evidence exists to evaluate their efficacy. More empirical evaluations are needed to ensure that tribunals operate in a more evidence-based, systematic manner within the health sector.

See also

• Constitutional court
• International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
• Iraqi Special Tribunal
• League of Legends Tribunal
• Lindsay Tribunal
• Nuremberg Trials
• Public Inquiry
• Revolutionary Tribunal
• Revolutionary tribunal (Russia)
• State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia
• The Elder Scrolls III: Tribunal (Morrowind expansion pack)
• Tribunal for Local Governments in Kerala
• Tribune
• Waitangi Tribunal
• World Courts of Women
• Canadian tribunals