Runway

According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft". Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt).

Naming

Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the runway's heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the local magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is south (180°), runway 27 points west (270°) and runway 36 points to the north (360° rather than 0°). When taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90° (east).

A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each direction separately: e.g., "runway 33" in one direction is "runway 15" when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18 (= 180°).

If there is more than one runway pointing in the same direction (parallel runways), each runway is identified by appending Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R) to the number to identify its position (when facing its direction) — for example, Runways One Five Left (15L), One Five Center (15C), and One Five Right (15R). Runway Zero Three Left (03L) becomes Runway Two One Right (21R) when used in the opposite direction (derived from adding 18 to the original number for the 180 degrees when approaching from the opposite direction). In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, regulations mandate that only one runway may be used at a time under certain conditions (usually adverse weather).

Project Runway

Project Runway is an American reality television series on Lifetime, previously on the Bravo Network, created by Eli Holzman which focuses on fashion design and is hosted by model, singer, and comedian Heidi Klum. The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are restricted in time, materials and theme. Their designs are judged, and one or more designers are eliminated each week. During each season, selected competitors are progressively eliminated based on the judges' scores until only a few contestants remain; these finalists prepare a complete fashion collection for New York Fashion Week, from which a winner is determined. It won a Peabody Award in 2007 "for using the 'television reality contest' genre to engage, inform, enlighten and entertain."

Format

Utah-Idaho Sugar Company

The Utah-Idaho Sugar Company was a large sugar beet processing company owned and controlled by the LDS Church and its leaders, based in Utah. It was notable for providing a valuable cash crop to Utah and surrounding states, and also for being part of the Sugar Trust, leading to antitrust investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Hardwick Committee.

Company origins

Since sugar was a primarily imported crop, there was support in the United States to produce it internally and prevent over $500 million from being sent out of the country. Sugar beet processing was attempted in 1830 near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but the first successful factory was E. H. Dyer's 1879 Standard Sugar Refining Company factory in Alvarado, California.James Wilson, the United States Secretary of Agriculture in 1898, reported that 150,000 copies of an 1897 USDA farmers' bulletin on sugar beets had been distributed and "the demand appears to be unabated."

Project Runway: Junior

Project Runway: Junior is the eighth direct spin-off of Project Runway, featuring twelve teen designers aged between 13 and 17. These designers are described by Tim Gunn as "kids [who] have grown up watching this show" (Project Runway). This new series premiered on November 12, 2015 on Lifetime.

The show is co-hosted by Tim Gunn and Hannah Davis, with Gunn also serving as the designers' workroom mentor. In his role as mentor, Tim Gunn has a "Tim Gunn Save" with which he may bring back an eliminated designer once per season at his discretion. The three judges are fashion designer Christian Siriano (Project Runway Season 4's winner), fashion critic and designer Kelly Osbourne and Aya Kanai, executive fashion editor at Cosmopolitan and Seventeen magazines.

According to Executive Producer Sara Rea, Project Runway: Junior is a re-creation of the original adult series with no concessions in the difficulty of challenges or critiques being made for the contestants' ages. The unconventional challenge featured items from a car wash and one challenge was introduced by First Lady Michelle Obama. The winner of Project Runway: Junior will receive a full scholarship to the prestigious Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising in California, a complete home sewing and crafting studio provided by Brother, a feature in Seventeen Magazine and a $25,000 cash prize, to help launch their line.