Commons:Tiedostojen käyttösäännöt
Shortcut: COM:L
- For maa maakohtaisen lisensointikäytännön mukaan, see Commons:Copyright rules by territory.
Tällä sivulla on maallikoille tehty esimerkein esitetty ohjeistus monimutkaisista tekijänoikeuslaeista. Sen avulla aineistojen lataajat voivat päättää, onko kuva tai mediatiedosto sopiva Wikimedia Commonsiin. Jos etsit tietoa aineiston uudelleenkäytösta omissa teoksissasi, katso Commons:Sisällön uudelleenkäyttö Wikimedian ulkopuolella. Wikimedia Commons hyväksyy vain avointa sisältöä eli kuvia tai muita mediatiedostoja, joita mikään tekijänoikeusrajoitus ei estä ketään käyttämästä mihin tahansa tarkoitukseen. Kuvan käytölle voi olla kuitenkin muuhun kuin tekijänoikeuteen liittyviä rajoituksia, esimerkiksi kuvaan voi päteä tavaramerkkisuoja tai moraalisia oikeuksia. Katso lisätietoja Commons:Non-copyright restrictions. Voi myös olla, että kuvaussivun lisenssi on virheellinen tai ei päde Suomessa tai siinä maassa, jossa sinä asut. Yksityiskohdista lisätietoa alla. Yleensä tällaisista rajoituksista pyritään kertomaan mediatiedoston kuvailusivulla, mutta on uudelleenkäyttäjän tehtävä varmistaa, että kuvan käyttö ei riko lakia. Wikimedia Commons hyväksyy vain sellaiset kuvat, jotka ovat
Wikimedia Commons ei hyväksy fair use -periaatteen nojalla käytettäviä kuvia, katso Commons:fair use perusteluja varten. Kaupallisen uudelleenkäytön kieltävien aineistojen lataaminen ei myöskään ole sallittua. Kuvan lisenssi on kerrottava tiedoston kuvaussivulla käyttäen tekijänoikeusmallinetta. Kaikki lisenssin vaatima tieto on ilmoitettava tiedoston kuvaussivulla. Tietojen avulla muiden tulee voida varmistua lisenssin oikeellisuudesta. Paras tapa on lisätä tämä tieto latausvaiheessa latauslomakkeen yhteenvetokenttään. Jos kysyt lupaa tekijänoikeuksien haltijalta, käytä kirjepohjaa kysyäksesi sitä. |
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Hyväksytyt lisenssit[edit]
Tekijänoikeuslisenssi on muodollinen lupa, jossa todetaan, miten tekijänoikeudella suojattua teosta saa käyttää ja kuka sitä saa käyttää. Vain kuvan tekijänoikeuksien haltija voi lisensoida kuvan jollakin lisenssillä. Yleensä kuvan tekijä, kuten valokuvaaja, piirtäjä tai maalari, on myös kuvan tekijänoikeuksien haltija.
Kaikki tekijänoikeuksin suojattu materiaali Commonsissa (ei koske tekijänoikeuksista vapaata aineistoa) täytyy lisensoida avoimilla lisensseillä, jotka yksiselitteisesti ja peruuttamattomasti antavat kenelle tahansa oikeuden käyttää aineistoa mihin tahansa tarkoitukseen. Vapaasti muotoiltu lupa ei ole riittävä (esimerkiksi lause "kuka tahansa voi käyttää materiaalia vapaasti" tai vastaava). Lisenssien täytyy täyttää alla olevat ehdot:
- Uudelleenjulkaisun ja jakelun täytyy olla sallittua.
- Johdannaisteosten julkaisemisen täytyy olla sallittua.
- Aineiston kaupallisen käytön täytyy olla sallittua.
- Lisenssin täytyy olla pysyvä (ei määräaikainen) ja peruuttamaton.
- Kaikkien tekijöiden/osallistujien hyväksyntää saatetaan vaatia.
- Johdannaisteosten julkaisemista samalla lisenssillä saatetaan vaatia.
- Sähköisessä jakelussa saatetaan vaatia avointen, ilman digitaalisten käyttöoikeuksien hallintaa (DRM) julkaistujen tiedostomuotojen käyttämistä.
Joskus tekijät haluavat julkaista huonompiresoluutioisen version kuvasta tai videosta avoimella lisenssillä ja suojata korkeampilaatuisen kuvan tiukemmilla ehdoilla. On epäselvää voiko versioita käsitellä eri tavoin lain mukaan, mutta Commonsin käytäntönä on kunnioittaa tekijänoikeuden haltijoiden tavoitteita tallentamalla vain huonompilaatuisen kuvan
Tiedostojen käyttöä ei voi rajoittaa seuraavilla tavoilla:
- Käyttö vain Wikimediassa.
- Käyttö vain ei-kaupallisiin tai opetuksellisiin tarkoituksiin
- Vain fair-use -käyttö (Suomessa käyttö sitaattioikeuden perusteella)
- Tekijän tietojen esittäminen vaaditaan sen sijaan, että sitä pyydetään osalle tai kaikille käyttötavoista.
Yleisesti ottaen seuraavat eivät ole sallittuja:
- Ruutukaappaukset ohjelmista, joka ei itsessään ole avoimesti lisensoitu. Kuitenkin GPL-lisenssillä tai vastaavalla lisensoiduita ohjelmistoista otetut ruutukaappaukset ovat sallittuja. Katso Commons:Screenshots.
- TV/DVD/Videopelien ruutukaappaukset. Katso Commons:Screenshots.
- Skannatut tai uskolliset valokuvajäljennökset tekijänoikeudenalaisista taideteoksista, erityisesti kirjan tai levyjen kansista ym. Katso Commons:Derivative works.
- Tekijänoikeuden alaiset symbolit ja logot ym. (Ei pidä sekoittaa tavaramerkkeihin.)
- Mallit, naamiot, lelut ja muut esineet, jotka esittävät tekijänoikeudenalaista teosta, kuten sarjakuva- tai elokuvahahmoa (erotuksena roolihahmosta riippumatta esitetty näyttelijä). Katso Commons:Derivative works.
Commons also allows works that are not protected by copyright (i.e. works in the public domain). Please read the section about public domain below.
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Kaksoislisensointi[edit]
Voit lisensoida kuvasi niin monella lisenssillä kuin haluat, kunhan vähintään yksi lisensseistä on vapaa lisenssi. Esimerkiksi kaupallisen käytön kieltävällä lisenssillä lisensointi on sallittua, vain jos kuva on lisensoitu myös jollakin vapaalla lisenssillä.
Multi-Licensing with restrictive licenses may be desirable for compatibility with the licensing scheme of other projects; also, multi-licensing allows people who create derivative work to release that work under a restrictive license only, if they wish—that is, it gives creators of derivative works more freedom with regards to which license they may use for their work. See Commons:Multi-licensing.
Tunnettuja lisenssejä[edit]
The following well-known licenses are preferred for materials on Commons:
- Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenses
- GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)
- GNU General Public License (GPL) / GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
- Free Art License/Licence Art Libre (FAL/LAL)
- Open Data Commons, for freely licensed databases where the contents are also free or available under a free license or cannot be separated from the database [1].
Again, works in the public domain are also accepted (see below). See Commons:Copyright tags for more licenses.
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Works which are not available under a license which meets the Definition of Free Cultural Works are explicitly not allowed. See the Wikimedia Foundation board resolution on licensing for more information.
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- The Author/Creator of the image or media file. For media that are considered to be in the public domain because the copyright has expired, the date of death of the author may also be crucial (see the section about public domain material below). A generic license template which implies that the uploader is the copyright holder (e.g. {{PD-self}}) is no substitution for this requirement. The only exceptions to this is if the author wishes to remain anonymous or in certain cases where the author is unknown but enough information exists to show the work is truly in the public domain (such as the date of creation/publication).
Of less importance, but should always be provided if possible:
- The Description of the image or media file. What is it of? How was it created?
- The Date and place of creation. For media that are considered to be in the public domain because the copyright has expired, the date of creation may be crucial (see the section about public domain material below).
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- For a music recording, the following aspects must be taken into account, and each must be under a free license (or in the public domain):
- The score of the music (rights by the composer)
- The lyrics of the song (rights by the writer)
- The performance (rights by the performers)
- The recording (rights by the technical personnel / recording company)
- For a picture of artwork (also book covers and the like), it is similar:
- The creator of the original artwork has rights to any reproductions and derivative work.
- The photographer has rights to the image, if it is not a plain reproduction of the original.
- For a picture of a building, note that the architect may hold some rights if distinct architectural features are shown, but see also Commons:Freedom of panorama.
This is often problematic, if the artwork is not the primary content of the image or is not clearly recognizable: in that case, usually only the creator of the resulting picture (recording, etc.) holds a copyright. For instance, when taking a photograph of a group of people in a museum, the photo may also show some paintings on the walls. In that case the copyright of those paintings does not have to be taken into account. The distinction however is not very clear. The Commons:De minimis policy has more information about this concept.
Note that the license for all aspects has to be determined and mentioned explicitly. Also note that reproductions usually may not be copyrighted; the creator of an image of a picture owns no copyright to the resulting digital image. The only relevant copyright is that of the original picture. This also applies to Screenshots.
Material in the public domain[edit]
Material released under a license like CC-0 is considered the equivalent of public domain material; works that lack originality and edicts are in the public domain; a few governments around the world, including the US Federal, California, and Florida governments place most of their works, including most of their public records in the public domain; the English Wikipedia's guideline on public domain material more precisely defines these many exceptions.
Commons accepts material that is in the public domain, that is, documents allowed by the above exception, or that are not eligible to copyright, or for which the copyright has expired. But the "public domain" is complicated; copyright laws vary between countries, and thus a work may be in the public domain in one country, but still be copyrighted in another country. There are international treaties such as the Berne Convention that set some minimum standards, but individual countries are free to go beyond these minimums. A general rule of thumb is that if the creator of a work has been deceased for more than 70 years, their works are in the public domain in the country the creator was a citizen of and in the country where the work was first published. If the work is anonymous or a collaborative work (e.g. an encyclopedia), it is typically in the public domain 70 years after the date of the first publication.
Many countries use such a copyright term of 70 years. A notable exception is the U.S. Due to historical circumstances, the U.S. has more complex rules. In the United States, copyright generally lasts:
- for works first published 1978 or later: until 70 years after the author's death. Anonymous works or work made for hire: until the shorter of 95 years since the first publication or 120 years since the creation of the work
- for works first published before 1978: until 95 years after the first publication
- for works first published before 1964, copyright lasts 28 years after publication (and is therefore currently expired) unless the owner filed for renewal (during the window between 27 and 28 years after publication) in which case rights were extended to 95 years after first publication — the large majority of works published before 1964 have passed into the public domain, but it is imperative to determine that copyright was not renewed (which can be done through an online search at the Copyright Office for works published since 1951)
- Works published before 1923 are in the public domain.
For works created before 1978 but only published 1978 or later, there are some special rules. These terms apply in the U.S. also for foreign works.
However, the year and location of publication is essential. In several countries, material published before a certain year is in the public domain. In the U.S. this date is January 1, 1923. In some countries, all government-published material is public domain, while in others governments claim some copyright (see Commons:Copyright rules by territory).
In the US, the copyright situation for sound recordings (including those published before 1923) is a complicated special case. Recordings fixed prior to February 15, 1972 may be copyrighted under common law and/or state laws which do not always have the same formalities and limitations as US federal copyright. More details are available at the {{PD-US-record}} talk page and this Wikilegal report.
In some jurisdictions (like the United States), one can also explicitly donate work one has created oneself to the public domain. In other places (like the European Union) this is technically not possible; instead, one can grant the right to use the picture freely with, for example, the Creative Commons Zero Waiver, which waives all rights granted by copyright, but the waiver might not be legally binding in the full extent of what is normally understood as “public domain” (e.g. regarding authors' moral rights).
The Hirtle chart is a tool for helping to determine if something is in the public domain in the United States. Commons:International copyright quick reference guide helps to determine if a work first published outside the United States can be uploaded.
Interaction of US and non-US copyright law[edit]
Commons is an international project, but its servers are located in the U.S., and its content should be maximally reusable. Uploads of non-U.S. works are normally allowed only if the work is either in the public domain or covered by a valid free license in both the U.S. and the country of origin of the work. The "country of origin" of a work is generally the country where the work was first published.
When uploading material from a country outside the U.S., the copyright laws of that country and the U.S. normally apply. If material that has been saved from a third-party website is uploaded to Commons, the copyright laws of the U.S., the country of residence of the uploader, and the country of location of the web servers of the website apply. Thus, any licence to use the material should apply in all relevant jurisdictions; if the material is in the public domain, it must normally be in the public domain in all these jurisdictions (plus in the country of origin of the work) for it to be allowable on Commons.
For example, if a person in the UK uploads a picture that has been saved off a French website to the Commons server, the upload must be covered by UK, French and US copyright law. For a photograph to be acceptable for upload to Commons, it must be public domain in France, the UK and the US, or there must be an acceptable copyright license for the photograph that covers the UK, US and France.
Exception: Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional works of art, such as paintings, which are in the public domain are an exception to this rule. In July 2008, following a statement clarifying WMF policy, Commons voted to the effect that all such photographs are accepted as public domain regardless of country of origin, and tagged with a warning. For details, see Commons:Policy on photographs of old pictures.
Uruguay Round Agreements Act[edit]
- Main page: Commons:URAA-restored copyrights
The Uruguay Round Agreements Act or URAA is a US law that restored copyrights in the U.S. on foreign works if that work was still copyrighted in the foreign source country on the URAA date. This URAA date was January 1, 1996 for most countries. This means that foreign works became copyrighted in the U.S. even if they had been in the public domain in the U.S. before the URAA date. See also Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights.
Because the constitutionality of this law was challenged in court, Commons initially permitted users to upload images that would have been public domain in the U.S. but for the URAA. However, the constitutionality of the URAA was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Golan v. Holder. After discussion, it was determined that the affected files would not be deleted en masse but reviewed individually. There was further discussion about the best method for review of affected files, resulting in the creation of Commons:WikiProject Public Domain.
Files affected by the URAA should be tagged with {{Not-PD-US-URAA}}.
Files nominated for deletion due to the URAA should be evaluated carefully, as should be their copyright status under US and local laws. A mere allegation that the URAA applies to a file cannot be the sole reason for deletion. If the end result of copyright evaluation is that there is significant doubt about the freedom of a file under US or local law, the file must be deleted in line with the precautionary principle.
Fair use is not allowed on Commons[edit]
Wikimedia Commons does not accept content under the condition of fair use. See Commons:Fair use.
Derivative works[edit]
You want a picture of Mickey Mouse, but of course you can't just scan it in. Why not take a picture of a little action figure and then upload it? Don't. The reason why you can't upload photographs of such figures is that they are considered as derivative works. Such works can't be published without permission of the original creator.
The US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 101, says: "A derivative work is a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a “derivative work”." A photograph of a copyrighted item is considered a derivative work in US jurisdiction. US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 106: "(...) The owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following: (...) (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;"
Therefore, "unauthorized" derivative works, like photographs of copyrighted action figures, toys, etc., must be deleted. For more information, see Commons:Derivative works.
Exception: So-called useful articles - objects with an intrinsic utilitarian function, even if commercial designs, are not subject to copyright protection in the US. Consequently, images thereof are not w:derivative works under US law. For details and applicability of this exception, see the Supreme Court’s decision in W:Mazer v. Stein, and {{Useful-object-US}}.
Simple design[edit]
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20161120122545im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Microsoft_logo_%281987%29.svg/220px-Microsoft_logo_%281987%29.svg.png)
Regarding trademarks (see also Commons:Image casebook#Trademarks): Most commercial items and products are protected by intellectual property laws in one way or another, but copyright is only one such protection. It is important to make the distinction between copyright, trademarks, and patents. Wikimedia Commons generally only enforces copyright restrictions, for these reasons:
- Almost anything can be trademarked, and it wouldn't make sense to forbid everything.
- Trademarks and industrial designs restrictions are pertinent to industrial reproduction, but photographs of such items can otherwise be freely reproduced.
→ For these reasons Commons accepts any trademark whose copyright has expired. Moreover, Commons accepts images of text in a general typeface and of simple geometric shapes, even if it happens to be a recent trademarked logo, on the grounds that such an image is not sufficiently creative to attract copyright protection.[1] Such images should be tagged with {{PD-ineligible}} or one of the list of more specific tags for this kind of works (e.g. {{PD-textlogo}} for simple logos).
Raster renderings (i.e. PNG images) of uncopyrighted simple designs can themselves be regarded as being uncopyrighted. For vector images (i.e. SVG files) of uncopyrighted simple designs, the question as to whether the vector representation has its own copyright is less clear; see the English Wikipedia copyright information about fonts and the {{PD-textlogo}} talk page for more information.
It is often very difficult to determine whether a design is protected by copyright or not, and images of these sorts are frequently nominated for deletion, with various results. See Commons:Threshold of originality and/or “Threshold of originality” (in Wikipedia) for some guidance.
Fonts[edit]
The raster rendering of a font (or typeface) is not subject to copyright in the U.S., and therefore is in the public domain. It may be copyrighted in other countries (see intellectual property of typefaces on Wikipedia). You should use {{PD-font}} in this case.
Copyright rules[edit]
Some guidance on applicable copyright rules can be found at
- Commons:Copyright rules by territory
- Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter (formerly Commons:Image casebook)
Katso myös
See also[edit]
- Copyright tags
- Copyright FAQ for Wikipedia
- Help:Public domain
- Open Content - A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licences (also available as PDF, ISBN 978-3-940785-57-2)
- Stock.xchng Policy
- Commons:WikiProject Permission requests
- Commons:Choosing a license
Huomiot[edit]
- ↑ See Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits Inc where it was decided that the SKYY vodka bottle and logo were not copyrightable
Aiheesta muualla[edit]
Lakikokoelmia:
- Unescon kokoelma kansallisia tekijänoikeuslakeja
- WIPOn lakikokoelma
- CERLALC: Kokoelma Latinalaisen Amerikan, Karibian valtioiden, Espanjan ja Portugalin tekijänoikeuslakeja
- CIPR: Kokoelma Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisön jäsenmaiden ja Baltian maiden tekijänoikeuslakeja
- ECAP: Kokoelma ASEAN-valtioiden tekijänoikeuslakeja
- EuroMed Audiovisual II, EU:n projekti, johon sisältyy joidenkin Välimeren maiden tekijänoikeuslait
Tekijänoikeussopimukset:
- Bernin sopimus kirjallisten ja taiteellisten teosten suojaamisesta (suomeksi)
- Maailman kauppajärjestön perustamissopimus (tekijänoikeussopimus liitteenä 1C) (suomeksi)
- Direktiivi tekijänoikeuden ja tiettyjen lähioikeuksien suojan voimassaoloajasta (2006/116/EY) (suomeksi)
Yhdysvaltain tekijänoikeus (englanniksi):
- Yhdysvaltain tekijänoikeusviraston kiertokirje 38a: Yhdysvaltain suhteet muihin maihin tekijänoikeusasioissa (osa maista puuttuu),
- Yhdysvaltain tekijänoikeusviraston kiertokirje 38b: Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA),
- Yhdysvaltain tekijänoikeuslain 104A § (Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA))
- Tietoa tekijänoikeudesta Yhdysvalloissa
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