Rubidium chloride

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Rubidium chloride
Rubidium chloride's NaCl structure
Rubidium chloride's CsCl structure
Names
Other names
rubidium(I) chloride
Identifiers
7791-11-9 YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:78672 N
ChemSpider 56434 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.310
PubChem 62683
RTECS number VL8575000
UNII N3SHC5273S N
Properties
RbCl
Molar mass 120.921 g/mol
Appearance white crystals
hygroscopic
Density 2.80 g/cm3 (25 °C)
2.088 g/mL (750 °C)
Melting point 718 °C (1,324 °F; 991 K)
Boiling point 1,390 °C (2,530 °F; 1,660 K)
77 g/100mL (0 °C)
91 g/100 mL (20 °C)
130 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility in methanol 1.41 g/100 mL
−46.0·10−6 cm3/mol
1.5322
Thermochemistry
52.4 J K−1 mol−1
95.9 J K−1 mol−1
−435.14 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet Fisher Scientific
NFPA 704
Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g., water Health code 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g., turpentine Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
4440 mg/kg (rat)
Related compounds
Other anions
Rubidium fluoride
Rubidium bromide
Rubidium iodide
Rubidium astatide
Other cations
Lithium chloride
Sodium chloride
Potassium chloride
Caesium chloride
Francium chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Rubidium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RbCl. This alkali metal halide is composed of rubidium and chlorine, and finds diverse uses ranging from electrochemistry to molecular biology.

Structure[edit]

In its gas phase, RbCl is diatomic with a bond length estimated at 2.7868 Å.[1] This distance increases to 3.285 Å for cubic RbCl, reflecting the higher coordination number of the ions in the solid phase.[2]

Depending on conditions, solid RbCl exists in one of three arrangements or polymorphs as determined with holographic imaging:[3]

Sodium chloride (octahedral 6:6)[edit]

The NaCl polymorph is most common. A cubic close-packed arrangement of chloride anions with rubidium cations filling the octahedral holes describes this polymorph.[4] Both ions are six-coordinate in this arrangement. This polymorph's lattice energy is only 3.2 kJ/mol less than the following structure's.[5]

Caesium chloride (cubic 8:8)[edit]

At high temperature and pressure, RbCl adopts the CsCl structure (NaCl and KCl undergo the same structural change at high pressures). Here, the chloride ions form a simple cubic arrangement with chloride anions occupying the vertices of a cube surrounding a central Rb+. This is RbCl's densest packing motif.[2] Because a cube has eight vertices, both ions' coordination numbers equal eight. This is RbCl's highest possible coordination number. Therefore, according to the radius ratio rule, cations in this polymorph will reach their largest apparent radius because the anion-cation distances are greatest.[4]

Sphalerite (tetrahedral 4:4)[edit]

The sphalerite polymorph of rubidium chloride is extremely rare, resulting in few structural studies. The lattice energy, however, for this formation is predicted to nearly 40.0 kJ/mol smaller than those of the preceding structures.[5]

Synthesis[edit]

The most common preparation of pure rubidium chloride involves the reaction of its hydroxide with hydrochloric acid, followed by recrystallization:[6]

RbOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → RbCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Because RbCl is hygroscopic, it must be protected from atmospheric moisture, e.g. using a desiccator. RbCl is primarily used in laboratories. Therefore, numerous suppliers (see below) produce it in smaller quantities as needed. It is offered in a variety of forms for chemical and biomedical research.

Reactions[edit]

Rubidium chloride reacts with sulfuric acid to rubidium hydrogen sulfate.

Uses[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lide, D. R.; Cahill, P.; Gold, L. P. (1963). "Microwave Spectrum of Lithium Chloride". Journal of Chemical Physics. 40 (1): 156–159. doi:10.1063/1.1724853. 
  2. ^ a b Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry. Oxford University Press. pp. 410, 444. 
  3. ^ Kopecky, M.; Fábry, J.; Kub, J.; Busetto, E.; Lausi, A. (2005). "X-ray diffuse scattering holography of a centrosymmetric sample". Applied Physics Letters. 87 (23): 231914. doi:10.1063/1.2140084. 
  4. ^ a b Shriver, D. F.; Atkins, P. W.; Cooper, H. L. (1990). "Chapter 2". Inorganic Chemistry. Freeman. 
  5. ^ a b Pyper, N. C.; Kirkland, A. I.; Harding, J. H. (2006). "Cohesion and polymorphism in solid rubidium chloride". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 18 (2): 683–702. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/18/2/023. 
  6. ^ Winter, M. (2006). "Compounds of Rubidium". WebElements. 
  7. ^ Hallonquist, J.; Lindegger, M.; Mrosovsky, N. (1994). "Rubidium chloride fuses split circadian activity rhythms in hamsters housed in bright constant light". Chronobiology International. 11 (2): 65–71. doi:10.3109/07420529409055892. PMID 8033243. 
  8. ^ Hougardy, E.; Pernet, P.; Warnau, M.; Delisle, J.; Grégoire, J.-C. (2003). "Marking bark beetle parasitoids within the host plant with rubidium for dispersal studies". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 108 (2): 107. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00073.x. 
  9. ^ "RbCl Transformation Protocol". New England Biolabs. 2006. 
  10. ^ a b Baumel, S. (2000). Dealing with depression naturally: complementary and alternative therapies for restoring emotional health. Los Angeles: Keats Pub. p. 101. ISBN 0-658-00291-0. 
  11. ^ Budavari, S. (1996). The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. Rahway, NJ, U.S.A.: Merck. ISBN 0-911910-12-3. 
  12. ^ Lake, J. A. (2006). Textbook of Integrative Mental Health Care. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. p. 165. ISBN 1-58890-299-4.