Tapentadol

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Tapentadol
Tapentadol.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Nucynta, Palexia
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a610006
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		 Oral
ATC code N02AX06 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 32% (oral)[1]
Protein binding 20%[2]
Metabolism Hepatic (mostly via glucuronidation but also by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6)[1]
Biological half-life 4 hours<[1]
Excretion Urine and faeces (1%)[1]
Identifiers
Synonyms BN-200
CG-5503
R-331333
CAS Number 175591-09-0 N
PubChem (CID) 9838022
IUPHAR/BPS 7477
ChemSpider 8013742 YesY
UNII H8A007M585 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1201776 N
ECHA InfoCard 100.131.247
Chemical and physical data
Formula C14H23NO
Molar mass 221.339 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
Boiling point (decomposes)
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Tapentadol (brand names: Nucynta, Palexia and Tapal) is a centrally acting opioid analgesic of the benzenoid class with a dual mode of action as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI).[1] Analgesia occurs within 32 minutes of oral administration, and lasts for 4–6 hours.[3]

It is similar to tramadol in its dual mechanism of action; namely, its ability to activate the mu opioid receptor and inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine.[3] Unlike tramadol, it has only weak effects on the reuptake of serotonin and is a significantly more potent opioid with no known active metabolites.[3][4] Tapentadol is not a pro-drug and therefore does not rely on metabolism to produce its therapeutic effects; this makes it a useful moderate-potency analgesic option for patients who do not respond adequately to more commonly used opioids due to genetic disposition (poor metabolizers of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6), as well as providing a more consistent dosage-response range among the patient population.

Tapentadol general potency is somewhere between that of tramadol and morphine,[5] with an analgesic efficacy comparable to that of oxycodone despite a lower incidence of side effects.[1] It is generally regarded as a weak-moderate strength opioid.

Tapentadol was approved by the US FDA in November, 2008,[6] by the TGA of Australia in December 2010[7] and by the MHRA of the UK in February 2011.1[8]

Medical use[edit]

Tapentadol is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain for both acute (following injury, surgery, etc.) and chronic musculoskeletal pain. It is also specifically indicated for controlling the pain of diabetic neuropathy when around-the-clock opioid medication is required.[1][9]

Its general potency is somewhere between that of tramadol and morphine,[5] with an analgesic efficacy comparable to that of oxycodone despite a lower incidence of side effects.[1][10]

Tapentadol is Pregnancy Category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of tapentadol in pregnant women, and tapentadol is not recommended for use in women during and immediately prior to labor and delivery.[11]

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of tapentadol in children.[11]

Contraindications[edit]

Tapentadol is contraindicated in people with epilepsy or who are otherwise prone to seizures. It raises intracranial pressure so should not be used in people with head injuries, brain tumors, or other conditions which increase intracranial pressure. It increases the risk of respiratory depression so should not be used in people with asthma. As with other mu-opioid agonists, tapentadol may cause spasms of the sphincter of Oddi, and is therefore discouraged for use in patients with biliary tract disease such as both acute and chronic pancreatitis. People who are rapid or ultra rapid metabolizers for the CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 enzymes may not respond to tapentadol therapy. Due to reduced clearance, tapentadol should be administered with caution to people with moderate liver disease and not at all in people with severe liver disease.[11]

Adverse effects[edit]

The most commonly reported side effects of tapentadol therapy in clinical trials were nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sleepiness, itchiness, dry mouth, headache, and fatigue.[1]

According to the World Health Organization there is little evidence to judge the abuse potential of tapentadol.[10] Although early pre-clinical animal trials suggested that tapentadol has a reduced abuse liability compared to other opioid analgesics[1] the US DEA placed tapentadol into Schedule II,[12] the same category as stronger opioids more commonly used recreationally, such as morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl.[11][13]

Like its proto-drug, O-desmethyltramadol, tapentadol has been demonstrated to reduce the seizure threshold in patients. Tapentadol should be used cautiously in patients with a history of seizures, and in patients who are also taking one or more other drugs which have also been demonstrated to reduce the seizure threshold. Patients at high risk include those using other serotogenic and adrenergic medications, as well as patients with head trauma, metabolic disorders, and those in alcohol and/or drug withdrawals.[14]

Tapentadol has been demonstrated to potentially produce hypotension (low blood pressure), and should be used with caution in patients with low blood pressure, and patients who are taking one or more other medications which are also known to reduce blood pressure.[15]

Interactions[edit]

Combination with SSRIs/SNRIs, SRAs, serotonin receptor agonists and/or MAOIs may lead to potentially lethal serotonin syndrome.[16] Combination with MAOIs may also result in an adrenergic storm. Use of tapentadol with alcohol or other sedatives such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, nonbenzodiazepines, phenothiazines, and other opiates may result in increased impairment, sedation, respiratory depression, and death.[1] Tapentadol is partially metabolized by the hepatic enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 so has interactions with drugs that enhance or repress their activity.[1]

The combination of tapentadol and alcohol may result in increased plasma concentrations of tapentadol and produce respiratory depression to a degree greater than the sum of the two drugs when administered separately; patients should be cautioned against alcohol consumption when taking tapentadol as the combination may be fatal.[17]

Tapentadol should be used with caution in patients who are taking one or more anticholinergic drugs, as this combination may result in urine retention (which can result in serious renal damage and is considered a medical emergency).[18]

Pharmacology[edit]

Tapentadol is an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI).[1] Analgesia occurs within 32 minutes after oral administration, and lasts for 4–6 hours.[3] The relative-potency conversion between the mu-opioid activity of morphine and tapentadol is 1:1.8, meaning that a 50mg dose of tapentadol (p.o.) is equal to slightly less than 30mg of morphine (p.o)/ 3mg of morphine (i.v.);[19]

It is similar to tramadol in its dual mechanism of action but unlike tramadol, it has only weak effects on the reuptake of serotonin and is a significantly more potent opioid with no known active metabolites.[3][4]

Commercial preparations contain only the (R,R) stereoisomer, which is the weakest isomer in terms of opioid activity.[10] The free base conversion ratio for salts includes 0.86 for the hydrochloride.[20]

The peak plasma concentration (Cmax; amount of active drug in the bloodstream) is increased by 8% and 18% for tapentadol IR and ER preparations, respectively. This difference is not clinically significant, and tapentadol may be administered orally with or without food as circumstances allow, and the patient will generally not notice any change in the efficacy and/or duration of analgesic effects if the drug is not consistently administered in fasting or fed states (patients will receive the same benefits from their dose regardless of what and when they last ate). The plasma concentration of tapentadol differs to a relevant degree based on the administered dose, with the highest tested dose (250 mg) resulting in a higher Cmax than would be expected via the dose-proportionate plasma concentration expectations.[21] Increased doses of tapentadol should be anticipated to be slightly stronger than predicted by linear functions of the previous dose-response relation.

History[edit]

75 mg Nucynta (tapentadol) tablets.

Tapentadol was discovered by scientists at the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal in the late 1980s led by Helmut Buschmann; the team started by analyzing the chemistry and activity of tramadol, which had been discovered at the same company in 1962.[22]:302 Tramadol has several enantiomers, and each forms metabolites after processing in the liver. These tramadol variants have varying activities at the μ-opioid receptor, the norepinephrine transporter, and the serotonin transporter, and differing half-lives, with the metabolites having the best activity. Using tramadol as a starting point, the team aimed to discover a single molecule that minimized the serotonin activity, had strong μ-opioid receptor agonism and strong norepinephrine reuptake inhibition, and would not require metabolism to be active; the result was tapentadol.[22]:301–302

In 2003 Grünenthal partnered with two Johnson & Johnson subsidiaries, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development and Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical to develop and market tapentadol; Johnson & Johnson had exclusive rights to sell the drug in the US, Canada, and Japan while Grünenthal retained rights elsewhere.[23]:143 In 2008 tapentadol received FDA approval; in 2009 it was classified by DEA as a Schedule II drug, and entered the US market.[23]:143 Tapentadol was reported to be the "first new molecular entity of oral centrally acting analgesics" class approved in the United States in more than 25 years.[24]

In 2010 Grünenthal granted Johnson & Johnson the right to market tapentadol in about 80 additional countries.[25] Later that year, tapentadol was approved in Europe.[26] In 2011, Nucynta ER, an extended release formulation of tapentadol, was released in the United States for management of moderate to severe chronic pain and received FDA approval the following year for the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.[27][28]

After annual sales of $166 million, in January 2015, Johnson & Johnson sold its rights to market tapentadol in the US to Depomed for $1 billion.[29]

Tapentadol is only marketed in countries where appropriate controls exist.[30] Since 2009 the drug has been categorized in the US as a Schedule II narcotic with ACSCN 9780; in 2014 it was allocated a 17,500 kilogram aggregate manufacturing quota. In 2010, Australia made tapentadol an S8 controlled drug.[31] The following year, tapentadol was classified as a Class A controlled drug in the United Kingdom, and was also placed under national control in Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Latvia and Spain.[32][33] More recently, Canada made the opioid a Schedule I controlled drug.[34] After performing a critical review, the United Nations Expert Committee on Drug Dependence in 2014 advised that tapentadol not be placed under international control but remain under surveillance.[35]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fidman, B; Nogid, A (2010). "Role of Tapentadol Immediate Release (Nucynta) in the Management Of Moderate-to-Severe Pain". Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 35 (6): 330–357. PMC 2888545Freely accessible. 
  2. ^ Brayfield, A, ed. (14 November 2011). "Tapentadol". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 2 April 2014. 
  3. ^ a b c d e Singh, DR; Nag, K; Shetti, AN; Krishnaveni, N (July 2013). "Tapentadol hydrochloride: A novel analgesic.". Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia. 7 (3): 322–326. doi:10.4103/1658-354X.115319. PMC 3757808Freely accessible. PMID 24015138. 
  4. ^ a b Raffa, RB; et al. (July 2012). "Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol.". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 13 (10): 1437–49. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.696097. PMID 22698264. 
  5. ^ a b Tzschentke, TM; de Vry, J; Terlinden, R; Hennies, HH; Lange, C; Strassburger, W; Haurand, M; Kolb, J; Schneider, J; Buschmann, H; Finkam, M; Jahnel, U; Friedrichs, E (2006). "Tapentadol Hydrochloride". Drugs of the Future. 31 (12): 1053. doi:10.1358/dof.2006.031.12.1047744. 
  6. ^ "Nucynta History". drugs.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015. 
  7. ^ "PALEXIA® SR PRODUCT INFORMATION" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. CSL Limited. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014. 
  8. ^ "Palexia film coated tablets". electronic Medicines Compendium. Grunenthal Ltd. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014. 
  9. ^ "Medscape-Nucynta". 
  10. ^ a b c 35th Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, Hammamet, Tunisia (June 2012). "Tapentadol: Expert peer review on pre-review report" (PDF). Wolrd Health Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2014. 
  11. ^ a b c d Nucynta Label, last updated October 2013. Main FDA index page is here to check for updates.
  12. ^ Leonhart MM, Deputy Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration (May 2009). "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Tapentadol Into Schedule II". Federal Register. 74 (97): 23790–93. 
  13. ^ "DEA Diversion Control - Controlled Substances Schedules". US Federal Government. Retrieved 2012-05-16. 
  14. ^ Jansenn Inc. "NUCYNTA® CR" (PDF). 
  15. ^ Jansenn Inc. "NUCYNTA® CR" (PDF). 
  16. ^ Nossaman, V. E.; Ramadhyani, U.; Kadowitz, P. J.; Nossaman, B. D. (2010). "Advances in Perioperative Pain Management: Use of Medications with Dual Analgesic Mechanisms, Tramadol & Tapentadol". Anesthesiology Clinics. 28 (4): 647–66. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2010.08.009. PMID 21074743. 
  17. ^ Jansenn Inc. "NUCYNTA® CR" (PDF). 
  18. ^ Jansenn Inc. "NUCYNTA® CR" (PDF). 
  19. ^ PubChem. "Tapentadol". Retrieved June 14, 2016. 
  20. ^ http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/quotas/2014/fr0825.htm
  21. ^ Jansenn Inc. "NUCYNTA® CR" (PDF). 
  22. ^ a b Helmut Buschmann. Tapentadol – From Morphine and Tramadol to the Discovery of Tapentadol. Chapter 12 in Analogue-based Drug Discovery III, First Edition. Edited by Janos Fischer, C. Robin Ganellin, and David P. Rotella. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 2013. ISBN 9783527651108
  23. ^ a b Dan Froicu and Raymond S Sinatra. Tapentadol. Chapter 31 in The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics, Eds. Raymond S. Sinatra, Jonathan S. Jahr, J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford. Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 9781139491983
  24. ^ Krüger-Hellwig, A. (6 June 2006). "Grünenthal GmbH Presents Tapentadol, a Novel Centrally Acting Analgesic, at the 25th Annual Scientific Meeting of The American Pain Society". PR Newswire. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  25. ^ J&J Press Release. June 7, 2010 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. Announces Expansion of Licensing Agreement for Tapentadol
  26. ^ Gail Dutton for GEN. Jun 1, 2012 Pain Management Market Ripe with Immediate Opportunities
  27. ^ "Nucynta (tapentadol) FDA Approval History - Drugs.com". www.drugs.com. Retrieved 2016-03-09. 
  28. ^ "FDA Approves Nucynta ER (tapentadol) Extended-Release Oral Tablets for the Management of Neuropathic Pain Associated With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy". 
  29. ^ Staff, The Pharma Letter. January 16, 2015 Depomed pays over $1 billion for US rights to Janssen’s Nucynta franchise
  30. ^ "Supplemental data for World Health Organization (Expert Committee on Drug Dependence) Critical Review on drug dependence of tapentadol" (PDF). World Health Organization. 23 May 2014. p. 18. Retrieved 12 March 2014. 
  31. ^ "Australian Public Assessment Report for Tapentadol" (pdf). Therapeutic Goods Administration. February 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2016. 
  32. ^ Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2011
  33. ^ "International Narcotics Control Board Report 2012" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. 5 March 2013. p. 99. Retrieved 12 March 2016. 
  34. ^ Gazette, Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Canada. "Canada Gazette – Regulations Amending the Narcotic Control Regulations (Tapentadol) — (Archived)". Canada Gazette. Retrieved 2016-03-12. 
  35. ^ "World Health Organization: Reports of advisory bodies" (PDF). World Health Organization. 22 January 2015. pp. 2, 4. Retrieved 12 March 2016. 
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