- published: 24 Nov 2013
- views: 15455
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The Al-Saud family had been in exile since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second Saudi State and the rise of Jebel Shammar under the Al Rashid clan. In 1902, Ibn Saud recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's former capital.
to see the map click on this time [00:00]
He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, Al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. The resultant polity was named the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz from 1927 until it was further consolidated with Al-Hasa and Qatif into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
The unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign, by which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, and emirates of most of the Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or Al Saud, between 1902 and 1932, when the modern-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed. Carried out under the charismatic Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, this process created what is sometimes referred to as the Third Saudi State, to differentiate it from the first and second states that existed under the Al Saud clan.
The Treaty of Darin or the Darin Pact (1915), was between the United Kingdom and Abdul-Aziz Al Saud (Ibn Saud) ruler of Nejd, The Treaty made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define its boundaries. The British aim of the treaty was to guarantee the sovereignty of Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial States. Abdul-Aziz agreed not to attack these British protectorates, but gave no undertaking that he would not attack the Sharif of Mecca.
The Treaty of Jeddah (1927), superseded the Treaty of Darin (1915) and was signed on May 20, 1927, between King Abdul Aziz and the United Kingdom. It recognized the sovereignty of King Abdul Aziz over what was then known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd; these regions were unified into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. In return, King Abdul Aziz would hold back his forces from attacking and harassing neighboring British Protectorates.
Abdulaziz ibn Saud was a member of the Saudi family that took refuge in Kuwait. In this video you’ll learn how Ibn Saud rose to power and unified Arabia into a single country.
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The Saudi family were rulers of the city of Riyadh before it was captured by their rivals the Rashidis. The Saudis were forced to go into exile and after changing locations, they found themselves in Kuwait. Ibn Saud was 26 when he started his journey to power.
He started raiding with his cousins in the Rashidi territory and recaptured his home city of Riyadh. It took him three decades to take control of central Arabia and become the king of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
During this time, he developed a diplomatic relationship with the Great Britain who gave him weaponry and money to defeat the Rashidis. In his unification of Arabia, Ibn Saud was also helped by the Ikhwan, a military organization that were fighting for him.
In between two world wars, oil was found and Saudi Arabia went from one of the poorest to one of the richest countries in the world almost instantly.
Ibn Saud died at the age of 78, leaving behind almost 100 children and a unified Arabic state.
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Music:
"1909 - Oriental March" by Victor Herbert Orchestra
From the Free Music Archive
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- published: 01 Dec 2016
- views: 67
Excerpt from Scott Anderson's book Lawrence in Arabia:
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud embraced a form of fundamentalist Islam know as Wahhabism. Ibn Saud had expanded his reach from a small string of oasis villages in the Riyadh region to cover a vast expanse of northeastern Arabia.
In 1916 TE Lawrence argued in "The politics of Mecca" that Ibn Saud and the Wahhabists posed as Islamic reformists "with all the narrow minded bigotry of the puritan" and ibn Saud and his Wahhabists were hardly representative of Islam. He warned in the politics of Mecca that the Wahhabist sect was composed of marginal medievalists, "and if it prevailed, we would have in place of the tolerant, rather comfortable Islam of Mecca and Damascus, the fanaticism of Nejd...intensified and swollen by success."
In 1923, ibn Saud and the Wahhabists would conquer much of the Arabian Peninsula and, to honor his clan, give it the name Saudi Arabia. For the next ninety years, the vast and profligate Saudi royal family would survive by essentially buying off the doctrinaire Wahhabists who had brought them to power, financially subsidizing their activities so long as their disciples directed their jihadist efforts abroad. The most famous product of this arrangement was to be a man named Osama bin Laden. ***
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of "Wahhabism," an austere form of Islam, arrives in the central Arabian state of Najd in 1744 preaching a return to "pure" Islam. He seeks protection from the local emir, Muhammad ibn Saud, head of the Al Saud tribal family, and they cut a deal. The Al Saud will endorse al-Wahhab's austere form of Islam and in return, the Al Saud will get political legitimacy and regular tithes from al-Wahhab's followers. The religious-political alliance that al-Wahhab and Saud forge endures to this day in Saudi Arabia.
By the 19th century, the Al Saud has spread its influence across the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf and including the Two Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. But in 1818, forces of the Ottoman Empire sack the capital, Riyadh, and execute many of the religious and political leaders. Over the next eighty years the Al Saud attempt to reestablish their rule on the Arabian Peninsula without success.
With the Ikhwan by his side, Abd al-Aziz captures province after province of the vast desert. He captures Mecca in 1924 and Medina in 1925, becoming the ruler of the Two Holy Cities of Islam. But the Ikhwan want to spread Wahhabism beyond Arabia and when Abd al-Aziz tries to restrain them, they rebel. To survive, Abd al-Aziz realizes he has to destroy the Ikhwan. But how can he, a defender of Islam, justify going to war against his Muslim warriors?
Abd al-Aziz seeks the approval of the ulama, the religious authorities, regarded as the moral guardians of the realm. With the ulama's endorsement, he crushes the Ikhwan.
Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud declares himself king and gives his name to the country: Saudi Arabia. To keep his new kingdom united, he marries a daughter from every tribe as well as from the influential clerical families -- more than twenty wives, although never more than four at one time, in accordance with the Quran.
These unions produce 45 legitimate sons and an unknown number of daughters (daughters are not counted). Abd al-Aziz then begins consolidating power away from the brothers and cousins who helped him conquer the peninsula in favor of his own sons. Every Saudi king since has been a son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud.
The Cairo branch in the British government with TE Lawrence backed Faisal and Hussein The Sharif of Mecca. The Indian branch of the British government backed Ibn Saud and the Wahhabists. The French and British with Sykes Picot undermined Faisal and Hussein and Ibn Saud took advantage in Arabia and the Wahhabi state was born in Saudi Arabia.
It was only 100 years ago that two plans were in competition with each other for the fate of the Middle East. If the Sherif of Mecca King Hussein along with his son Prince Faisal would of prevailed over the Sykes Picot plan you would have had an Arab super state that included Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel to name a few. What might have been? A utopia probably not but a much better situation than the previous 100 years one could imagine?
Scott Anderson's book:http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/201116/lawrence-in-arabia-by-scott-anderson/
House of Saud:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saud/cron/
- published: 30 Dec 2015
- views: 8380
Saud" redirects here. For the Pakistani actor, see Saud (actor). For the Romanian village of Săud, see Buntești.
House of Saud
Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia.svg
Country Saudi Arabia
Titles
King of Saudi Arabia
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Founded 1744 by Muhammad bin Saud
Current head Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
The House of Saud (Arabic: آل سعود Āl Saʻūd) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The family has thousands of members. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud.
The most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, currently King Salman. The throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to another. His deputy Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud is also from the ruling House of Saud, and the king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family. While the monarchy is hereditary now, future Saudi kings will be chosen by a committee of Saudi princes, in line with a 2006 Royal Decree.[1]
The family is estimated to be composed of 15,000 members, but the majority of the power and wealth is possessed by a group of only about 2,000.[2][3]
The House of Saud has gone through three phases: the First Saudi State, the Second Saudi State, and the modern nation of Saudi Arabia. The First Saudi State marked the expansion of Wahhabism. The Second Saudi State was marked with continuous infighting. Modern Saudi Arabia wields considerable influence in the Middle East. The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of.. FIND MORE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud
- published: 16 Feb 2015
- views: 2561949
This book(The Caliphate, The Hijaz and the Saudi Wahabi Nation State) is a part of a larger unpublished work on the Organisation of Islamic Conference. It documents and exposes the complicity of the Saudi-Wahabi alliance in the fall of the Khilafate and the subsequent obstacles imposed to prevent the re-establishment of the Khilafat. Required reading for Muslims who are seeking to make sense of the world today.
Download Link: http://imranhosein.org/media/books/caliphate.pdf
Lecture on lecture "Imam Mahdi (AS) & The Return of the Caliphate" and also the report of "Lowest water levels in Sea of Galilee"
http://salafiaqeedah.blogspot.com/2010/10/return-of-caliphate.html
These two books also be helpful to do more research on this field.
1) "Surrendering Islam, The Subversion of Islam, Throughout History Until the Present Day"
Download Link: http://www.surrenderingislam.com/sites/surrenderingislam.com/files/Surrendering_Islam.pdf
Online Reading Link: http://www.surrenderingislam.com/
2) "Terrorism and The Illuminati, a three thousand years history"
Download Link: http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/sites/default//files/Terrorism_Illuminati.pdf
Online Reading Link: http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/
- published: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 170912
Unissued / unused footage - dates and locations may be unknown / unclear.
Egypt.
On January 10, 1946 we see various shots of Arabian King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia visiting Egypt.
Egypt's King Farouk, the Egyptian Prime Minister and several dignitaries make their way to the docks of Suez. King Farouk goes aboard the royal yacht Maroussa (sp?) which brought Ibn Saud to Egypt. The pair walk back to the docks together and pose for cameras. they sit and chat on two thrones then board the royal train that takes them to Cairo.
Shots of the two Kings riding through Cairo in an open carriage as crowds cheer and wave. They pose at the entrance to King Farouk's residence.
FILM ID:2171.15
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
- published: 13 Apr 2014
- views: 28284
Saudi Arabia playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4EDBD55F72771A53
more at http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html
"'This is a story of a venture by American capital in a strange and ancient land,' says the narrator. Shows the search and extraction of oil in Saudi Arabia, necessary to power the American 'nation on wheels.'"
Reupload of a previously uploaded film with improved video & sound.
Public domain film from the Library of Congress Prelinger Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html
TIME Magazine, January 15, 1951, p. 69:
-BUSINESS & FINANCE: FOREIGN TRADE:
-Half & Half
- In the garden of his modern home two miles outside Jedda, Saudi Arabia'a shrewd old (60) Finance Minister Abdullah El Suleiman sat down to wait for a visitor. For greater comfort in the muggy 80° heat, he slipped off his sandals. When a U.S. car rolled up, barefooted Abdullah arose, greeted Arabian American Oil Co.'s Executive Vice President Fred A. Davies and ushered him inside.
- There, over small earthenware cups of tea and thick coffee, they scratched their signatures to a historic document. When the news of its contents came out last week, it delighted other oil-rich Middle Eastern nations, but it dismayed Great Britain. Davies, in revising Aramco's 17-year-old agreement with Saudi Arabia's King Ibn Saud, had given him the most generous deal ever made in all the turbulent history of Middle Eastern oil.
- In effect, Aramco made old Ibn Saud an equal partner, who would share & share alike in all of Aramco's profits, including 1950's whopping net (before royalties) of $180 million. For Ibn Saud and Saudi Arabia, it meant a kingly take of $90 million, 50% more than the $60 million that would have been paid under the old royalty payments of 34¢ a barrel. If, as expected, Aramco rings up an operating profit of $200 million in 1951, Ibn Saud will get half of that.
- What dismayed the British was that they had been closely bargaining for months with the Iranian government to accept much lower royalties from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (TIME, Jan. 8). The British government, which controls Anglo-Iranian, feared that the Iranians, who now get considerably less than half of Anglo-Iranian's profits, would never settle for less than a 50-50 split. In addition, Anglo-Iranian and the five other owners of the Iraq Petroleum Co. had just about completed long negotiations with Iraq on a new contract. Now that deal, too, seemed certain to blow sky-high.
- "Take a Law." Actually, Aramco had had little choice in its deal. Ibn Saud... had been demanding more money for two years...
- For two months Aramco's Davies and his lawyers argued with Abdullah, protesting that the decree violated their 1933 agreement. Unimpressed, Abdullah said that even rich nations like the U.S. find that they have to boost their taxes now & then. Furthermore, he said, Standard Oil Co. (N.J.), one of Aramco's owners, had made a 50-50 split five years ago with Venezuela.
- Davies then offered the flat 50-50 in return for two important concessions: Abdullah promised in the written contract that the arrangement would be his top demand; he also agreed that Aramco, instead of paying entirely in U.S. dollars and sterling as before, could pay Saudi Arabia in the currencies it takes in from sales. With this assurance, Davies believed that Aramco could do more business in Italy, France, and other soft-currency markets (95% of Aramco's market is outside the U.S.).
- Take a Lesson. Aramco was reasonably happy with the deal. After investing $400 million in Saudi Arabia, it had boosted production 46-fold in a decade, to a rate of 650,000 barrels daily (equal to 11% of all U.S. domestic production). With the prospect of an expanding market, and with its development work largely completed, Aramco recognized that Saudi Arabia was entitled to a bigger share than it had gotten during the years of exploration work.
- Moreover, Aramco preferred to make a generous deal now--and win the prospect of a long period of good feeling--rather than to haggle and build up resentment. It had not forgotten that accumulated resentment caused Mexico to expropriate U.S. oil companies in 1938. It also knew that Jersey Standard's generous 1945 settlement with Venezuela had built immense good will...
- published: 29 Apr 2016
- views: 3418
New Delhi, India.
Ibn Saud, the King of Saudi Arabia, and party walking along the side of ornamental lake, & CU. SV. Ibn Saud and party standing by the lake. GV. Taj Mahal. GV. Moslems at prayer. Another angle, Moslems at prayer. SCU. Ibn Saud seated. GV. Moslems seated. SCU. Ibn Saud being presented with model of Taj Mahal - Pandit Nehru presents it to the King. SCU. Moslems. SV. Ibn Saud and party leaving the Taj Mahal. CU. Ibn Saud.
(Orig.Neg.)
FILM ID:553.09
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
- published: 13 Apr 2014
- views: 3431
Ibn Saud
Abdulaziz ibn Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal ibn Turki ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al Saud (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود, ‘Abd al-‘Azīz ibn ‘Abd ar-Raḥman Āl Sa‘ūd; 15 January 1875 – 9 November 1953), usually known within the Arab world as Abdulaziz and in the West as Ibn Saud, was the first monarch and founder of Saudi Arabia and the House of Saud, the "third Saudi state".
He reconquered his family's ancestral home city of Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central Arabia. He consolidated his control over the Najd in 1922, then conquered the Hejaz in 1925. He extended his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after World War II. He fathered many children, including 45 sons, and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia.
Early life and family origins
Ibn Saud was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh in the region of Najd in central Arabia. He was the son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, last ruler of the Emirate of Nejd, the "Second Saudi State", a tribal sheikhdom centered on Riyadh. His family, the House of Saud, had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years. Under the influence and inspiration of Wahhabi Islam, the Saudis had previously attempted to control much of the Arabian peninsula in the form of the Emirate of Diriyah, the "First Saudi State", until its destruction by an Egyptian army in the early 19th century. Ibn Saud's mother was a member of the Sudairi family, Sarah Al Sudairi. She died in 1910.
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https://wn.com/Ibn_Saud
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
location on Google Map
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (
i/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbiə/, i/ˌsaʊ-/), officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is an Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), Saudi Arabia is geographically the second-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid inhospitable desert or barren landforms.
The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd, and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. The country has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultra-conservative Wahhabism religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called "the predominant feature of Saudi culture", with its global spreading largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called "the Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. The Kingdom has a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million are Saudi nationals and 8 million are foreigners.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
House of Saud
The House of Saud (Arabic: آل سعود Āl Saʻūd) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The family has thousands of members. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi state (1818–91), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia.
The most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, currently King Salman. The succession to the Saudi Arabian throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to another. The next in line, Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef is also from the ruling House of Saud, and the king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family. While the monarchy is hereditary now, future Saudi kings will be chosen by a committee of Saudi princes, in line with a 2006 royal decree.
The family is estimated to be composed of 15,000 members, but the majority of the power and wealth is possessed by a group of only about 2,000.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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location on Google Map
Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia (Arabic: الجزيرة العربية al-jazīra al-ʿarabiyya, « Arabian island ») is a peninsula of Western Asia situated north-east of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geological perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.
It is the largest peninsula in the world, at 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 sq mi). The Arabian Peninsula consists of the countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates as well as parts of southern Iraq and Jordan. The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, the Levant to the north and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The Arabian Peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Middle East and Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas.
Before the modern era, it was divided into four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd, Southern Arabia and Eastern Arabia. Hejaz and Najd make up most of Saudi Arabia. Southern Arabia consists of Yemen and some parts of Saudi Arabia and Oman (Dhofar). Eastern Arabia consists of the entire coastal strip of the Arab side of the Persian Gulf (the Khaleej).
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Abd al-Aziz
Abd al-Aziz (Arabic: عبد العزيز, DMG: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz), frequently also transliterated Abdul Aziz, is a male Muslim given name and in modern usage, surname. It is built from the Arabic words Abd, al- and Aziz. The name means "servant of the Almighty", Al-Azīz being one of the names of God in the Qur'an, which give rise to the Muslim theophoric names.
The letter a of the al- is unstressed, and can be transliterated by almost any vowel, often by u. So the first part can appear as Abdel, Abdul or Abd-al. The second part may appear as Aziz or Azeez, or in other ways. The whole name is subject to variable spacing and hyphenation.
It may refer to:
Males
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4:41Ibn Saud - Unification of Saudi Arabia
Ibn Saud - Unification of Saudi ArabiaIbn Saud - Unification of Saudi Arabia
The Al-Saud family had been in exile since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second Saudi State and the rise of Jebel Shammar under the Al Rashid clan. In 1902, Ibn Saud recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's former capital. to see the map click on this time [00:00] He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, Al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. The resultant polity was named the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz from 1927 until it was further consolidated with Al-Hasa and Qatif into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign, by which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, and emirates of most of the Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or Al Saud, between 1902 and 1932, when the modern-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed. Carried out under the charismatic Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, this process created what is sometimes referred to as the Third Saudi State, to differentiate it from the first and second states that existed under the Al Saud clan. The Treaty of Darin or the Darin Pact (1915), was between the United Kingdom and Abdul-Aziz Al Saud (Ibn Saud) ruler of Nejd, The Treaty made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define its boundaries. The British aim of the treaty was to guarantee the sovereignty of Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial States. Abdul-Aziz agreed not to attack these British protectorates, but gave no undertaking that he would not attack the Sharif of Mecca. The Treaty of Jeddah (1927), superseded the Treaty of Darin (1915) and was signed on May 20, 1927, between King Abdul Aziz and the United Kingdom. It recognized the sovereignty of King Abdul Aziz over what was then known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd; these regions were unified into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. In return, King Abdul Aziz would hold back his forces from attacking and harassing neighboring British Protectorates. -
5:11Ibn Saud: The First King of Saudi Arabia | Tooky History
Ibn Saud: The First King of Saudi Arabia | Tooky HistoryIbn Saud: The First King of Saudi Arabia | Tooky History
Abdulaziz ibn Saud was a member of the Saudi family that took refuge in Kuwait. In this video you’ll learn how Ibn Saud rose to power and unified Arabia into a single country. Subscribe to our channel to view more videos like this one: https://goo.gl/Y9RH3v Like the video if you enjoyed it and leave us your thoughts in the comments below! The Saudi family were rulers of the city of Riyadh before it was captured by their rivals the Rashidis. The Saudis were forced to go into exile and after changing locations, they found themselves in Kuwait. Ibn Saud was 26 when he started his journey to power. He started raiding with his cousins in the Rashidi territory and recaptured his home city of Riyadh. It took him three decades to take control of central Arabia and become the king of Saudi Arabia in 1932. During this time, he developed a diplomatic relationship with the Great Britain who gave him weaponry and money to defeat the Rashidis. In his unification of Arabia, Ibn Saud was also helped by the Ikhwan, a military organization that were fighting for him. In between two world wars, oil was found and Saudi Arabia went from one of the poorest to one of the richest countries in the world almost instantly. Ibn Saud died at the age of 78, leaving behind almost 100 children and a unified Arabic state. Follow us on Twitter: https://goo.gl/WpwGLg Like us on Facebook: https://goo.gl/atnWNh Welcome to Tooky History, we’re making videos about people who led astonishing lives and who you probably don't know a lot about! Every Thursday, we’ll greet you with a new video about a new person. Hope you enjoy it! Music: "1909 - Oriental March" by Victor Herbert Orchestra From the Free Music Archive CC PD https://goo.gl/dy7puR -
3:51TE Lawrence on the rise of Ibn Saud and Wahhabism
TE Lawrence on the rise of Ibn Saud and WahhabismTE Lawrence on the rise of Ibn Saud and Wahhabism
Excerpt from Scott Anderson's book Lawrence in Arabia: Abdul Aziz ibn Saud embraced a form of fundamentalist Islam know as Wahhabism. Ibn Saud had expanded his reach from a small string of oasis villages in the Riyadh region to cover a vast expanse of northeastern Arabia. In 1916 TE Lawrence argued in "The politics of Mecca" that Ibn Saud and the Wahhabists posed as Islamic reformists "with all the narrow minded bigotry of the puritan" and ibn Saud and his Wahhabists were hardly representative of Islam. He warned in the politics of Mecca that the Wahhabist sect was composed of marginal medievalists, "and if it prevailed, we would have in place of the tolerant, rather comfortable Islam of Mecca and Damascus, the fanaticism of Nejd...intensified and swollen by success." In 1923, ibn Saud and the Wahhabists would conquer much of the Arabian Peninsula and, to honor his clan, give it the name Saudi Arabia. For the next ninety years, the vast and profligate Saudi royal family would survive by essentially buying off the doctrinaire Wahhabists who had brought them to power, financially subsidizing their activities so long as their disciples directed their jihadist efforts abroad. The most famous product of this arrangement was to be a man named Osama bin Laden. *** Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of "Wahhabism," an austere form of Islam, arrives in the central Arabian state of Najd in 1744 preaching a return to "pure" Islam. He seeks protection from the local emir, Muhammad ibn Saud, head of the Al Saud tribal family, and they cut a deal. The Al Saud will endorse al-Wahhab's austere form of Islam and in return, the Al Saud will get political legitimacy and regular tithes from al-Wahhab's followers. The religious-political alliance that al-Wahhab and Saud forge endures to this day in Saudi Arabia. By the 19th century, the Al Saud has spread its influence across the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf and including the Two Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. But in 1818, forces of the Ottoman Empire sack the capital, Riyadh, and execute many of the religious and political leaders. Over the next eighty years the Al Saud attempt to reestablish their rule on the Arabian Peninsula without success. With the Ikhwan by his side, Abd al-Aziz captures province after province of the vast desert. He captures Mecca in 1924 and Medina in 1925, becoming the ruler of the Two Holy Cities of Islam. But the Ikhwan want to spread Wahhabism beyond Arabia and when Abd al-Aziz tries to restrain them, they rebel. To survive, Abd al-Aziz realizes he has to destroy the Ikhwan. But how can he, a defender of Islam, justify going to war against his Muslim warriors? Abd al-Aziz seeks the approval of the ulama, the religious authorities, regarded as the moral guardians of the realm. With the ulama's endorsement, he crushes the Ikhwan. Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud declares himself king and gives his name to the country: Saudi Arabia. To keep his new kingdom united, he marries a daughter from every tribe as well as from the influential clerical families -- more than twenty wives, although never more than four at one time, in accordance with the Quran. These unions produce 45 legitimate sons and an unknown number of daughters (daughters are not counted). Abd al-Aziz then begins consolidating power away from the brothers and cousins who helped him conquer the peninsula in favor of his own sons. Every Saudi king since has been a son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud. The Cairo branch in the British government with TE Lawrence backed Faisal and Hussein The Sharif of Mecca. The Indian branch of the British government backed Ibn Saud and the Wahhabists. The French and British with Sykes Picot undermined Faisal and Hussein and Ibn Saud took advantage in Arabia and the Wahhabi state was born in Saudi Arabia. It was only 100 years ago that two plans were in competition with each other for the fate of the Middle East. If the Sherif of Mecca King Hussein along with his son Prince Faisal would of prevailed over the Sykes Picot plan you would have had an Arab super state that included Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel to name a few. What might have been? A utopia probably not but a much better situation than the previous 100 years one could imagine? Scott Anderson's book:http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/201116/lawrence-in-arabia-by-scott-anderson/ House of Saud:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saud/cron/ -
28:43The Life of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud - Unity
The Life of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud - UnityThe Life of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud - Unity
The beginning of the kingdom -
46:13DOCUMENTARIES : THE SAUDI ROYAL FAMILY
DOCUMENTARIES : THE SAUDI ROYAL FAMILYDOCUMENTARIES : THE SAUDI ROYAL FAMILY
Saud" redirects here. For the Pakistani actor, see Saud (actor). For the Romanian village of Săud, see Buntești. House of Saud Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia.svg Country Saudi Arabia Titles King of Saudi Arabia Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Founded 1744 by Muhammad bin Saud Current head Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud The House of Saud (Arabic: آل سعود Āl Saʻūd) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The family has thousands of members. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud. The most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, currently King Salman. The throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to another. His deputy Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud is also from the ruling House of Saud, and the king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family. While the monarchy is hereditary now, future Saudi kings will be chosen by a committee of Saudi princes, in line with a 2006 Royal Decree.[1] The family is estimated to be composed of 15,000 members, but the majority of the power and wealth is possessed by a group of only about 2,000.[2][3] The House of Saud has gone through three phases: the First Saudi State, the Second Saudi State, and the modern nation of Saudi Arabia. The First Saudi State marked the expansion of Wahhabism. The Second Saudi State was marked with continuous infighting. Modern Saudi Arabia wields considerable influence in the Middle East. The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of.. FIND MORE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud -
10:16Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud Betrayar of Islam by Sheikh Imran Hossein
Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud Betrayar of Islam by Sheikh Imran HosseinAbdul Aziz Ibn Saud Betrayar of Islam by Sheikh Imran Hossein
This book(The Caliphate, The Hijaz and the Saudi Wahabi Nation State) is a part of a larger unpublished work on the Organisation of Islamic Conference. It documents and exposes the complicity of the Saudi-Wahabi alliance in the fall of the Khilafate and the subsequent obstacles imposed to prevent the re-establishment of the Khilafat. Required reading for Muslims who are seeking to make sense of the world today. Download Link: http://imranhosein.org/media/books/caliphate.pdf Lecture on lecture "Imam Mahdi (AS) & The Return of the Caliphate" and also the report of "Lowest water levels in Sea of Galilee" http://salafiaqeedah.blogspot.com/2010/10/return-of-caliphate.html These two books also be helpful to do more research on this field. 1) "Surrendering Islam, The Subversion of Islam, Throughout History Until the Present Day" Download Link: http://www.surrenderingislam.com/sites/surrenderingislam.com/files/Surrendering_Islam.pdf Online Reading Link: http://www.surrenderingislam.com/ 2) "Terrorism and The Illuminati, a three thousand years history" Download Link: http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/sites/default//files/Terrorism_Illuminati.pdf Online Reading Link: http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/ -
2:27King Ibn Saud In Egypt (1946)
King Ibn Saud In Egypt (1946)King Ibn Saud In Egypt (1946)
Unissued / unused footage - dates and locations may be unknown / unclear. Egypt. On January 10, 1946 we see various shots of Arabian King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia visiting Egypt. Egypt's King Farouk, the Egyptian Prime Minister and several dignitaries make their way to the docks of Suez. King Farouk goes aboard the royal yacht Maroussa (sp?) which brought Ibn Saud to Egypt. The pair walk back to the docks together and pose for cameras. they sit and chat on two thrones then board the royal train that takes them to Cairo. Shots of the two Kings riding through Cairo in an open carriage as crowds cheer and wave. They pose at the entrance to King Farouk's residence. FILM ID:2171.15 A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/ FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/ -
61:09Ibn Saud And The Great Game
Ibn Saud And The Great GameIbn Saud And The Great Game
Websites: http://www.thinkorbeeaten.com/theknoll/ -
27:56Saudi Arabia: "Desert Venture" circa 1948 Standard Oil; King Ibn Saud & ARAMCO
Saudi Arabia: "Desert Venture" circa 1948 Standard Oil; King Ibn Saud & ARAMCOSaudi Arabia: "Desert Venture" circa 1948 Standard Oil; King Ibn Saud & ARAMCO
Saudi Arabia playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4EDBD55F72771A53 more at http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html "'This is a story of a venture by American capital in a strange and ancient land,' says the narrator. Shows the search and extraction of oil in Saudi Arabia, necessary to power the American 'nation on wheels.'" Reupload of a previously uploaded film with improved video & sound. Public domain film from the Library of Congress Prelinger Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied. The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original). http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html TIME Magazine, January 15, 1951, p. 69: -BUSINESS & FINANCE: FOREIGN TRADE: -Half & Half - In the garden of his modern home two miles outside Jedda, Saudi Arabia'a shrewd old (60) Finance Minister Abdullah El Suleiman sat down to wait for a visitor. For greater comfort in the muggy 80° heat, he slipped off his sandals. When a U.S. car rolled up, barefooted Abdullah arose, greeted Arabian American Oil Co.'s Executive Vice President Fred A. Davies and ushered him inside. - There, over small earthenware cups of tea and thick coffee, they scratched their signatures to a historic document. When the news of its contents came out last week, it delighted other oil-rich Middle Eastern nations, but it dismayed Great Britain. Davies, in revising Aramco's 17-year-old agreement with Saudi Arabia's King Ibn Saud, had given him the most generous deal ever made in all the turbulent history of Middle Eastern oil. - In effect, Aramco made old Ibn Saud an equal partner, who would share & share alike in all of Aramco's profits, including 1950's whopping net (before royalties) of $180 million. For Ibn Saud and Saudi Arabia, it meant a kingly take of $90 million, 50% more than the $60 million that would have been paid under the old royalty payments of 34¢ a barrel. If, as expected, Aramco rings up an operating profit of $200 million in 1951, Ibn Saud will get half of that. - What dismayed the British was that they had been closely bargaining for months with the Iranian government to accept much lower royalties from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (TIME, Jan. 8). The British government, which controls Anglo-Iranian, feared that the Iranians, who now get considerably less than half of Anglo-Iranian's profits, would never settle for less than a 50-50 split. In addition, Anglo-Iranian and the five other owners of the Iraq Petroleum Co. had just about completed long negotiations with Iraq on a new contract. Now that deal, too, seemed certain to blow sky-high. - "Take a Law." Actually, Aramco had had little choice in its deal. Ibn Saud... had been demanding more money for two years... - For two months Aramco's Davies and his lawyers argued with Abdullah, protesting that the decree violated their 1933 agreement. Unimpressed, Abdullah said that even rich nations like the U.S. find that they have to boost their taxes now & then. Furthermore, he said, Standard Oil Co. (N.J.), one of Aramco's owners, had made a 50-50 split five years ago with Venezuela. - Davies then offered the flat 50-50 in return for two important concessions: Abdullah promised in the written contract that the arrangement would be his top demand; he also agreed that Aramco, instead of paying entirely in U.S. dollars and sterling as before, could pay Saudi Arabia in the currencies it takes in from sales. With this assurance, Davies believed that Aramco could do more business in Italy, France, and other soft-currency markets (95% of Aramco's market is outside the U.S.). - Take a Lesson. Aramco was reasonably happy with the deal. After investing $400 million in Saudi Arabia, it had boosted production 46-fold in a decade, to a rate of 650,000 barrels daily (equal to 11% of all U.S. domestic production). With the prospect of an expanding market, and with its development work largely completed, Aramco recognized that Saudi Arabia was entitled to a bigger share than it had gotten during the years of exploration work. - Moreover, Aramco preferred to make a generous deal now--and win the prospect of a long period of good feeling--rather than to haggle and build up resentment. It had not forgotten that accumulated resentment caused Mexico to expropriate U.S. oil companies in 1938. It also knew that Jersey Standard's generous 1945 settlement with Venezuela had built immense good will... -
0:46Ibn Saud At The Taj Mahal (1955)
Ibn Saud At The Taj Mahal (1955)Ibn Saud At The Taj Mahal (1955)
New Delhi, India. Ibn Saud, the King of Saudi Arabia, and party walking along the side of ornamental lake, & CU. SV. Ibn Saud and party standing by the lake. GV. Taj Mahal. GV. Moslems at prayer. Another angle, Moslems at prayer. SCU. Ibn Saud seated. GV. Moslems seated. SCU. Ibn Saud being presented with model of Taj Mahal - Pandit Nehru presents it to the King. SCU. Moslems. SV. Ibn Saud and party leaving the Taj Mahal. CU. Ibn Saud. (Orig.Neg.) FILM ID:553.09 A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/ FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
-
Ibn Saud - Unification of Saudi Arabia
The Al-Saud family had been in exile since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second Saudi State and the rise of Jebel Shammar under the Al Rashid clan. In 1902, Ibn Saud recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's former capital. to see the map click on this time [00:00] He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, Al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. The resultant polity was named the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz from 1927 until it was further consolidated with Al-Hasa and Qatif into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign, by which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, and emirates of most of the Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud...
published: 24 Nov 2013 -
Ibn Saud: The First King of Saudi Arabia | Tooky History
Abdulaziz ibn Saud was a member of the Saudi family that took refuge in Kuwait. In this video you’ll learn how Ibn Saud rose to power and unified Arabia into a single country. Subscribe to our channel to view more videos like this one: https://goo.gl/Y9RH3v Like the video if you enjoyed it and leave us your thoughts in the comments below! The Saudi family were rulers of the city of Riyadh before it was captured by their rivals the Rashidis. The Saudis were forced to go into exile and after changing locations, they found themselves in Kuwait. Ibn Saud was 26 when he started his journey to power. He started raiding with his cousins in the Rashidi territory and recaptured his home city of Riyadh. It took him three decades to take control of central Arabia and become the king of Saudi Arabia...
published: 01 Dec 2016 -
TE Lawrence on the rise of Ibn Saud and Wahhabism
Excerpt from Scott Anderson's book Lawrence in Arabia: Abdul Aziz ibn Saud embraced a form of fundamentalist Islam know as Wahhabism. Ibn Saud had expanded his reach from a small string of oasis villages in the Riyadh region to cover a vast expanse of northeastern Arabia. In 1916 TE Lawrence argued in "The politics of Mecca" that Ibn Saud and the Wahhabists posed as Islamic reformists "with all the narrow minded bigotry of the puritan" and ibn Saud and his Wahhabists were hardly representative of Islam. He warned in the politics of Mecca that the Wahhabist sect was composed of marginal medievalists, "and if it prevailed, we would have in place of the tolerant, rather comfortable Islam of Mecca and Damascus, the fanaticism of Nejd...intensified and swollen by success." In 1923, ibn Saud...
published: 30 Dec 2015 -
-
DOCUMENTARIES : THE SAUDI ROYAL FAMILY
Saud" redirects here. For the Pakistani actor, see Saud (actor). For the Romanian village of Săud, see Buntești. House of Saud Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia.svg Country Saudi Arabia Titles King of Saudi Arabia Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Founded 1744 by Muhammad bin Saud Current head Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud The House of Saud (Arabic: آل سعود Āl Saʻūd) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The family has thousands of members. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud. The most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, currently King Salman. The throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to ano...
published: 16 Feb 2015 -
Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud Betrayar of Islam by Sheikh Imran Hossein
This book(The Caliphate, The Hijaz and the Saudi Wahabi Nation State) is a part of a larger unpublished work on the Organisation of Islamic Conference. It documents and exposes the complicity of the Saudi-Wahabi alliance in the fall of the Khilafate and the subsequent obstacles imposed to prevent the re-establishment of the Khilafat. Required reading for Muslims who are seeking to make sense of the world today. Download Link: http://imranhosein.org/media/books/caliphate.pdf Lecture on lecture "Imam Mahdi (AS) & The Return of the Caliphate" and also the report of "Lowest water levels in Sea of Galilee" http://salafiaqeedah.blogspot.com/2010/10/return-of-caliphate.html These two books also be helpful to do more research on this field. 1) "Surrendering Islam, The Subversion of Islam, Throug...
published: 06 Mar 2012 -
King Ibn Saud In Egypt (1946)
Unissued / unused footage - dates and locations may be unknown / unclear. Egypt. On January 10, 1946 we see various shots of Arabian King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia visiting Egypt. Egypt's King Farouk, the Egyptian Prime Minister and several dignitaries make their way to the docks of Suez. King Farouk goes aboard the royal yacht Maroussa (sp?) which brought Ibn Saud to Egypt. The pair walk back to the docks together and pose for cameras. they sit and chat on two thrones then board the royal train that takes them to Cairo. Shots of the two Kings riding through Cairo in an open carriage as crowds cheer and wave. They pose at the entrance to King Farouk's residence. FILM ID:2171.15 A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT D...
published: 13 Apr 2014 -
Ibn Saud And The Great Game
Websites: http://www.thinkorbeeaten.com/theknoll/
published: 12 Feb 2013 -
Saudi Arabia: "Desert Venture" circa 1948 Standard Oil; King Ibn Saud & ARAMCO
Saudi Arabia playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4EDBD55F72771A53 more at http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html "'This is a story of a venture by American capital in a strange and ancient land,' says the narrator. Shows the search and extraction of oil in Saudi Arabia, necessary to power the American 'nation on wheels.'" Reupload of a previously uploaded film with improved video & sound. Public domain film from the Library of Congress Prelinger Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied. The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, thou...
published: 29 Apr 2016 -
Ibn Saud At The Taj Mahal (1955)
New Delhi, India. Ibn Saud, the King of Saudi Arabia, and party walking along the side of ornamental lake, & CU. SV. Ibn Saud and party standing by the lake. GV. Taj Mahal. GV. Moslems at prayer. Another angle, Moslems at prayer. SCU. Ibn Saud seated. GV. Moslems seated. SCU. Ibn Saud being presented with model of Taj Mahal - Pandit Nehru presents it to the King. SCU. Moslems. SV. Ibn Saud and party leaving the Taj Mahal. CU. Ibn Saud. (Orig.Neg.) FILM ID:553.09 A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/ FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
published: 13 Apr 2014
Ibn Saud - Unification of Saudi Arabia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Updated: 24 Nov 2013
- views: 15455
The Al-Saud family had been in exile since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second Saudi State and the rise of Jebel Shammar under the Al Rashid clan. I...
The Al-Saud family had been in exile since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second Saudi State and the rise of Jebel Shammar under the Al Rashid clan. In 1902, Ibn Saud recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's former capital.
to see the map click on this time [00:00]
He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, Al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. The resultant polity was named the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz from 1927 until it was further consolidated with Al-Hasa and Qatif into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
The unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign, by which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, and emirates of most of the Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or Al Saud, between 1902 and 1932, when the modern-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed. Carried out under the charismatic Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, this process created what is sometimes referred to as the Third Saudi State, to differentiate it from the first and second states that existed under the Al Saud clan.
The Treaty of Darin or the Darin Pact (1915), was between the United Kingdom and Abdul-Aziz Al Saud (Ibn Saud) ruler of Nejd, The Treaty made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define its boundaries. The British aim of the treaty was to guarantee the sovereignty of Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial States. Abdul-Aziz agreed not to attack these British protectorates, but gave no undertaking that he would not attack the Sharif of Mecca.
The Treaty of Jeddah (1927), superseded the Treaty of Darin (1915) and was signed on May 20, 1927, between King Abdul Aziz and the United Kingdom. It recognized the sovereignty of King Abdul Aziz over what was then known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd; these regions were unified into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. In return, King Abdul Aziz would hold back his forces from attacking and harassing neighboring British Protectorates.
https://wn.com/Ibn_Saud_Unification_Of_Saudi_Arabia
The Al-Saud family had been in exile since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second Saudi State and the rise of Jebel Shammar under the Al Rashid clan. In 1902, Ibn Saud recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's former capital.
to see the map click on this time [00:00]
He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, Al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. The resultant polity was named the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz from 1927 until it was further consolidated with Al-Hasa and Qatif into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
The unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign, by which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, and emirates of most of the Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or Al Saud, between 1902 and 1932, when the modern-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed. Carried out under the charismatic Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, this process created what is sometimes referred to as the Third Saudi State, to differentiate it from the first and second states that existed under the Al Saud clan.
The Treaty of Darin or the Darin Pact (1915), was between the United Kingdom and Abdul-Aziz Al Saud (Ibn Saud) ruler of Nejd, The Treaty made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define its boundaries. The British aim of the treaty was to guarantee the sovereignty of Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial States. Abdul-Aziz agreed not to attack these British protectorates, but gave no undertaking that he would not attack the Sharif of Mecca.
The Treaty of Jeddah (1927), superseded the Treaty of Darin (1915) and was signed on May 20, 1927, between King Abdul Aziz and the United Kingdom. It recognized the sovereignty of King Abdul Aziz over what was then known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd; these regions were unified into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. In return, King Abdul Aziz would hold back his forces from attacking and harassing neighboring British Protectorates.
- published: 24 Nov 2013
- views: 15455
Ibn Saud: The First King of Saudi Arabia | Tooky History
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 01 Dec 2016
- views: 67
Abdulaziz ibn Saud was a member of the Saudi family that took refuge in Kuwait. In this video you’ll learn how Ibn Saud rose to power and unified Arabia into a ...
Abdulaziz ibn Saud was a member of the Saudi family that took refuge in Kuwait. In this video you’ll learn how Ibn Saud rose to power and unified Arabia into a single country.
Subscribe to our channel to view more videos like this one: https://goo.gl/Y9RH3v
Like the video if you enjoyed it and leave us your thoughts in the comments below!
The Saudi family were rulers of the city of Riyadh before it was captured by their rivals the Rashidis. The Saudis were forced to go into exile and after changing locations, they found themselves in Kuwait. Ibn Saud was 26 when he started his journey to power.
He started raiding with his cousins in the Rashidi territory and recaptured his home city of Riyadh. It took him three decades to take control of central Arabia and become the king of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
During this time, he developed a diplomatic relationship with the Great Britain who gave him weaponry and money to defeat the Rashidis. In his unification of Arabia, Ibn Saud was also helped by the Ikhwan, a military organization that were fighting for him.
In between two world wars, oil was found and Saudi Arabia went from one of the poorest to one of the richest countries in the world almost instantly.
Ibn Saud died at the age of 78, leaving behind almost 100 children and a unified Arabic state.
Follow us on Twitter: https://goo.gl/WpwGLg
Like us on Facebook: https://goo.gl/atnWNh
Welcome to Tooky History, we’re making videos about people who led astonishing lives and who you probably don't know a lot about!
Every Thursday, we’ll greet you with a new video about a new person. Hope you enjoy it!
Music:
"1909 - Oriental March" by Victor Herbert Orchestra
From the Free Music Archive
CC PD
https://goo.gl/dy7puR
https://wn.com/Ibn_Saud_The_First_King_Of_Saudi_Arabia_|_Tooky_History
Abdulaziz ibn Saud was a member of the Saudi family that took refuge in Kuwait. In this video you’ll learn how Ibn Saud rose to power and unified Arabia into a single country.
Subscribe to our channel to view more videos like this one: https://goo.gl/Y9RH3v
Like the video if you enjoyed it and leave us your thoughts in the comments below!
The Saudi family were rulers of the city of Riyadh before it was captured by their rivals the Rashidis. The Saudis were forced to go into exile and after changing locations, they found themselves in Kuwait. Ibn Saud was 26 when he started his journey to power.
He started raiding with his cousins in the Rashidi territory and recaptured his home city of Riyadh. It took him three decades to take control of central Arabia and become the king of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
During this time, he developed a diplomatic relationship with the Great Britain who gave him weaponry and money to defeat the Rashidis. In his unification of Arabia, Ibn Saud was also helped by the Ikhwan, a military organization that were fighting for him.
In between two world wars, oil was found and Saudi Arabia went from one of the poorest to one of the richest countries in the world almost instantly.
Ibn Saud died at the age of 78, leaving behind almost 100 children and a unified Arabic state.
Follow us on Twitter: https://goo.gl/WpwGLg
Like us on Facebook: https://goo.gl/atnWNh
Welcome to Tooky History, we’re making videos about people who led astonishing lives and who you probably don't know a lot about!
Every Thursday, we’ll greet you with a new video about a new person. Hope you enjoy it!
Music:
"1909 - Oriental March" by Victor Herbert Orchestra
From the Free Music Archive
CC PD
https://goo.gl/dy7puR
- published: 01 Dec 2016
- views: 67
TE Lawrence on the rise of Ibn Saud and Wahhabism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Updated: 30 Dec 2015
- views: 8380
Excerpt from Scott Anderson's book Lawrence in Arabia:
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud embraced a form of fundamentalist Islam know as Wahhabism. Ibn Saud had expanded his...
Excerpt from Scott Anderson's book Lawrence in Arabia:
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud embraced a form of fundamentalist Islam know as Wahhabism. Ibn Saud had expanded his reach from a small string of oasis villages in the Riyadh region to cover a vast expanse of northeastern Arabia.
In 1916 TE Lawrence argued in "The politics of Mecca" that Ibn Saud and the Wahhabists posed as Islamic reformists "with all the narrow minded bigotry of the puritan" and ibn Saud and his Wahhabists were hardly representative of Islam. He warned in the politics of Mecca that the Wahhabist sect was composed of marginal medievalists, "and if it prevailed, we would have in place of the tolerant, rather comfortable Islam of Mecca and Damascus, the fanaticism of Nejd...intensified and swollen by success."
In 1923, ibn Saud and the Wahhabists would conquer much of the Arabian Peninsula and, to honor his clan, give it the name Saudi Arabia. For the next ninety years, the vast and profligate Saudi royal family would survive by essentially buying off the doctrinaire Wahhabists who had brought them to power, financially subsidizing their activities so long as their disciples directed their jihadist efforts abroad. The most famous product of this arrangement was to be a man named Osama bin Laden. ***
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of "Wahhabism," an austere form of Islam, arrives in the central Arabian state of Najd in 1744 preaching a return to "pure" Islam. He seeks protection from the local emir, Muhammad ibn Saud, head of the Al Saud tribal family, and they cut a deal. The Al Saud will endorse al-Wahhab's austere form of Islam and in return, the Al Saud will get political legitimacy and regular tithes from al-Wahhab's followers. The religious-political alliance that al-Wahhab and Saud forge endures to this day in Saudi Arabia.
By the 19th century, the Al Saud has spread its influence across the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf and including the Two Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. But in 1818, forces of the Ottoman Empire sack the capital, Riyadh, and execute many of the religious and political leaders. Over the next eighty years the Al Saud attempt to reestablish their rule on the Arabian Peninsula without success.
With the Ikhwan by his side, Abd al-Aziz captures province after province of the vast desert. He captures Mecca in 1924 and Medina in 1925, becoming the ruler of the Two Holy Cities of Islam. But the Ikhwan want to spread Wahhabism beyond Arabia and when Abd al-Aziz tries to restrain them, they rebel. To survive, Abd al-Aziz realizes he has to destroy the Ikhwan. But how can he, a defender of Islam, justify going to war against his Muslim warriors?
Abd al-Aziz seeks the approval of the ulama, the religious authorities, regarded as the moral guardians of the realm. With the ulama's endorsement, he crushes the Ikhwan.
Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud declares himself king and gives his name to the country: Saudi Arabia. To keep his new kingdom united, he marries a daughter from every tribe as well as from the influential clerical families -- more than twenty wives, although never more than four at one time, in accordance with the Quran.
These unions produce 45 legitimate sons and an unknown number of daughters (daughters are not counted). Abd al-Aziz then begins consolidating power away from the brothers and cousins who helped him conquer the peninsula in favor of his own sons. Every Saudi king since has been a son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud.
The Cairo branch in the British government with TE Lawrence backed Faisal and Hussein The Sharif of Mecca. The Indian branch of the British government backed Ibn Saud and the Wahhabists. The French and British with Sykes Picot undermined Faisal and Hussein and Ibn Saud took advantage in Arabia and the Wahhabi state was born in Saudi Arabia.
It was only 100 years ago that two plans were in competition with each other for the fate of the Middle East. If the Sherif of Mecca King Hussein along with his son Prince Faisal would of prevailed over the Sykes Picot plan you would have had an Arab super state that included Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel to name a few. What might have been? A utopia probably not but a much better situation than the previous 100 years one could imagine?
Scott Anderson's book:http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/201116/lawrence-in-arabia-by-scott-anderson/
House of Saud:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saud/cron/
https://wn.com/Te_Lawrence_On_The_Rise_Of_Ibn_Saud_And_Wahhabism
Excerpt from Scott Anderson's book Lawrence in Arabia:
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud embraced a form of fundamentalist Islam know as Wahhabism. Ibn Saud had expanded his reach from a small string of oasis villages in the Riyadh region to cover a vast expanse of northeastern Arabia.
In 1916 TE Lawrence argued in "The politics of Mecca" that Ibn Saud and the Wahhabists posed as Islamic reformists "with all the narrow minded bigotry of the puritan" and ibn Saud and his Wahhabists were hardly representative of Islam. He warned in the politics of Mecca that the Wahhabist sect was composed of marginal medievalists, "and if it prevailed, we would have in place of the tolerant, rather comfortable Islam of Mecca and Damascus, the fanaticism of Nejd...intensified and swollen by success."
In 1923, ibn Saud and the Wahhabists would conquer much of the Arabian Peninsula and, to honor his clan, give it the name Saudi Arabia. For the next ninety years, the vast and profligate Saudi royal family would survive by essentially buying off the doctrinaire Wahhabists who had brought them to power, financially subsidizing their activities so long as their disciples directed their jihadist efforts abroad. The most famous product of this arrangement was to be a man named Osama bin Laden. ***
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of "Wahhabism," an austere form of Islam, arrives in the central Arabian state of Najd in 1744 preaching a return to "pure" Islam. He seeks protection from the local emir, Muhammad ibn Saud, head of the Al Saud tribal family, and they cut a deal. The Al Saud will endorse al-Wahhab's austere form of Islam and in return, the Al Saud will get political legitimacy and regular tithes from al-Wahhab's followers. The religious-political alliance that al-Wahhab and Saud forge endures to this day in Saudi Arabia.
By the 19th century, the Al Saud has spread its influence across the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf and including the Two Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. But in 1818, forces of the Ottoman Empire sack the capital, Riyadh, and execute many of the religious and political leaders. Over the next eighty years the Al Saud attempt to reestablish their rule on the Arabian Peninsula without success.
With the Ikhwan by his side, Abd al-Aziz captures province after province of the vast desert. He captures Mecca in 1924 and Medina in 1925, becoming the ruler of the Two Holy Cities of Islam. But the Ikhwan want to spread Wahhabism beyond Arabia and when Abd al-Aziz tries to restrain them, they rebel. To survive, Abd al-Aziz realizes he has to destroy the Ikhwan. But how can he, a defender of Islam, justify going to war against his Muslim warriors?
Abd al-Aziz seeks the approval of the ulama, the religious authorities, regarded as the moral guardians of the realm. With the ulama's endorsement, he crushes the Ikhwan.
Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud declares himself king and gives his name to the country: Saudi Arabia. To keep his new kingdom united, he marries a daughter from every tribe as well as from the influential clerical families -- more than twenty wives, although never more than four at one time, in accordance with the Quran.
These unions produce 45 legitimate sons and an unknown number of daughters (daughters are not counted). Abd al-Aziz then begins consolidating power away from the brothers and cousins who helped him conquer the peninsula in favor of his own sons. Every Saudi king since has been a son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud.
The Cairo branch in the British government with TE Lawrence backed Faisal and Hussein The Sharif of Mecca. The Indian branch of the British government backed Ibn Saud and the Wahhabists. The French and British with Sykes Picot undermined Faisal and Hussein and Ibn Saud took advantage in Arabia and the Wahhabi state was born in Saudi Arabia.
It was only 100 years ago that two plans were in competition with each other for the fate of the Middle East. If the Sherif of Mecca King Hussein along with his son Prince Faisal would of prevailed over the Sykes Picot plan you would have had an Arab super state that included Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel to name a few. What might have been? A utopia probably not but a much better situation than the previous 100 years one could imagine?
Scott Anderson's book:http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/201116/lawrence-in-arabia-by-scott-anderson/
House of Saud:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saud/cron/
- published: 30 Dec 2015
- views: 8380
The Life of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud - Unity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:43
- Updated: 04 Apr 2013
- views: 9309
The beginning of the kingdom
The beginning of the kingdom
https://wn.com/The_Life_Of_King_Abdulaziz_Ibn_Saud_Unity
DOCUMENTARIES : THE SAUDI ROYAL FAMILY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:13
- Updated: 16 Feb 2015
- views: 2561949
Saud" redirects here. For the Pakistani actor, see Saud (actor). For the Romanian village of Săud, see Buntești.
House of Saud
Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia.svg
...
Saud" redirects here. For the Pakistani actor, see Saud (actor). For the Romanian village of Săud, see Buntești.
House of Saud
Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia.svg
Country Saudi Arabia
Titles
King of Saudi Arabia
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Founded 1744 by Muhammad bin Saud
Current head Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
The House of Saud (Arabic: آل سعود Āl Saʻūd) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The family has thousands of members. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud.
The most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, currently King Salman. The throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to another. His deputy Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud is also from the ruling House of Saud, and the king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family. While the monarchy is hereditary now, future Saudi kings will be chosen by a committee of Saudi princes, in line with a 2006 Royal Decree.[1]
The family is estimated to be composed of 15,000 members, but the majority of the power and wealth is possessed by a group of only about 2,000.[2][3]
The House of Saud has gone through three phases: the First Saudi State, the Second Saudi State, and the modern nation of Saudi Arabia. The First Saudi State marked the expansion of Wahhabism. The Second Saudi State was marked with continuous infighting. Modern Saudi Arabia wields considerable influence in the Middle East. The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of.. FIND MORE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud
https://wn.com/Documentaries_The_Saudi_Royal_Family
Saud" redirects here. For the Pakistani actor, see Saud (actor). For the Romanian village of Săud, see Buntești.
House of Saud
Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia.svg
Country Saudi Arabia
Titles
King of Saudi Arabia
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Founded 1744 by Muhammad bin Saud
Current head Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
The House of Saud (Arabic: آل سعود Āl Saʻūd) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The family has thousands of members. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud.
The most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, currently King Salman. The throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to another. His deputy Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud is also from the ruling House of Saud, and the king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family. While the monarchy is hereditary now, future Saudi kings will be chosen by a committee of Saudi princes, in line with a 2006 Royal Decree.[1]
The family is estimated to be composed of 15,000 members, but the majority of the power and wealth is possessed by a group of only about 2,000.[2][3]
The House of Saud has gone through three phases: the First Saudi State, the Second Saudi State, and the modern nation of Saudi Arabia. The First Saudi State marked the expansion of Wahhabism. The Second Saudi State was marked with continuous infighting. Modern Saudi Arabia wields considerable influence in the Middle East. The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of.. FIND MORE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud
- published: 16 Feb 2015
- views: 2561949
Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud Betrayar of Islam by Sheikh Imran Hossein
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:16
- Updated: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 170912
This book(The Caliphate, The Hijaz and the Saudi Wahabi Nation State) is a part of a larger unpublished work on the Organisation of Islamic Conference. It docum...
This book(The Caliphate, The Hijaz and the Saudi Wahabi Nation State) is a part of a larger unpublished work on the Organisation of Islamic Conference. It documents and exposes the complicity of the Saudi-Wahabi alliance in the fall of the Khilafate and the subsequent obstacles imposed to prevent the re-establishment of the Khilafat. Required reading for Muslims who are seeking to make sense of the world today.
Download Link: http://imranhosein.org/media/books/caliphate.pdf
Lecture on lecture "Imam Mahdi (AS) & The Return of the Caliphate" and also the report of "Lowest water levels in Sea of Galilee"
http://salafiaqeedah.blogspot.com/2010/10/return-of-caliphate.html
These two books also be helpful to do more research on this field.
1) "Surrendering Islam, The Subversion of Islam, Throughout History Until the Present Day"
Download Link: http://www.surrenderingislam.com/sites/surrenderingislam.com/files/Surrendering_Islam.pdf
Online Reading Link: http://www.surrenderingislam.com/
2) "Terrorism and The Illuminati, a three thousand years history"
Download Link: http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/sites/default//files/Terrorism_Illuminati.pdf
Online Reading Link: http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/
https://wn.com/Abdul_Aziz_Ibn_Saud_Betrayar_Of_Islam_By_Sheikh_Imran_Hossein
This book(The Caliphate, The Hijaz and the Saudi Wahabi Nation State) is a part of a larger unpublished work on the Organisation of Islamic Conference. It documents and exposes the complicity of the Saudi-Wahabi alliance in the fall of the Khilafate and the subsequent obstacles imposed to prevent the re-establishment of the Khilafat. Required reading for Muslims who are seeking to make sense of the world today.
Download Link: http://imranhosein.org/media/books/caliphate.pdf
Lecture on lecture "Imam Mahdi (AS) & The Return of the Caliphate" and also the report of "Lowest water levels in Sea of Galilee"
http://salafiaqeedah.blogspot.com/2010/10/return-of-caliphate.html
These two books also be helpful to do more research on this field.
1) "Surrendering Islam, The Subversion of Islam, Throughout History Until the Present Day"
Download Link: http://www.surrenderingislam.com/sites/surrenderingislam.com/files/Surrendering_Islam.pdf
Online Reading Link: http://www.surrenderingislam.com/
2) "Terrorism and The Illuminati, a three thousand years history"
Download Link: http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/sites/default//files/Terrorism_Illuminati.pdf
Online Reading Link: http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/
- published: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 170912
King Ibn Saud In Egypt (1946)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 13 Apr 2014
- views: 28284
Unissued / unused footage - dates and locations may be unknown / unclear.
Egypt.
On January 10, 1946 we see various shots of Arabian King Ibn Saud of Saud...
Unissued / unused footage - dates and locations may be unknown / unclear.
Egypt.
On January 10, 1946 we see various shots of Arabian King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia visiting Egypt.
Egypt's King Farouk, the Egyptian Prime Minister and several dignitaries make their way to the docks of Suez. King Farouk goes aboard the royal yacht Maroussa (sp?) which brought Ibn Saud to Egypt. The pair walk back to the docks together and pose for cameras. they sit and chat on two thrones then board the royal train that takes them to Cairo.
Shots of the two Kings riding through Cairo in an open carriage as crowds cheer and wave. They pose at the entrance to King Farouk's residence.
FILM ID:2171.15
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
https://wn.com/King_Ibn_Saud_In_Egypt_(1946)
Unissued / unused footage - dates and locations may be unknown / unclear.
Egypt.
On January 10, 1946 we see various shots of Arabian King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia visiting Egypt.
Egypt's King Farouk, the Egyptian Prime Minister and several dignitaries make their way to the docks of Suez. King Farouk goes aboard the royal yacht Maroussa (sp?) which brought Ibn Saud to Egypt. The pair walk back to the docks together and pose for cameras. they sit and chat on two thrones then board the royal train that takes them to Cairo.
Shots of the two Kings riding through Cairo in an open carriage as crowds cheer and wave. They pose at the entrance to King Farouk's residence.
FILM ID:2171.15
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
- published: 13 Apr 2014
- views: 28284
Ibn Saud And The Great Game
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:09
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 1878
Websites:
http://www.thinkorbeeaten.com/theknoll/
Websites:
http://www.thinkorbeeaten.com/theknoll/
https://wn.com/Ibn_Saud_And_The_Great_Game
Saudi Arabia: "Desert Venture" circa 1948 Standard Oil; King Ibn Saud & ARAMCO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:56
- Updated: 29 Apr 2016
- views: 3418
Saudi Arabia playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4EDBD55F72771A53
more at http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html
"'This is a sto...
Saudi Arabia playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4EDBD55F72771A53
more at http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html
"'This is a story of a venture by American capital in a strange and ancient land,' says the narrator. Shows the search and extraction of oil in Saudi Arabia, necessary to power the American 'nation on wheels.'"
Reupload of a previously uploaded film with improved video & sound.
Public domain film from the Library of Congress Prelinger Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html
TIME Magazine, January 15, 1951, p. 69:
-BUSINESS & FINANCE: FOREIGN TRADE:
-Half & Half
- In the garden of his modern home two miles outside Jedda, Saudi Arabia'a shrewd old (60) Finance Minister Abdullah El Suleiman sat down to wait for a visitor. For greater comfort in the muggy 80° heat, he slipped off his sandals. When a U.S. car rolled up, barefooted Abdullah arose, greeted Arabian American Oil Co.'s Executive Vice President Fred A. Davies and ushered him inside.
- There, over small earthenware cups of tea and thick coffee, they scratched their signatures to a historic document. When the news of its contents came out last week, it delighted other oil-rich Middle Eastern nations, but it dismayed Great Britain. Davies, in revising Aramco's 17-year-old agreement with Saudi Arabia's King Ibn Saud, had given him the most generous deal ever made in all the turbulent history of Middle Eastern oil.
- In effect, Aramco made old Ibn Saud an equal partner, who would share & share alike in all of Aramco's profits, including 1950's whopping net (before royalties) of $180 million. For Ibn Saud and Saudi Arabia, it meant a kingly take of $90 million, 50% more than the $60 million that would have been paid under the old royalty payments of 34¢ a barrel. If, as expected, Aramco rings up an operating profit of $200 million in 1951, Ibn Saud will get half of that.
- What dismayed the British was that they had been closely bargaining for months with the Iranian government to accept much lower royalties from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (TIME, Jan. 8). The British government, which controls Anglo-Iranian, feared that the Iranians, who now get considerably less than half of Anglo-Iranian's profits, would never settle for less than a 50-50 split. In addition, Anglo-Iranian and the five other owners of the Iraq Petroleum Co. had just about completed long negotiations with Iraq on a new contract. Now that deal, too, seemed certain to blow sky-high.
- "Take a Law." Actually, Aramco had had little choice in its deal. Ibn Saud... had been demanding more money for two years...
- For two months Aramco's Davies and his lawyers argued with Abdullah, protesting that the decree violated their 1933 agreement. Unimpressed, Abdullah said that even rich nations like the U.S. find that they have to boost their taxes now & then. Furthermore, he said, Standard Oil Co. (N.J.), one of Aramco's owners, had made a 50-50 split five years ago with Venezuela.
- Davies then offered the flat 50-50 in return for two important concessions: Abdullah promised in the written contract that the arrangement would be his top demand; he also agreed that Aramco, instead of paying entirely in U.S. dollars and sterling as before, could pay Saudi Arabia in the currencies it takes in from sales. With this assurance, Davies believed that Aramco could do more business in Italy, France, and other soft-currency markets (95% of Aramco's market is outside the U.S.).
- Take a Lesson. Aramco was reasonably happy with the deal. After investing $400 million in Saudi Arabia, it had boosted production 46-fold in a decade, to a rate of 650,000 barrels daily (equal to 11% of all U.S. domestic production). With the prospect of an expanding market, and with its development work largely completed, Aramco recognized that Saudi Arabia was entitled to a bigger share than it had gotten during the years of exploration work.
- Moreover, Aramco preferred to make a generous deal now--and win the prospect of a long period of good feeling--rather than to haggle and build up resentment. It had not forgotten that accumulated resentment caused Mexico to expropriate U.S. oil companies in 1938. It also knew that Jersey Standard's generous 1945 settlement with Venezuela had built immense good will...
https://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia_Desert_Venture_Circa_1948_Standard_Oil_King_Ibn_Saud_Aramco
Saudi Arabia playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4EDBD55F72771A53
more at http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html
"'This is a story of a venture by American capital in a strange and ancient land,' says the narrator. Shows the search and extraction of oil in Saudi Arabia, necessary to power the American 'nation on wheels.'"
Reupload of a previously uploaded film with improved video & sound.
Public domain film from the Library of Congress Prelinger Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://news.quickfound.net/intl/saudi_arabia_news.html
TIME Magazine, January 15, 1951, p. 69:
-BUSINESS & FINANCE: FOREIGN TRADE:
-Half & Half
- In the garden of his modern home two miles outside Jedda, Saudi Arabia'a shrewd old (60) Finance Minister Abdullah El Suleiman sat down to wait for a visitor. For greater comfort in the muggy 80° heat, he slipped off his sandals. When a U.S. car rolled up, barefooted Abdullah arose, greeted Arabian American Oil Co.'s Executive Vice President Fred A. Davies and ushered him inside.
- There, over small earthenware cups of tea and thick coffee, they scratched their signatures to a historic document. When the news of its contents came out last week, it delighted other oil-rich Middle Eastern nations, but it dismayed Great Britain. Davies, in revising Aramco's 17-year-old agreement with Saudi Arabia's King Ibn Saud, had given him the most generous deal ever made in all the turbulent history of Middle Eastern oil.
- In effect, Aramco made old Ibn Saud an equal partner, who would share & share alike in all of Aramco's profits, including 1950's whopping net (before royalties) of $180 million. For Ibn Saud and Saudi Arabia, it meant a kingly take of $90 million, 50% more than the $60 million that would have been paid under the old royalty payments of 34¢ a barrel. If, as expected, Aramco rings up an operating profit of $200 million in 1951, Ibn Saud will get half of that.
- What dismayed the British was that they had been closely bargaining for months with the Iranian government to accept much lower royalties from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (TIME, Jan. 8). The British government, which controls Anglo-Iranian, feared that the Iranians, who now get considerably less than half of Anglo-Iranian's profits, would never settle for less than a 50-50 split. In addition, Anglo-Iranian and the five other owners of the Iraq Petroleum Co. had just about completed long negotiations with Iraq on a new contract. Now that deal, too, seemed certain to blow sky-high.
- "Take a Law." Actually, Aramco had had little choice in its deal. Ibn Saud... had been demanding more money for two years...
- For two months Aramco's Davies and his lawyers argued with Abdullah, protesting that the decree violated their 1933 agreement. Unimpressed, Abdullah said that even rich nations like the U.S. find that they have to boost their taxes now & then. Furthermore, he said, Standard Oil Co. (N.J.), one of Aramco's owners, had made a 50-50 split five years ago with Venezuela.
- Davies then offered the flat 50-50 in return for two important concessions: Abdullah promised in the written contract that the arrangement would be his top demand; he also agreed that Aramco, instead of paying entirely in U.S. dollars and sterling as before, could pay Saudi Arabia in the currencies it takes in from sales. With this assurance, Davies believed that Aramco could do more business in Italy, France, and other soft-currency markets (95% of Aramco's market is outside the U.S.).
- Take a Lesson. Aramco was reasonably happy with the deal. After investing $400 million in Saudi Arabia, it had boosted production 46-fold in a decade, to a rate of 650,000 barrels daily (equal to 11% of all U.S. domestic production). With the prospect of an expanding market, and with its development work largely completed, Aramco recognized that Saudi Arabia was entitled to a bigger share than it had gotten during the years of exploration work.
- Moreover, Aramco preferred to make a generous deal now--and win the prospect of a long period of good feeling--rather than to haggle and build up resentment. It had not forgotten that accumulated resentment caused Mexico to expropriate U.S. oil companies in 1938. It also knew that Jersey Standard's generous 1945 settlement with Venezuela had built immense good will...
- published: 29 Apr 2016
- views: 3418
Ibn Saud At The Taj Mahal (1955)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:46
- Updated: 13 Apr 2014
- views: 3431
New Delhi, India.
Ibn Saud, the King of Saudi Arabia, and party walking along the side of ornamental lake, & CU. SV. Ibn Saud and party standing by the lake...
New Delhi, India.
Ibn Saud, the King of Saudi Arabia, and party walking along the side of ornamental lake, & CU. SV. Ibn Saud and party standing by the lake. GV. Taj Mahal. GV. Moslems at prayer. Another angle, Moslems at prayer. SCU. Ibn Saud seated. GV. Moslems seated. SCU. Ibn Saud being presented with model of Taj Mahal - Pandit Nehru presents it to the King. SCU. Moslems. SV. Ibn Saud and party leaving the Taj Mahal. CU. Ibn Saud.
(Orig.Neg.)
FILM ID:553.09
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
https://wn.com/Ibn_Saud_At_The_Taj_Mahal_(1955)
New Delhi, India.
Ibn Saud, the King of Saudi Arabia, and party walking along the side of ornamental lake, & CU. SV. Ibn Saud and party standing by the lake. GV. Taj Mahal. GV. Moslems at prayer. Another angle, Moslems at prayer. SCU. Ibn Saud seated. GV. Moslems seated. SCU. Ibn Saud being presented with model of Taj Mahal - Pandit Nehru presents it to the King. SCU. Moslems. SV. Ibn Saud and party leaving the Taj Mahal. CU. Ibn Saud.
(Orig.Neg.)
FILM ID:553.09
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
- published: 13 Apr 2014
- views: 3431
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4:41
Ibn Saud - Unification of Saudi Arabia
The Al-Saud family had been in exile since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second...
published: 24 Nov 2013
Ibn Saud - Unification of Saudi Arabia
Ibn Saud - Unification of Saudi Arabia
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- published: 24 Nov 2013
- views: 15455
5:11
Ibn Saud: The First King of Saudi Arabia | Tooky History
Abdulaziz ibn Saud was a member of the Saudi family that took refuge in Kuwait. In this vi...
published: 01 Dec 2016
Ibn Saud: The First King of Saudi Arabia | Tooky History
Ibn Saud: The First King of Saudi Arabia | Tooky History
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- published: 01 Dec 2016
- views: 67
3:51
TE Lawrence on the rise of Ibn Saud and Wahhabism
Excerpt from Scott Anderson's book Lawrence in Arabia:
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud embraced a for...
published: 30 Dec 2015
TE Lawrence on the rise of Ibn Saud and Wahhabism
TE Lawrence on the rise of Ibn Saud and Wahhabism
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- published: 30 Dec 2015
- views: 8380
28:43
The Life of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud - Unity
The beginning of the kingdom
published: 04 Apr 2013
The Life of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud - Unity
The Life of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud - Unity
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- published: 04 Apr 2013
- views: 9309
46:13
DOCUMENTARIES : THE SAUDI ROYAL FAMILY
Saud" redirects here. For the Pakistani actor, see Saud (actor). For the Romanian village ...
published: 16 Feb 2015
DOCUMENTARIES : THE SAUDI ROYAL FAMILY
DOCUMENTARIES : THE SAUDI ROYAL FAMILY
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- published: 16 Feb 2015
- views: 2561949
10:16
Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud Betrayar of Islam by Sheikh Imran Hossein
This book(The Caliphate, The Hijaz and the Saudi Wahabi Nation State) is a part of a large...
published: 06 Mar 2012
Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud Betrayar of Islam by Sheikh Imran Hossein
Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud Betrayar of Islam by Sheikh Imran Hossein
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- published: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 170912
2:27
King Ibn Saud In Egypt (1946)
Unissued / unused footage - dates and locations may be unknown / unclear.
Egypt.
On ...
published: 13 Apr 2014
King Ibn Saud In Egypt (1946)
King Ibn Saud In Egypt (1946)
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- published: 13 Apr 2014
- views: 28284
61:09
Ibn Saud And The Great Game
Websites:
http://www.thinkorbeeaten.com/theknoll/
published: 12 Feb 2013
Ibn Saud And The Great Game
Ibn Saud And The Great Game
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- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 1878
27:56
Saudi Arabia: "Desert Venture" circa 1948 Standard Oil; King Ibn Saud & ARAMCO
Saudi Arabia playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4EDBD55F72771A53
more at h...
published: 29 Apr 2016
Saudi Arabia: "Desert Venture" circa 1948 Standard Oil; King Ibn Saud & ARAMCO
Saudi Arabia: "Desert Venture" circa 1948 Standard Oil; King Ibn Saud & ARAMCO
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- published: 29 Apr 2016
- views: 3418
0:46
Ibn Saud At The Taj Mahal (1955)
New Delhi, India.
Ibn Saud, the King of Saudi Arabia, and party walking along the side...
published: 13 Apr 2014
Ibn Saud At The Taj Mahal (1955)
Ibn Saud At The Taj Mahal (1955)
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- published: 13 Apr 2014
- views: 3431
Ibn Saud - Unification of Saudi Arabia...
Ibn Saud: The First King of Saudi Arabia | Tooky H...
TE Lawrence on the rise of Ibn Saud and Wahhabism...
The Life of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud - Unity...
DOCUMENTARIES : THE SAUDI ROYAL FAMILY...
Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud Betrayar of Islam by Sheikh Im...
King Ibn Saud In Egypt (1946)...
Ibn Saud And The Great Game...
Saudi Arabia: "Desert Venture" circa 1948 Standar...
Ibn Saud At The Taj Mahal (1955)...
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China’s Taoist Billionaire Jack Ma Warns U.S. Of Its Own Great Firewalls
Edit WorldNews.com 25 Jan 2017
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas DarlingDespite highly centralized systems of governance, the people of China have always found creative ways to circumvent such Great Firewalls. Consequently, Taoist billionaire Jack Ma, the business magnate who founded Alibaba Group, just warned the United States and previous administrations of their own Great Firewalls ... American Hubris and Wall Street’s Great Firewalls ... 2 Weiner, Eric ... 94. ....
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[VIDEO]: Unearthed Video Reveals Kellyanne Conway’s Dark Past In Stand-up Comedy
Edit WorldNews.com 25 Jan 2017
After seeing this 1998 standup comedy video, we have to wonder if alternative-fact-spouting, Nutcracker-coat-wearing, counselor to the president Kellyanne (Fitzpatrick) Conway was knocking ’em dead at the Inaugural Balls the other night. It seems Conway was taking part in D.C.’s Funniest Celebrity charity event at the time, New York magazine reports. In the 11-minute video, Conway does a comedy routine that mostly fell flat....
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Donald Trump orders Environmental Protection Agency to delete all climate change information from its website
Edit The Independent 25 Jan 2017
The Trump administration is forcing the Environmental Protection Agency to delete all of its pages on climate change ... 11 show all ....
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Trump Executive Orders Allows Wall To Be Constructed On Mexico Border
Edit WorldNews.com 25 Jan 2017
"We've been talking about this right from the beginning.” – US President Donald Trump ... The interview airs at 10 p.m. Eastern time on ABC networks. ....
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Former London Ambassador: Dissent Towards North Korea Regime Is Rising
Edit WorldNews.com 25 Jan 2017
His defection was all the more surprising since he had addressed rallies and gatherings in London to defend his country's foreign policies and vehemently rejected western media's analysis of Kim ... The Korean Conflict is not officially over as the sides only agreed to a 1953 armistice, or truce.....
Pakistan envoy Basit tipped for post of foreign secretary
Edit Hindustan Times 25 Jan 2017
Basit is among the four candidates in contention for the post, and the others are former ambassador to France Ghalib Iqbal, high commissioner to the UK Syed Ibn-e-Abbas and permanent representative to the UN Tehmina Janjua, the Dawn newspaper reported ... The move led to the cancellation of the bilateral talks ... Syed Ibn-e-Abbas also joined the foreign service in 1983 and has served as deputy high commissioner in India ... ....
Sharif deliberates on new Pak foreign secretary amid lobbying
Edit Deccan Chronicle 25 Jan 2017
Islamabad ... Chaudhry will take over as ambassador to the US, replacing outgoing ambassador Jalil Abbas Jilani ... Pakistan's High Commissioner to India Abdul Basit, former ambassador to France Ghalib Iqbal, High Commissioner to the UK Syed Ibn-i-Abbas and Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva Tehmina Janjua ... High Commissioner to the UK Syed Ibn-e-Abbas also joined the Foreign Service in 1983 ... ....
Abdul Basit, Pakistan's envoy to India may become foreign secretary?
Edit The Times of India 25 Jan 2017
NEW DELHI. The often abrasive Abdul Basit, Pakistan's high commissioner to India, may not be long for his India posting as he is among the frontrunners for the post of foreign secretary, Dawn reported ... Former ambassador to France, Ghalib Iqbal, High Commissioner to the UK, Syed Ibn-i-Abbas and Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva, Tehmina Janjua are the others being considered ... — ANI (@ANI_news) August 14, 2016 ... 3000....
Raja Farooq initiates ‘ruthless’ accountability in AJK
Edit The News International 25 Jan 2017
LONDON ... He said that nepotism and corruption will be rooted out at all costs ... The MoU was signed by Syed Iftikhar Ali Gillani, Minister for Education AJ&K;, and Sir Ciarán Devane, CEO of the British Council, at a high level meeting, attended by Raja Muhammad Farooq Haider Khan, Prime Minister AJ&K;, HE Syed Ibne Abbas, Pakistan High Commissioner to the UK, and senior officials from the AJ&K; Government and the British Council ... ....
Pak to get new foreign secy; Tehmina Janjua leads race
Edit The Times of India 25 Jan 2017
ISLAMABAD. With the appointment of Pakistan's outgoing foreign secretary Aizaz Ahmed Chaudhry as ambassador to the United States, several diplomats are in the running for the country's top bureaucratic position in foreign affairs. These include former ambassador to France Ghalib Iqbal, high commissioner to India Abdul Basit, permanent representative to the UN in Geneva Tehmina Janjua, and high commissioner to the UK Syed Ibn-i-Abbas....
Pak PM Nawaz Sharif considers appointment of new foreign secretary
Edit Khaleej Times 23 Jan 2017
Chaudhry will take over as ambassador to the US, replacing outgoing ambassador Jalil Abbas Jilani ... Pakistan's High Commissioner to India Abdul Basit, former ambassador to France Ghalib Iqbal, High Commissioner to the UK Syed Ibn-i-Abbas and Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva Tehmina Janjua ... Basit this time round is out of favour ... High Commissioner to the UK Syed Ibn-e-Abbas also joined the Foreign Service in 1983 ... ....
Opinion: Between Modi And Urjit Patel, RBI Defaulted On Its Duty
Edit NDTV 23 Jan 2017
The renowned historian, Prof. Satish Chandra, in his magisterial work, Medieval India (1206-1526), quotes Ibn Battutah who visited the court of Muhammad bin Tuglaq as saying the ruler's gravest fault... ....
Prof. Tibin Pays Tribute to Dr. Al-Zadjali's Contributions to Livestock Field
Edit All Africa 23 Jan 2017
[SNA] Khartoum -The Minister of Livestock Prof. Musa Tibin praised the Director-General of the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development Dr. Tariq ibn Musa Al-Zadjali his contributions and support to the development of livestock sector, agriculture, forestry and the ministries of agriculture in the Arab world ... ....
Istanbul bookshop that transports young Syrians back home
Edit The Guardian 23 Jan 2017
Founder of city’s first Arabic bookshop lets children read in their own language and escape the isolation of refugee life ... read ... “I felt like I was in Syria with all these Arabic books, and you can read them all for free.” One teenager asked Kadri to stock books about astronomy because he loved space, and another asked for a biography of Khalid ibn al-Walid, one of early Islam’s legendary warriors who led its early conquests in Asia ... ....
'Space forum will benefit Emiratis'
Edit Khaleej Times 22 Jan 2017
Shaikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Deputy Ruler of Dubai, accompanied him. Shaikh Mohammed also toured the museum of the centre, and was briefed about some of its components ... Prof Noureldine Malak from the University of Massachusetts in Boston spoke about the scientific discoveries for incurable diseases and therapies since the era of the Arabic scholar Ibn Al Haytham, about 1,000 years ago ... ....
HAVE BOOK BUT KNOWLEDGE IS LOST
Edit The Siasat Daily 21 Jan 2017
HADITH. ... “That would happen when knowledge is lost.” ... How did the Sahabah study the Quran? If we take the example of Abdullah ibn Umar (radi Allahu anhu), it took him 14 years to finish memorizing Surah Baqarah ... Abdullah ibn Umar (radi Allahu anhu) was a companion of Rasul Allah (sal Allahu alaihi wa sallam) and the Quran was revealed in his own language. Abdullah ibn Umar (radiAllahu anhu) was also an eminent scholar ... ....
Gambia's Jammeh offered last chance for peaceful exit before troops advance
Edit Yahoo Daily News 21 Jan 2017
More. By Tim Cocks. BANJUL (Reuters) - West African leaders on Friday extended a deadline for Gambia's longtime leader Yahya Jammeh to leave office or face action by a regional military force to install President Adama Barrow, the winner of an election in December ... Jammeh wants an extension of the midday deadline until 4 p.m. (1600 GMT), according to Gambian government sources ... U.N. officials including Mohammed Ibn Chambas, U.N ... The U.N ... 1 ... ....
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