Fibrate
| Fibrates | |
|---|---|
| Drug class | |
Fenofibrate, one of the most popular fibrates
|
|
| Class identifiers | |
| Use | hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolaemia |
| Biological target | PPAR |
| Clinical data | |
| WebMD | MedicineNet |
| External links | |
| MeSH | D058607 |
In pharmacology, the fibrates are a class of amphipathic carboxylic acids. They are used for a range of metabolic disorders, mainly hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and are therefore hypolipidemic agents.
Members[edit]
Fibrates prescribed commonly are:
- Bezafibrate (e.g. Bezalip)
- Ciprofibrate (e.g. Modalim)
- Clofibrate (largely obsolete due to side-effect profile, e.g. gallstones)
- Gemfibrozil (e.g. Lopid)
- Fenofibrate (e.g. TriCor)
- Clinofibrate (e.g. Lipoclin)
Indications[edit]
Fibrates are used in accessory therapy in many forms of hypercholesterolemia, usually in combination with statins.[1] Clinical trials do support their use as monotherapy agents. Fibrates reduce the number of non-fatal heart attacks, but do not improve all-cause mortality and are therefore indicated only in those not tolerant to statins.[2][3]
Although less effective in lowering LDL levels, the ability of fibrates to increase HDL and lower triglyceride levels seems to reduce insulin resistance when the dyslipidemia is associated with other features of the metabolic syndrome (hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2).[4] They are therefore used in many hyperlipidemias. Due to a rare paradoxical decrease in HDL-C seen in some patients on fenofibrate, as per US FDA label change, it is recommended that the HDL-C levels be checked within the first few months after initiation of fibrate therapy. If a severely depressed HDL-C level is detected, fibrate therapy should be withdrawn, and the HDL-C level monitored until it has returned to baseline. Medwatch
Side effects[edit]
Most fibrates can cause mild stomach upset and myopathy (muscle pain with CPK elevations). Since fibrates increase the cholesterol content of bile, they increase the risk for gallstones.
In combination with statin drugs, fibrates cause an increased risk of rhabdomyolysis, idiosyncratic destruction of muscle tissue, leading to renal failure. A powerful statin drug, cerivastatin (Lipobay), was withdrawn because of this complication. The less lipophilic statins are less prone to cause this reaction, and are probably safer when combined with fibrates.
Drug toxicity includes acute kidney injury.[5]
Pharmacology[edit]
Although used clinically since the 1930s,[6] if not earlier, the mechanism of action of fibrates remained unelucidated until, in the 1990s, it was discovered that fibrates activate PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), especially PPARα. The PPARs are a class of intracellular receptors that modulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism and adipose tissue differentiation.
Activating PPARs induces the transcription of a number of genes that facilitate lipid metabolism.
Fibrates are structurally and pharmacologically related to the thiazolidinediones, a novel class of anti-diabetic drugs that also act on PPARs (more specifically PPARγ)
Fibrates are a substrate of (metabolized by) CYP3A4.[7]
Fibrates have been shown to extend lifespan in the roundworm C. elegans.[8]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Steiner G (December 2007). "Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: a role for fibrate therapy?". Diab Vasc Dis Res. 4 (4): 368–74. doi:10.3132/dvdr.2007.067. PMID 18158710.
- ^ Abourbih S, Filion KB, Joseph L, Schiffrin EL, Rinfret S, Poirier P, Pilote L, Genest J, Eisenberg MJ (2009). "Effect of fibrates on lipid profiles and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review". Am J Med. 122 (10): 962.e1–962.e8. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.03.030. PMID 19698935.
- ^ Jun M, Foote C, Lv J, et al. (2010). "Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet. 375 (9729): 1875–1884. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60656-3.
- ^ Wysocki J, Belowski D, Kalina M, Kochanski L, Okopien B, Kalina Z (2004). "Effects of micronized fenofibrate on insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 42 (4): 212–217. doi:10.5414/cpp42212. PMID 15124979.
- ^ Zhao YY, Weir MA, Manno M, Cordy P, Gomes T, Hackam DG, et al. (2012). "New fibrate use and acute renal outcomes in elderly adults: a population-based study.". Ann Intern Med. 156 (8): 560–9. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-156-8-201204170-00003. PMID 22508733.
- ^ "Pharmaceutical composition and method for treatment of digestive disorders - Patent 4976970". Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ http://www.stacommunications.com/journals/cardiology/2004/June/Pdf/034.pdf
- ^ http://www.impactaging.com/papers/v5/n4/full/100548.html
