British Virgin Islands

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For the island group, which also includes the United States Virgin Islands and Spanish Virgin Islands, see Virgin Islands.

Coordinates: 18°30′N 64°30′W / 18.500°N 64.500°W / 18.500; -64.500

Virgin Islands
Flag of British Virgin Islands
Coat of arms of British Virgin Islands
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Vigilate" (Latin)
"Be Vigilant"
Anthem: "God Save the Queen"
Territorial song: "Oh, Beautiful Virgin Islands"
Location of  British Virgin Islands  (circled in red)in the Caribbean  (light yellow)
Location of  British Virgin Islands  (circled in red)

in the Caribbean  (light yellow)
Location of British Virgin Islands
Status British Overseas Territory
Capital
and largest city		 Road Town
18°25.883′N 64°37.383′W / 18.431383°N 64.623050°W / 18.431383; -64.623050
Official languages English
Ethnic groups
Demonym Virgin Islander
Government Parliamentary dependency under constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
 Elizabeth II
John Duncan
V. Inez Archibald
• Premier
 Orlando Smith
• Responsible Ministerb (UK)
 Baroness Anelay of St Johns
Legislature House of Assembly
Established as a dependency of the United Kingdom
• Separate
 1960
• Autonomy
 1967
Area
• Total
 153 km2 (59 sq mi) (216th)
• Water (%)
 1.6
Population
• 2010 census
 28,054[1] (212th)
• Density
 260/km2 (673.4/sq mi) (68th)
GDP (PPP) estimate
• Total
 $853.4 million[2]
• Per capita
 $43,366
Currency United States dollar (USD)
Time zone AST (UTC-4)
Drives on the left
Calling code +1-284
ISO 3166 code VG
Internet TLD .vg
  1. Source for all ethnic groups including labels: 2010 Census of Population
  2. For the Overseas Territories.

The British Virgin Islands (BVI), officially the Virgin Islands,[3] is a British overseas territory located in the Caribbean to the east of Puerto Rico. The islands make up part of the Virgin Islands archipelago; the remaining islands constitute the US Virgin Islands and the Spanish Virgin Islands.

The 150-square-kilometre (58-square-mile) British Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, and Jost Van Dyke, along with over 50 other smaller islands and cays. About 15 of the islands are inhabited. The capital, Road Town, is situated on Tortola, the largest island, which is about 20 km (12 mi) long and 5 km (3 mi) wide. The islands had a population of about 28,000 at the 2010 Census, of whom approximately 23,500[4] lived on Tortola; the latest estimate (2016) is 30,800.

British Virgin Islanders are classed as British Overseas Territories citizens and since 2002 have had an entitlement to take up full UK citizenship. Although the territory is not part of the European Union and not directly subject to EU law, its citizens are deemed to be citizens of the EU as well.[5]

Name[edit]

The official name of the territory is still simply the "Virgin Islands", but the prefix "British" is often used. This is commonly believed to distinguish it from the neighbouring American territory which changed its name from the "Danish West Indies" to "Virgin Islands of the United States" in 1917. However, local historians have disputed this, pointing to a variety of publications and public records dating from between 21 February 1857 and 12 September 1919 where the Territory is referred to as the British Virgin Islands.[6] British Virgin Islands government publications continue to begin with the name "The territory of the Virgin Islands", and the territory's passports simply refer to the "Virgin Islands", and all laws begin with the words "Virgin Islands". Moreover, the territory's Constitutional Commission has expressed the view that "every effort should be made", to encourage the use of the name "Virgin Islands".[7] But various public and quasi public bodies continue to use the name "British Virgin Islands" or "BVI", including BVI Finance, BVI Electricity Corporation, BVI Tourist Board, BVI Athletic Association, BVI Bar Association and others.

In 1968 the UK Government issued a memorandum requiring that the postage stamps in the Territory should say "British Virgin Islands" (whereas previously they had simply stated "Virgin Islands"), a practice which is still followed today.[6] This was likely to prevent confusion following on from the adoption of US currency in the Territory in 1959, and the references to US currency on the stamps of the Territory.

History[edit]

Main article: History of the British Virgin Islands

The Virgin Islands were first settled by the Arawak from South America around 100 BC (though there is some evidence of Amerindian presence on the islands as far back as 1500 BC).[8] The Arawaks inhabited the islands until the 15th century when they were displaced by the more aggressive Caribs, a tribe from the Lesser Antilles islands, after whom the Caribbean Sea is named.

The first European sighting of the Virgin Islands was by Christopher Columbus in 1493 on his second voyage to the Americas. Columbus gave them the fanciful name Santa Ursula y las Once Mil Vírgenes (Saint Ursula and her 11,000 Virgins), shortened to Las Vírgenes (The Virgins), after the legend of Saint Ursula.

The Spanish Empire claimed the islands by discovery in the early 16th century, but never settled them, and subsequent years saw the English, Dutch, French, Spanish, and Danish all jostling for control of the region, which became a notorious haunt for pirates. There is no record of any native Amerindian population in the British Virgin Islands during this period, although the native population on nearby Saint Croix was decimated.

The Dutch established a permanent settlement on the island of Tortola by 1648. In 1672, the English captured Tortola from the Dutch, and the English annexation of Anegada and Virgin Gorda followed in 1680. Meanwhile, over the period 1672–1733, the Danish gained control of the nearby islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John and Saint Croix.

The ruins of St. Phillip's Church, Tortola, one of the most important historical ruins in the territory.

The British islands were considered principally a strategic possession, but were planted when economic conditions were particularly favourable. The British introduced sugar cane which was to become the main crop and source of foreign trade, and slaves were brought from Africa to work on the sugar cane plantations. The islands prospered economically until the middle of the nineteenth century, when a combination of the abolition of slavery in the territory, a series of disastrous hurricanes, and the growth in the sugar beet crop in Europe and the United States[9] significantly reduced sugar cane production and led to a period of economic decline.

In 1917, the United States purchased St. John, St. Thomas, and St. Croix from Denmark for US$25 million, renaming them the United States Virgin Islands.

The British Virgin Islands were administered variously as part of the British Leeward Islands or with St. Kitts and Nevis, with an administrator representing the British Government on the islands. The islands gained separate colony status in 1960 and became autonomous in 1967. Since the 1960s, the islands have diversified away from their traditionally agriculture-based economy towards tourism and financial services, becoming one of the wealthiest areas in the Caribbean.

Geography[edit]

Map of British Virgin Islands (Note: Anegada is farther away from the other islands than shown)
Main article: Geography of the British Virgin Islands

The British Virgin Islands comprise around 60 tropical Caribbean islands, ranging in size from the largest, Tortola 20 km (12 mi) long and 5 km (3 mi) wide, to tiny uninhabited islets, altogether about 150 square kilometres (58 square miles) in extent. They are located in the Virgin Islands archipelago, a few miles east of the US Virgin Islands. The North Atlantic Ocean lies to the north of the islands, and the Caribbean Sea lies to the south. Most of the islands are volcanic in origin and have a hilly, rugged terrain. Anegada is geologically distinct from the rest of the group and is a flat island composed of limestone and coral.

In addition to the four main islands of Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, and Jost Van Dyke, other islands include (see also Islands of the British Virgin Islands):

Climate[edit]

Main article: Climate of the British Virgin Islands

The British Virgin Islands enjoy a tropical climate, moderated by trade winds. Temperatures vary little throughout the year. In the capital, Road Town, typical daily maxima are around 32 °C (89.6 °F) in the summer and 29 °C (84.2 °F) in the winter. Typical daily minima are around 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the summer and 21 °C (69.8 °F) in the winter. Rainfall averages about 1,150 mm (45.3 in) per year, higher in the hills and lower on the coast. Rainfall can be quite variable, but the wettest months on average are September to November and the driest months on average are February and March. Hurricanes occasionally hit the islands, with the hurricane season running from June to November.

Climate data for Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33
(91)		 32
(89)		 32
(89)		 35
(95)		 34
(93)		 35
(95)		 35
(95)		 36
(96)		 35
(95)		 33
(92)		 33
(91)		 31
(87)		 36
(96)
Average high °C (°F) 26
(79)		 27
(80)		 28
(82)		 29
(84)		 29
(85)		 30
(86)		 31
(87)		 31
(87)		 30
(86)		 29
(85)		 28
(82)		 27
(80)		 28.8
(83.6)
Average low °C (°F) 20
(68)		 19
(67)		 20
(68)		 21
(69)		 22
(71)		 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 22
(72)		 22
(71)		 21
(69)		 21.6
(70.6)
Record low °C (°F) 17
(62)		 16
(60)		 16
(60)		 17
(62)		 18
(64)		 18
(65)		 19
(66)		 19
(66)		 16
(61)		 18
(64)		 17
(63)		 16
(60)		 16
(60)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 74.2
(2.92)		 63.2
(2.49)		 55.4
(2.18)		 84.6
(3.33)		 116.6
(4.59)		 70.6
(2.78)		 83.1
(3.27)		 112
(4.4)		 156
(6.14)		 133.4
(5.25)		 178.8
(7.04)		 112
(4.4)		 1,239.9
(48.79)
Source: Intellicast[10]

Politics[edit]

Main article: Politics of the British Virgin Islands
Legislative Council building in Road Town. The High Court sits upstairs.
Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions

The territory operates as a parliamentary democracy. Ultimate executive authority in British Virgin Islands is vested in the Queen, and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of the British Virgin Islands. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and most foreign affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom.

The most recent constitution was adopted in 2007 (the Virgin Islands Constitution Order, 2007)[11][12] and came into force when the Legislative Council was dissolved for the 2007 general election. The head of government under the constitution is the Premier (before the new constitution the office was referred to as Chief Minister), who is elected in a general election along with the other members of the ruling government as well as the members of the opposition. Elections are held roughly every four years. A cabinet is nominated by the Premier and appointed and chaired by the Governor. The Legislature consists of the Queen (represented by the Governor) and a unicameral House of Assembly made up of 13 elected members plus the Speaker and the Attorney General.

The current Governor is John Duncan (since 15 August 2014). The current Premier is Orlando Smith (since 9 November 2011), who is leader of the ruling National Democratic Party.

Subdivisions[edit]

Main articles: Elections in the British Virgin Islands and Districts of the British Virgin Islands

The British Virgin Islands is a unitary territory. The territory is divided into nine electoral districts, and each voter is registered in one of those districts. Eight of the nine districts are partly or wholly on Tortola, and encompass nearby neighbouring islands. Only the ninth district (Virgin Gorda and Anegada) does not include any part of Tortola. At elections, in addition to voting their local representative, voters also cast votes for four "at-large" candidates who are elected upon a territory-wide basis.

The territory is also technically divided into five administrative districts (one for each of the four largest islands, and then a fifth for all other islands), and into six civil registry districts (three for Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda and Anegada) although these have little practical relevance today.

Law and criminal justice[edit]

Main article: Law of the British Virgin Islands

Crime in the British Virgin Islands is comparatively low by Caribbean standards (and indeed compared to the neighbouring US Virgin Islands).[13] Whilst statistics and hard data are relatively rare, and are not regularly published by governmental sources in the British Virgin Islands, the Premier did announce that in 2013 there has been a 14% decline in recorded crime as against 2012.[14] Homicides are rare,[15] with just one incident recorded in 2013. The British and US Virgin Islands sit at the axis of a major drugs transshipment point between Latin America and the continental United States. The American DEA regards the adjacent US territories of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands as a "High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area".[16] A co-operation agreement exists between the British Virgin Islands and the US Coast Guard allowing American forces to pursue suspected drug traffickers through the territorial waters of the British Virgin Islands. In August 2011 a joint raid between the American DEA and the Royal Virgin Islands Police Force arrested a number of British Virgin Islands residents who are accused of being involved in major drugs transshipments,[17] although their extradition to the United States has become bogged down in protracted legal wrangling.[18]

Economy[edit]

Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
Main article: Economy of the British Virgin Islands

As a tax haven with an opaque banking system,[19][20] the British Virgin Islands enjoys one of the more prosperous economies of the Caribbean region, with a per capita average income of around $42,300 (2010 est.) [21] The average monthly income earned by a worker in the territory was US$2,452 as at the time of the 2010 Census.[1] 29% of the population fell into the "low income" category.

Although it is common to hear criticism in the British Virgin Islands' press about income inequality, no serious attempt has been made by economists to calculate a Gini coefficient or similar measure of income equality for the territory. A report from 2000 suggested that, despite the popular perception, income inequality was actually lower in the British Virgin Islands than in any other OECS state,[22] although in global terms income equality is higher in the Caribbean than in many other regions.

The "twin pillars" of the economy are tourism and financial services. Politically, tourism is the more important of the two, as it employs a greater number of people within the territory, and a larger proportion of the businesses in the tourist industry are locally owned, as are a number of the highly tourism-dependent sole traders (for example, taxi drivers and street vendors). Economically however, financial services associated with the territory's status as an offshore financial centre are by far the more important. 51.8% of the Government's revenue comes directly from licence fees for offshore companies, and considerable further sums are raised directly or indirectly from payroll taxes relating to salaries paid within the trust industry sector (which tend to be higher on average than those paid in the tourism sector).

Tourism[edit]

The Baths, Virgin Gorda

Tourism accounts for approximately 45% of national income. The islands are a popular destination for US citizens. In 2006 a total of 825,603 people visited the islands, of whom 443,987 were cruise ship passengers. Tourists frequent the numerous white sand beaches, visit The Baths on Virgin Gorda, snorkel the coral reefs near Anegada, or experience the well-known bars of Jost Van Dyke. The BVI are known as one of the world's greatest sailing destinations, and charter sailboats are a very popular way to visit less accessible islands. Every year since 1972 the BVI has hosted the Spring Regatta, which is a seven-day collection of sailing races throughout the islands. A substantial number of the tourists who visit the BVI are cruise ship passengers, and although they produce far lower revenue per head than charter boat tourists and hotel based tourists, they are nonetheless important to the substantial - and politically important - taxi driving community. Only Virgin Islanders are permitted to work as taxi drivers.

Financial services[edit]

Financial services account for over half of the income of the territory. The majority of this revenue is generated by the licensing of offshore companies and related services. The British Virgin Islands is a significant global player in the offshore financial services industry. In 2000 KPMG reported in its survey of offshore jurisdictions for the United Kingdom government that over 45% of the world's offshore companies were formed in the British Virgin Islands.[23] Since 2001, financial services in the British Virgin Islands have been regulated by the independent Financial Services Commission.

At the end of 2012 the banking sector of the British Virgin Islands comprised six commercial banks[24] and one restricted bank, 12 authorised custodians, two licensed money services businesses and one licensed financing service provider.[25]

As such the British Virgin Islands is frequently labelled as a "tax haven" by campaigners and NGOs,[26] and has been expressly named in anti-tax haven legislation in other countries on various occasions.[27] Successive governments in the British Virgin Islands have fought against the tax haven label, and made various commitments to tax exchange and recording beneficial ownership information of companies following the 2013 G8 summit. On 10 September 2013 British Prime Minister David Cameron said "I do not think it is fair any longer to refer to any of the Overseas Territories or Crown Dependencies as tax havens. They have taken action to make sure that they have fair and open tax systems. It is very important that our focus should now shift to those territories and countries that really are tax havens."[28]

In the April 2016 Panama Papers leak, the British Virgin Islands was the most commonly used tax haven by clients of Mossack Fonseca.[29]

Agriculture and industry[edit]

Agriculture and industry account for only a small proportion of the islands' GDP. Agricultural produce includes fruit, vegetables, sugar cane, livestock and poultry, and industries include rum distillation, construction and boat building.

Currency[edit]

The official currency of the British Virgin Islands has been the United States dollar (US$) since 1959, the currency also used by the United States Virgin Islands.

Workforce[edit]

The British Virgin Islands is heavily dependent on migrant workers, and over 50% of all workers on the islands are of a foreign descent. Only 37% of the entire population were born in the territory.[1] The national labour-force is estimated at 12,770, of whom approximately 59.4% work in the service sector but less than 0.6% are estimated to work in agriculture (the balance in industry).[30]

Transport[edit]

Main article: Transport in the British Virgin Islands

There are 113 kilometres (70 mi) of roads. The main airport, Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport, also known as Beef Island Airport, is located on Beef Island, which lies off the eastern tip of Tortola and is accessible by the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. Cape Air, LIAT and Air Sunshine are amongst the airlines offering scheduled service. Virgin Gorda and Anegada have their own smaller airports. Private air charter services operated by Island Birds Air Charter fly directly to all three islands from any major airport in the Caribbean. Helicopters are used to get to islands with no runway facilities; Antilles Helicopter Services is the only helicopter service based in the country. The main harbour is in Road Town. There are also ferries that operate within the British Virgin Islands and to the neighbouring United States Virgin Islands. As in the UK and in the United States Virgin Islands, cars in the British Virgin Islands drive on the left, however they differ in that nearly all cars are left hand drive,[31] being imported from the United States. The roads are often quite steep, narrow and winding, and ruts can be a problem when it rains.

Cyril E. King Airport in the US Virgin Islands has flights to a wider range of destinations, so is also used for travelling to the British Virgin Islands.

Demographics[edit]

Main article: Demographics of the British Virgin Islands

As of the 2010 Census, the population of the territory was 28,054[1] At the time of the 2003 census the population was around 21,730. The majority of the population (83%) are Afro-Caribbean, descended from slaves brought to the islands by the British. Other large ethnic groups include those of British and other European origin.

The 2004 Census reports:

  • 83.4% African
  • 7% European/Caucasian
  • 9.6% Others*

* Includes Indian, Carib/Amerindian, Black/Carib mixed, and mixed-race Hispanic

The 2010 Census reports the main places of origin of residents as follows:[1]

  • 37% local born (many locals go to St. Thomas or the United States for maternity services)
  • 7.2% Guyana
  • 7.0% St. Vincent and the Grenadines
  • 6.0% Jamaica
  • 5.5% United States
  • 5.4% Dominican Republic
  • 5.3% United States Virgin Islands

* Includes Indian, Carib/Amerindian, Black/Carib mixed, and mixed-race Hispanic.

About 4% of the population is of Hispanic origin, irrespective of race, primarily from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. The territory has also been recently relieving immigrants from many islands in Lesser Antilles. The islands are heavily dependent upon migrant labour. In 2004, migrant workers accounted for 50% of the total population. 32% of workers employed in the British Virgin Islands work for the government.

Unusually, the territory has one of the highest drowning mortality rates in the world being higher than other high risk countries such as China and India.[32] 20% of deaths in the British Virgin Islands during 2012 were recorded as drownings,[33][34] all of them being tourists. Despite this, the territory's most popular beach still has no lifeguard presence.[33][35]

Education[edit]

The British Virgin Islands operates several government schools as well as private schools. There is also a community college, H. Lavity Stoutt Community College, that is located on the eastern end of Tortola. This college was named after Lavity Stoutt, the first Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands.[36] It is extremely common for students from the British Virgin Islands to travel overseas for tertiary education, either to the University of the West Indies, or to colleges and universities in either the United Kingdom, United States, or Canada.

The literacy rate in the British Virgin Islands is high at 98%.[30]

Religion[edit]

Over 90% of the population who indicated a religious affiliation at the 2010 Census were Christian[37] with the largest individual Christian denominations being Methodist (17.6%),[37] Anglican (12%), Church of God (11%) and Roman Catholic (9%).[38] The Constitution of the British Virgin Islands commences with a professed national belief in God.[39] Muslims and Hindus constitute each approximately 1.2% of the population according to Word Religion Database 2005.[40]

Culture[edit]

Main article: Culture of the Virgin Islands

Language[edit]

Main article: Virgin Islands Creole

The primary language is English, although there is a local dialect. Spanish is spoken by Puerto Rican, Dominican and other Spanish-speaking immigrants.

Music[edit]

Main article: Music of the Virgin Islands

The traditional music of the British Virgin Islands is called fungi after the local cornmeal dish with the same name, often made with okra. The special sound of fungi is due to a unique local fusion between African and European music. It functions as a medium of local history and folklore and is therefore a cherished cultural form of expression that is part of the curriculum in BVI schools. The fungi bands, also called "scratch bands", use instruments ranging from calabash, washboard, bongos and ukulele, to more traditional western instruments like keyboard, banjo, guitar, bass, triangle and saxophone. Apart from being a form of festive dance music, fungi often contains humorous social commentaries, as well as BVI oral history.[41]

Literature[edit]

Among the noted names in Virgin Islands literature are Alphaeus Osario Norman (1885-1942), Verna Penn Moll, Jennie Wheatley, and Patricia G. Turnbull. Their poetry and that of 22 other writers, including the fastly emerging poet and literary critic Richard Georges, can be found in Where I See the Sun – Contemporary Poetry in The Virgin Islands (Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, Jost Van Dyke), an anthology edited by Lasana M. Sekou in 2016.[42]

Sport[edit]

See also: Cricket in the West Indies

Because of its location and climate the British Virgin Islands has long been a haven for sailing enthusiasts. Sailing is regarded as one of the foremost sports in all of the BVI. Calm waters and steady breezes provide some of the best sailing conditions in the Caribbean.[43]

Many sailing events are held in the waters of this country, the largest of which is a week-long series of races called the Spring Regatta, the premier sailing event of the Caribbean, with several races hosted each day. Boats include everything from full-size mono-hull yachts to dinghies. Captains and their crews come from all around the world to attend these races. The Spring Regatta is part race, part party, part festival. There are races, games, and music during the day, and some partying at night. The Spring Regatta is normally held during the first week of April.[44]

Since 2009, the BVI have made a name for themselves as a host of international basketball events. The BVI hosted three of the last four events of the Caribbean Basketball Championship (FIBA CBC Championship).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e The BVI Beacon "Portrait of a population: 2010 Census published" pg. 4, 20 November 2014
  2. ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. 
  3. ^ According to the Virgin Islands Constitution Order, 2007, the territory's official name is simply 'Virgin Islands'.
  4. ^ The BVI Beacon "Portrait of a population: 2010 Census published" pg. 4, 20 November 2014 confirms that on Census date, 23,419 lived on Tortola
  5. ^ "EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs)," European Commission website, accessed 5 December 2012
  6. ^ a b Moll, Peter (15 December 2016). "Victorian news mined for VI history". BVI Beacon. 
  7. ^ "About the Territory". Government of the Virgin Islands. Retrieved 31 March 2015. 
  8. ^ Wilson, Samuel M. ed. The Indigenous People of the Caribbean. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997. ISBN 0-8130-1692-4
  9. ^ In the United Kingdom, a major market for sugar from the Territory, the Sugar Duties Act 1846 also created a considerable downward effect on the price of Caribbean sugar cane.
  10. ^ "Virgin Gorda historic weather averages in British Virgin Islands". Intellicast. Retrieved 4 July 2012. 
  11. ^ Explanatory Memorandum to the Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007
  12. ^ "The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007". 
  13. ^ "Which Caribbean Islands are the Safest, Most Dangerous?". About.com. Retrieved 18 November 2013. 
  14. ^ "Crimes down by 14% – Premier". BVI News. 13 January 2014. 
  15. ^ "How safe is the Caribbean? An Island by Island Look". International Business Times. 22 December 2011. 
  16. ^ "US sees shift in cocaine trafficking". BVI Beacon. 9 February 2012. 
  17. ^ US Justice Department (25 August 2011). "Thirteen Indicted for Airdropping Multi-Hundred Kilogram Quantities of Cocaine in the Caribbean Sea and for Money Laundering Offenses". Retrieved 2012-03-19. 
  18. ^ "Three Years On & Extradition Proceedings Still Unsettled". BVI Platinum. 8 September 2014. 
  19. ^ Fox, Ben (2009-05-09). "Islands resent crackdown of the tax havens by G-20". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2016-04-02. 
  20. ^ McKenzie, Nick; Baker, Richard (2013-11-18). "Leighton Holdings linked to 'corrupt' fees for Iraq pipeline contracts". The Australian. Retrieved 2016-04-02. (subscription required)
  21. ^ CIA. Economy: British Virgin Islands. The World Factbook, CIA publications, 19 December. 2006. Retrieved 25 December. 2006.
  22. ^ Dennis C. Canterbury. European Bloc Imperialism. ISBN 9004184953. 
  23. ^ Review of Financial Regulation in the Crown Dependencies (Cmnd Paper 4855 of 2000). HMSO. Part III, paragraph 1.3. ISBN 0 10 148554 9. Retrieved 19 September 2014. 
  24. ^ "List of Banks in British Virgin Islands". thebanks.eu. 
  25. ^ "Annual Report 2012 (Final)". bvifsc.vg. 
  26. ^ Leigh, David; Frayman, Harold; Ball, James (25 November 2012). "Offshore secrets: British Virgin Islands, land of sand, sea and secrecy". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 April 2015. 
  27. ^ See for example the Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act
  28. ^ International Adviser (12 September 2013). "Jersey, Guernsey, IoM revel in Cameron's 'not tax havens' comments". BBC News (10 September 2013). "David Cameron: Crown dependency tax haven banner 'not fair'". 
  29. ^ Karmanau, Yuras (April 4, 2016). "Ukrainian president under fire over Panama Papers". Associated Press. Retrieved April 4, 2016. 
  30. ^ a b The Times. "British Virgin Islands – workforce". Retrieved 2012-03-19. 
  31. ^ "British Virgin Islands (British Overseas Territory) travel advice - GOV.UK". fco.gov.uk. 
  32. ^ "Drowning", publication World Health Organization
  33. ^ a b The BVI Beacon, Thursday, August 15, 2013 article entitled "Report: Passports up, marriages down last year".
  34. ^ Annual Report of the Civil Registry and Passport Office for 2012 which includes "For the 20 percent that represented drowning, all were tourists who died from snorkelling or diving in the VI waters in and around caves at Norman Island, as well as near Virgin Gorda...The Virgin Islands should, therefore put safety measures in place such as the dissemination of information to hotels, dive shops and marinas." The same report confirms that the deaths of 86 persons were recorded in the Territory during 2012.
  35. ^ "No lifeguards at Cane Garden Bay & Virgin Gorda beaches". virginislandsnewsonline.com. 
  36. ^ British Virgin Islands Schools, BVI Government website
  37. ^ a b The BVI Beacon "Portrait of a population: 2010 Census published" pg. 6, 20 November 2014
  38. ^ a b "National Population Census Report 2001 – The British Virgin Islands" (PDF). Caribbean Community Secretariat. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-07. 
  39. ^ The second paragraphs of the recitals (appearing between Article 1 and Article 2) contains the words: "[T]he society of the Virgin Islands is based upon certain moral, spiritual and democratic values including a belief in God."
  40. ^ cited in "Mapping the Global Muslim Population" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-07. 
  41. ^ Penn, Dexter J.A. Music of the British Virgin Islands: Fungi. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
  42. ^ "BVI Book Of Poetry Set For Year End Reveal". 
  43. ^ "The Best Sailing". Retrieved 2011-12-16. 
  44. ^ "Yacht Races". vacationtortola.com. 

External links[edit]

Directories
NGO sources
Official sites and overviews
Wikimedia content
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for British Virgin Islands.
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