Labetalol

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Labetalol
Labetalol.svg
Clinical data
Pronunciation /ləˈbɛtəlɔːl/
Trade names Normodyne, Trandate
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a685034
Pregnancy
category
  • C
    One of few drugs used for PIH
Routes of
administration		 oral, iv
ATC code C07AG01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
  • ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 25%
Protein binding 50%
Metabolism hepatic pass metabolism,
Biological half-life Tablet: 6-8 hours; IV: 5.5 hours
Excretion Excreted in urine, not removed by hemodialysis
Identifiers
CAS Number 36894-69-6 YesY
PubChem (CID) 3869
IUPHAR/BPS 7207
DrugBank DB00598 YesY
ChemSpider 3734 YesY
UNII R5H8897N95 YesY
KEGG D08106 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:6343 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL429 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.048.401
Chemical and physical data
Formula C19H24N2O3
Molar mass 328.406 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
Chirality Racemic mixture
  (verify)

Labetalol, sold under the trade names Normodyne among others, is a mixed alpha/beta adrenergic antagonist that is used to treat high blood pressure.[1] It can be given intravenously in severe hypertensive situations, or by mouth for long term hypertension management.[2] Its dose and use is limited by its main side effect—postural hypotension, where there is a substantial drop in blood pressure when standing up.[3][4]

Labetalol's dual alpha- and beta- blockade has different physiological effects in short- and long-term situations. In short-term, acute situations, labetalol decreases blood pressure by decreasing systemic vascular resistance with little effect on stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output.[5] During long-term use, labetalol can reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by an increase in stroke volume.[6]

Medical uses[edit]

Labetalol is effective in the management of hypertensive emergencies, postoperative hypertension, pheochromocytoma-associated hypertension, and rebound hypertension from beta blocker withdrawal. [2]

It has a particular indication in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension which is commonly associated with pre-eclampsia. [7]

It is also used as an alternative in the treatment of severe hypertension.[2]

Special populations[edit]

Pregnancy: Studies in lab animals showed no harm to the fetus. However, a comparable well-controlled study has not been performed in pregnant women.[8]

Nursing: Breast milk has been shown to contain small amounts of labetalol (0.004% original dose). Prescribers should be cautious in the use of labetalol for nursing mothers.[8]

Pediatric: No studies have established safety or usefulness in this population.[8]

Geriatric: The elderly are more likely to experience dizziness when taking labetalol. Labetalol should be dosed with caution in the elderly and counseled on this side effect.[8]

Side effects[edit]

Common[edit]

Low blood pressure with standing is more severe and more common with IV formulation (58% vs 1%[8]) and is often the reason larger doses of the oral formulation cannot be used.[3]

Rare[edit]

Contraindications[edit]

Labetalol is contraindicated in people with overt cardiac failure, greater-than-first-degree heart block, severe bradycardia, cardiogenic shock, severe hypotension, anyone with a history of obstructive airway disease including asthma, and those with hypersensitivity to the drug.[10]

Chemistry[edit]

The minimum requirement for adrenergic agents is a primary or secondary amine separated from a substituted benzene ring by one or two carbons.[11] This configuration results in strong agonist activity. As the size of the substituent attached to the amine becomes greater, particularly with respect to a t-butyl group, then the molecule typically is found to have receptor affinity without intrinsic activity, and is, therefore, an antagonist.[11] Labetalol, with its 1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl substituted amine, is greater in size relative to a t-butyl group and therefore acts predominantly as an antagonist. The overall structure of labetalol is very polar. This was created by substituting the isopropyl group in the standard beta-blocker structure with an aralkyl group, including a carboxamide group on the meta position, and by adding a hydroxyl group on the para position.[4]

Labetalol has two chiral carbons and consequently exists as four stereoisomers.[12] Two of these isomers, the (S,S)- and (R,S)- forms are inactive. The third, the (S,R)-isomer, is a powerful α1 blocker. The fourth isomer, the (R,R)-isomer which is also known as dilevalol, is a mixed nonselective β blocker and selective α1 blocker.[4] Labetalol is typically given as a racemic mixture to achieve both alpha and beta receptor blocking activity.[13]

Labetalol acts by blocking alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, resulting in decreased peripheral vascular resistance without significant alteration of heart rate or cardiac output.

The β:α antagonism of labetalol is approximately 3:1.[14][15]

It is chemically designated in International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature as 2-hydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl]benzamide monohydrochloride.[13][16]

Pharmacology[edit]

Mechanism of Action[edit]

Labetalol is a dual alpha (α1) and beta (β1/β2) adrenergic receptor blocker and competes with other Catecholamines for binding to these sites.[17] Its action on these receptors are potent and reversible.[10] Labetalol is highly selective for postsynaptic alpha1- adrenergic, and non-selective for beta-adrenergic receptors. It is about equipotent in blocking both beta1- and beta2- receptors.[4]

The amount of alpha to beta blockade depends on whether labetalol is administered orally or intravenously (IV). Orally, the ratio of alpha to β blockade is 1:3. Intravenously, alpha to β blockade ratio is 1:7.[4][10] Thus, the labetalol can be thought to be a beta-blocker with some alpha-blocking effects.[10][17][18] By comparison, labetalol is a weaker β-blocker than propranolol, and has a weaker affinity for alpha-receptors compared to Phentolamine.[4][17]

Labetalol possesses intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.[18] In particular, it is a partial agonist at beta2- receptors located in the vascular smooth muscle. Labetalol relaxes vascular smooth muscle by a combination of this partial beta2- agonism and through alpha1- blockade.[18][19] Overall, this vasodilatory effect can decrease blood pressure.[20]

Similar to local anesthetics and sodium channel blocking antiarrhythmics, labetalol also has membrane stabilizing activity.[18][21] By decreasing sodium entry, labetalol decreases action potential firing and thus has local anesthetic activity.[22]

Physiological Action[edit]

The physiological effects of labetalol when administered acutely (intravenously) are not predictable solely by their receptor blocking effect, i.e. blocking beta1- receptors should decrease heart rate, but labetalol does not. When labetalol is given in acute situations, it decreases the peripheral vascular resistance and systemic blood pressure while having little effect on the heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume, despite its alpha1-, beta1- and beta2- blocking mechanism.[5][6] These effects are mainly seen when the person is in the upright position.[20]

Long term labetalol use also has different effects from other beta-blocking drugs. Other beta-blockers, such as propranolol, persistently reduce cardiac output during exercise. The peripheral vascular resistance decreases when labetalol is first administered. Continuous labetalol use further decreases peripheral vascular resistance. However, during exercise, cardiac output remains the same due to a compensatory mechanism that increases stroke volume. Thus, labetalol is able to reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by the increase in stroke volume.[6]

Pharmacokinetics[edit]

Labetalol, in animal models, was found to cross the blood-brain-barrier in only negligible amounts.[23]

History[edit]

Labetalol was the first drug created that combined both alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptor blocking properties. It was created to potentially fix the compensatory reflex issue that occurred when blocking a single receptor subtype, i.e. vasoconstriction after blocking beta-receptors or tachycardia after blocking alpha receptors. Because the reflex from blocking the single receptor subtypes acted to prevent the lowering of blood pressure, it was postulated that weak blocking of both alpha- and beta- receptors could work together to decrease blood pressure.[4][6]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Fahed S, Grum DF, Papadimos TJ (2008). "Labetalol infusion for refractory hypertension causing severe hypotension and bradycardia: an issue of patient safety". Patient Saf Surg. 2: 13. doi:10.1186/1754-9493-2-13. PMC 2429901Freely accessible. PMID 18505576. 
  2. ^ a b c Koda-Kimble, Mary A.; Alldredge, Brian K. (2013). "21". Koda-Kimble and Young's Applied Therapeutic: The Clinical Use of Drugs. Philadelphia: Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60913-713-7. 
  3. ^ a b "Labetalol hydrochloride" (PDF). Hospira. May 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Louis, W.J.; McNeill, JJ; Drummer, OH (1988). Doyle, AE, ed. Labetalol and other vasodilator/Beta-blocking drugs. IN: Handbook of Hypertension. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sciences Publishing Co. pp. 246–273. ISBN 0-444-90469-7. 
  5. ^ a b MacCarthy, E. P.; Bloomfield, S. S. (1983-08-01). "Labetalol: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects". Pharmacotherapy. 3 (4): 193–219. doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03252.x. ISSN 0277-0008. PMID 6310529. 
  6. ^ a b c d Louis, W. J.; McNeil, J. J.; Drummer, O. H. (1984-01-01). "Pharmacology of combined alpha-beta-blockade. I". Drugs. 28 Suppl 2: 16–34. doi:10.2165/00003495-198400282-00003. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 6151889. 
  7. ^ Arulkumaran, N; Lightstone, L (December 2013). "Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises". Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 27: 877–84. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003. PMID 23962474. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Trandate" (PDF). Prometheus Laboratories Inc. November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2015. 
  9. ^ Shiohara T, Kano Y (2007). "Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses". In Bolognia JL. Dermatology. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 161. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0. 
  10. ^ a b c d "Labetalol [package insert]. Spring Valley, NY: Par Pharmaceutical; 2011." (PDF). Retrieved 2015-11-03. 
  11. ^ a b Medicinal Chemistry of Adrenergics and Cholinergics
  12. ^ Riva E, Mennini T, Latini R (December 1991). "The alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking activities of labetalol and its RR-SR (50:50) stereoisomers". Br. J. Pharmacol. 104 (4): 823–8. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12513.x. PMC 1908821Freely accessible. PMID 1687367. 
  13. ^ a b Robertson D, Biaggioni, I. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs. In: Katzung BG, Masters SB, Trevor AJ, eds. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 12th ed. San Francisco, CA: McGraw Hill Lange Medical; 2012: 151-168. ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8.
  14. ^ Katzung, Bertram G. (2006). Basic and clinical pharmacology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 170. ISBN 0-07-145153-6. 
  15. ^ D A Richards; J Tuckman; B N Prichard (October 1976). "Assessment of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions of labetalol". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 3 (5): 849–855. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1976.tb00637.x. PMC 1428931Freely accessible. PMID 9968. 
  16. ^ "labetalol | C19H24N2O3 - PubChem". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-04. 
  17. ^ a b c Robertson, D; Biaggioni, I (2012). Katzung, BG, ed. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs IN: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (12 ed.). San Francisco: McGraw Hill Lange Medical. pp. 151–168. ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8. 
  18. ^ a b c d Westfall, David P (2004). Craig, Charles R, ed. Adrenoreceptor Antagonists IN: Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 109–117. ISBN 978-0781737623. 
  19. ^ Lund-Johansen, P. (1988-01-01). "Hemodynamic effects of beta-blocking compounds possessing vasodilating activity: a review of labetalol, prizidilol, and dilevalol". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 11 Suppl 2: S12–17. doi:10.1097/00005344-198800000-00004. ISSN 0160-2446. PMID 2464093. 
  20. ^ a b Lund-Johansen, P. (1984-01-01). "Pharmacology of combined alpha-beta-blockade. II. Haemodynamic effects of labetalol". Drugs. 28 Suppl 2: 35–50. doi:10.2165/00003495-198400282-00004. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 6151890. 
  21. ^ Mottram, Allan R.; Erickson, Timothy B. (2009). Field, John, ed. Toxicology in Emergency Cardiovascular Care IN: The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins. pp. 443–452. ISBN 978-0-7817-8899-1. 
  22. ^ Exam Zone (1 January 2009). Elsevier Comprehensive Guide. Elsevier India. pp. 449–. ISBN 978-81-312-1620-0. 
  23. ^ Detlev Ganten; Patrick J. Mulrow (6 December 2012). Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Therapeutics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-3-642-74209-5. 
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