Russian Geographical Society

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Headquarters of the Russian Geographical Society

The Russian Geographical Society (Russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество «РГО») (RGO) is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It promotes exploration and geography with research programs in fields including oceanography and ethnography.

History[edit]

Imperial Geographical Society[edit]

The society was founded on 6 (18) August 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917, it was known as the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.

Founding members[edit]

The founding members of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society included:[1]

The Society's official presidents were Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia in 1845-92 and Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia in 1892-1917, but actually it was run by the Vice-Presidents: Fyodor Litke (1845–50, 1855–57), Count Mikhail Muravyov (1850–57), Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1873–1914), and Yuly Shokalsky (1914–31).

The filial societies were established at the Caucasus (1850), Irkutsk (1851), Vilnius (1867), Orenburg (1868), Kiev (1873), Omsk (1877), and other cities.

The Society organized and funded the expeditions of Richard Maack, Pyotr Kropotkin, Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Nikolai Przhevalsky, Nikolai Miklukho-Maklai, Pyotr Kozlov, Vladimir Obruchev, and Lev Berg. It helped set up the first polar stations in Russia and was one of the first to publish detailed studies of the Russian folklore and Ukrainian fairs.

The Society pioneered the systematic exploration of the Northern Urals in 1847-50, of the farthest reaches of the Amur River in 1854-63, of the vast areas of Kashgaria, Dzungaria, and Mongolia from the 1870s onward.

By 1917 the RGO was composed of eleven subdivisions and 1,000 members.

Constantine Medal[edit]

The Constantine Medal was a gold medal worth 200 silver roubles and was the highest award of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. It was established and named after the Society’s first chairman, Great Duke Constantine and was awarded from 1849 to 1929 to explorers who had made a significant geographical discovery or to authors of outstanding publications in geography, ethnography or Russian statistics. From 1924 to 1929 the Medal was referred to as “The highest award of the Russian Geographical Society”. [2]

Recipients of the medal included:

  • 1849 Ernst Reinhold Hofmann, for his excellent work during the first expedition of the Russian Geographical Society to the Northern Urals (first award)
  • 1858 Ivan Aksakov, for his research into trade fairs in Ukraine
  • 1859 Ludwig Schwarz
  • 1863 Vladimir Dahl, for the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language
  • 1864 Ivashintsov Nikolay Alekseevich, for his long-term efforts to research the Caspian Sea [3]
  • 1874 Nikolay Przhevalsky, for his pre-eminent scientific research, geographical discoveries and travels to Mongolia and the Tangut land
  • 1878 Adolf Erik Nordensheld, for his voyage and research in the Arctic Ocean along the northern coast of Western and Eastern Siberia
  • 1898 Dr Gustav Radde
  • 1900 Vladimir Obruchev, for his publications on Asian geology
  • 1902 Pyotr Kozlov, for the 1899-1901 expedition to Tibet
  • 1905 Alexander Kolchak, for participation in Baron E. Toll’s expedition, and for the journey to Bennett Island in particular
  • 1905 Friedrich Schmidt
  • 1907 Grigoriy Grum-Grzhimailo, for all his works in Asian geography and for his “Description of a journey in Western China. Volume III”
  • 1907 Fridtjof Nansen, for his remarkable feats, which constitute a whole era in the Arctic Ocean exploration
  • 1914 Boris Vilkitsky, for hydrographic expeditions in the Arctic Sea.

All-Union Geographical Society[edit]

Library of the Russian Geographical Society in 1916.

The Society changed its name to the State Geographical Society in 1926 and to the Geographical Society of the USSR in 1938. After Shokalsky its presidents were geneticist Nikolai Vavilov (1931–40), zoologist Lev Berg (1940–1950), parasitologist Evgeny Pavlovsky (1952–64), glaciologist Stanislav Kalesnik (1964–77), polar explorer Aleksei Treshnikov (1977–91). The Society has convened numerous congresses and has awarded four types of medals, Big Gold Medal (tri-annual) and three, named after Litke, Semyonov, Przhevalsky (bi-annual),[4] and also Semen Dezhnev prize (bi-annual). By 1970, it had published more than 2,000 volumes of geographical literature, including the annual Zapiski (since 1846) and Izvestiya (since 1865).

Post-Soviet era[edit]

The society reverted to its original name upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The main offices of the Society are in St. Petersburg.

In September 2010, Albert II, Prince of Monaco was made an honorary member of the Society.

Since 2002 the society has sponsored an annual seasonal ice base in the Arctic, Camp Barneo.[5]

Divisions[edit]

The Imperial Society comprised four departments:

Department of Physical Geography[edit]

Department of Mathematical Geography[edit]

Department of Ethnography[edit]

Nikolai Nadezhdin was involved in the foundation of this department, when the RGO was originally set up. During the 1850s and 1860s the ethnographic division gathered and published material such as works of folklore and the byt or "way of life" which they regarded as reflecting the "essence" of the indigenous people of the Russian Empire. In 1909 Dmitry Nikolayevich Anuchin, Vladimir Bogdanov and Vsevolod Miller convened the ethnographic sub-section of the Twelfth Congress of Russian Natural Scientists and Physicians held in Moscow. Here they pushed for more professionalism to distinguish ethnographers from missionaries and amateurs.

In 1917 David Zolotarev and Nikolai Mogilyansky of the RGO participated in the Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Borderlands of Russia.

Department of Statistic[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky. История полувековой деятельности Императорского Русского географического общества. Volumes 1-3. SPb, 1896.
  • Lev Berg. Всесоюзное Географическое общество за 100 лет. 1845-1945. Moscow-Leningrad, 1946.
  • Географическое общество за 125 лет. Leningrad, 1970.
  • Hirsch, Francine. 2005. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-4273-7

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, vol. 1, p. 2-3.
  2. ^ "Constantine Medal of the IRGS". Russian Geographical Society. Retrieved 25 August 2015. 
  3. ^ Zonn, Igor. The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia. p. 228. 
  4. ^ http://pegion.ru/58df61cf841a.htm "Earth and people" magazine about RGO medals
  5. ^ Ice camp Барнео

External links[edit]

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