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The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. The pervasive developmental disorders are:^[1]

• Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), which includes atypical autism, and is the most common;
• Autism, the best-known;
• Asperger syndrome;
• Rett syndrome; and
• Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD).

The first three of these disorders are commonly called the autism spectrum disorders; the last two disorders are much rarer, and are sometimes placed in the autism spectrum and sometimes not.^[2][3]

Parents may note symptoms of PDD as early as infancy and typically onset is prior to three years of age. PDD itself does not affect life expectancy.

There is a division among doctors on the use of the term PDD.^[1] Many use the term PDD as a short way of saying PDD-NOS.^[1] Others use the general category label of PDD because they are hesitant to diagnose very young children with a specific type of PDD, such as autism.^[1] Both approaches contribute to confusion about the term, because the term PDD actually refers to a category of disorders and is not a diagnostic label.^[1]

Classification[link]

The pervasive developmental disorders are:^[1]

• Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), which includes atypical autism, and is the most common;^{[citation needed]}
• Autism, the best-known;
• Asperger syndrome;
• Rett syndrome; and
• Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD).

The first three of these disorders are commonly called the autism spectrum disorders; the last two disorders are much rarer, and are sometimes placed in the autism spectrum and sometimes not.^[2][3]

PDD and PDD-NOS[link]

There is a division among doctors on the use of the term PDD.^[1] Many use the term PDD as a short way of saying PDD-NOS.^[1] Others use the general category label of PDD because they are hesitant to diagnose very young children with a specific type of PDD, such as autism.^[1] Both approaches contribute to confusion about the term, because the term PDD actually refers to a category of disorders and is not a diagnostic label.^[1]

PDD is not itself a diagnosis, while PDD-NOS is a diagnosis. To further complicate the issue, PDD-NOS can also be referred to as "atypical personality development", "atypical PDD", or "atypical Autism".

Because of the "NOS", which means "not otherwise specified", it is hard to describe what PDD-NOS is, other than its being an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Some people diagnosed with PDD-NOS are close to having Asperger syndrome, but do not quite fit. Others have near full fledged autism, but without some of its symptoms. The psychology field is considering creating several subclasses within PDD-NOS.

Symptoms[link]

Symptoms of PDD may include communication problems such as:

• Difficulty using and understanding language
• Difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; for example, lack of eye contact, pointing behavior, and lack of facial responses
• Unusual play with toys and other objects
• Difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings
• Repetitive body movements or behavior patterns, such as hand flapping, hair twirling, foot tapping, or more complex movements
• Unable to cuddle or be comforted

Degrees[link]

Children with PDD vary widely in abilities, intelligence, and behaviors. Some children do not speak at all, others speak in limited phrases or conversations, and some have relatively normal language development. Repetitive play skills and limited social skills are generally evident as well. Unusual responses to sensory information – loud noises, lights – are also common.

Diagnosis[link]

Diagnosis is usually done during early childhood. Some clinicians use PDD-NOS as a "temporary" diagnosis for children under the age of five when, for whatever reason, they are reluctant to diagnose autism. There are several justifications for this. Very young children have limited social interaction and communication skills to begin with, so it can be tricky to diagnose milder cases of autism in toddlers. The unspoken assumption is that by the age of five, unusual behaviors will either resolve or develop into diagnosable autism. However, some parents view the PDD label as no more than a euphemism for autism spectrum disorders, problematic because this label makes it more difficult to receive aid for Early Childhood Intervention.

Cure and care[link]

There is no known cure for PDD. Medications are used to address certain behavioral problems; therapy for children with PDD should be specialized according to the child's specific needs. Some children with PDD benefit from specialized classrooms in which the class size is small and instruction is given on a one-to-one basis. Others function well in standard special education classes or regular classes with support. Early intervention, including appropriate and specialized educational programs and support services, play a critical role in improving the outcome of individuals with PDD.

See also[link]

Pervasive Developmental Disorders portal

• Overactive Disorder Associated with Mental Retardation and Stereotyped Movements
• Specific developmental disorder
• Multiple-complex Developmental Disorder
• Multisystem Developmental Disorder
• Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, a rare and severe neurological disorder which shows developmental regression in infants and toddlers

References[link]

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institutes of Health document "NINDS Pervasive Developmental Disorders Information Page".

External links[link]

• CDC's "Learn the Signs. Act Early." campaign - Information for parents on early childhood development and developmental disabilities
• NINDS Pervasive Developmental Disorders Information Page
• NICHCY fact sheet on Pervasive Developmental Disorder (note: not in the public domain)
• Information about Pervasive Developmental Disorders Yale Developmental Disabilities Clinic
• http://childstudycenter.yale.edu/autism/pddnos.html
• http://www.medicinenet.com/pervasive_development_disorders/page3.htm#treated

Skylar Grey
Skylar Grey singing at the Tibet Talk For World Peace in July 2011
Background information
Birth name	Holly Brook Hafermann[1]
Also known as	Holly Brook[2]
Born	(1986-02-23) February 23, 1986 (age 26)
Origin	Mazomanie, Wisconsin, United States
Genres	Pop, soul, folk rock, rock, hip hop
Occupations	Singer, songwriter, record producer
Instruments	Vocals, piano, guitar
Years active	2004–present
Labels	KIDinaKORNER, Interscope, Machine Shop
Website	www.skylargreymusic.com

Holly Brook Hafermann (born February 23, 1986) better known by her stage name Skylar Grey, is an five-time Grammy-nominated American multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Grey was signed to Machine Shop Recordings under the name Holly Brook. She released her debut album as Holly Brook, Like Blood Like Honey, in 2006. She co-wrote the three versions of "Love the Way You Lie" (for Eminem and Rihanna) with Alex da Kid, who signed her to his Wonderland Music label. She was featured as a guest vocalist on Fort Minor's "Where'd You Go" and "Be Somebody", Diddy-Dirty Money's "Coming Home", Dr. Dre's "I Need a Doctor", Lupe Fiasco's "Words I Never Said" and Kaskade's "Room for Happiness".

Life and career[link]

2001–2010: Early life and career beginnings[link]

Grey performed professionally as a child in a folk duo with her mother called Generations.^[3] Together, (with producer/engineer Randy Green) they independently produced three albums, Dream Maker, Lift Me, and Millennial Child/Waiting For You. Grey started her first band at the age of fifteen after 'sneaking' into bars, working with jazz musicians including Jeff Eckles, Tim Whalen and Leo Sidran in Madison, Wisconsin.

In 2003, Grey moved to Los Angeles and recorded a demo as Holly Brook, which would be her stage name for several years. This demo led to her being signed in the fall of 2004 by Linkin Park guitarist Brad Delson to the band's vanity label, Machine Shop Recordings; she was 18 years old. Her voice is featured on the Fort Minor songs "Where'd You Go" and "Be Somebody". Working with producer Jonathan Ingoldsby, Brook released her debut album, Like Blood Like Honey, on June 6, 2006. She landed opening spots for tours with Jamie Cullum, KD Lang, Daniel Powter, Teddy Geiger and Duncan Sheik.

In 2010, Brook lent both her song "It's Raining Again" and her image to a promotional campaign for Ciao Water.^[4] Prior to this, she has appeared on albums by other artists, including Brie Larson's Finally Out of P.E. and Fort Minor's The Rising Tied. Brook has toured with as part of Duncan Sheik's band, and appears heavily on his 2009 album Whisper House. At the beginning in 2010 she also performed in the theatrical version of "Whisper House," playing one of the two lead ghost vocalists along with David Poe.^[5] Also in 2010, she self-released the seven-song O’Dark:Thirty EP, produced by Duncan Sheik and Jon Ingoldsby.^[6] In 2009, Brook appeared as a backing vocalist on Eurovision contestant, Yohanna's debut album, Butterflies and Elvis.

[edit] 2011: Invinsible

Brook later changed her name to Skylar Grey. She explained that “it represents the unknowns in life. People seem to be afraid of the unknowns, but I’m the complete opposite. I dive into the unknown because I feel like that’s where all your possibilities come from.”^[7] She explained to Beatweek that she chose "grey" with an e rather than an a because “I like to do things the original way" and because "it’s more masculine. I’m not a very feminine person."^[8]

She was still living in Oregon and had no recognition as Skylar Grey. Grey went to New York to meet her publisher, Jennifer Blakeman, who played Grey the song "Airplanes" by B.O.B and Hayley Williams and produced by Alex da Kid; Grey liked what she heard so Blakeman introduced her and Alex da Kid via e-mail. Alex da Kid sent Grey a few tracks he had been working on and the first song she wrote was "Love The Way You Lie".

Alex da Kid signed her to a production deal on his KIDinaKORNER imprint.^[9] She wrote the hook to all three versions of "Love the Way You Lie" by rapper Eminem and Rihanna as well as all of the lyrics and melody to versions II and III of the song. She can be heard performing the demo for all versions of the song. Grey earned a Grammy nomination for Song of the Year for her writing contributions to "Love the Way You Lie".^[10] She also co-wrote Diddy-Dirty Money's "Coming Home",^[11] along with "Castle Walls" by T.I. and Christina Aguilera.^[12] On March 10, 2011, Diddy-Dirty Money performed the single "Coming Home" with Grey and Dirty Money vocalists, Dawn Richard and Kalenna Harper, live on American Idol.^[13]

She is also a writer and featured guest on "I Need a Doctor".^[14] Grey is also featured on Lupe Fiasco's third studio album Lasers, on the second single, "Words I Never Said" and was also featured in the live performance of the song, with Lupe, on The Colbert Report on May 9, 2011. Grey made her live performance debut under her new alias during the 53rd Grammy Awards, performing "I Need a Doctor" alongside Eminem and Dr. Dre. She is currently working on her solo studio album Invinsible with Alex Da Kid. She has signed to Interscope Records through Da Kid's KIDinaKORNER,^[15] and her first promotional buzz single "Dance Without You"^[16] was released on June 6, 2011, with the official music video being released on July 5.^[17] The first official single "Invisible" was released to radio on June 16. On July 9, 2011, Grey performed live at the World Peace Event in Washington, DC, appearing along with the 14th Dalai Lama.^[18][19] On 6 August, she performed at the 20th Lollapalooza festival as both a solo artist and with Eminem during the song "I Need A Doctor". The next day, while passing by the area where YouTube sensation Karmin was recording their cover of "I Need A Doctor," Grey joined the duo for an impromptu performance.^[20] She performed alongside rapper Eli Porter on the September 20, 2011 episode of Tosh.0.

Grey also featured on Kaskade's 2011 album Fire & Ice, writing and singing on two versions of the song "Room for Happiness", which became the album's third single.

It was also reported that Grey would be contributing to The Band Perry's sophomore album, which is set to be released in 2012.^[21][22]

On April 1, 2012 Grey performed the hit song Invinsible with Machine Gun Kelly at Wrestlemania XXVIII before John Cena's entrance at the main event against Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson.

Influences[link]

Grey has listed Garbage, Joni Mitchell, Marilyn Manson, Bob Dylan, Neil Young, Sarah McLachlan and Death Cab for Cutie as her influences.^[23][24]

Discography[link]

• Like Blood Like Honey (2006)
• Invinsible (2012)

EP

• Holly Brook EP (2005)
• Sony CONNECT Sets (2005)
• O'Dark:Thirty EP (2010)
• The Buried Sessions of Skylar Grey (2012)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• skylargrey's channel on YouTube
• Skylar Grey on Facebook
• Skylar Grey on Twitter

Know One, also known as MC Know One, is a New Orleans based lyricist and graphic designer. Born Roan Smith in Meadville, PA to an artist mother & musician father, Know One was raised in the arts. After attending college at the Pittsburgh Art Institute, & a brief stint at Edinboro University to study graphic design, he moved to New Orleans and started an indie Hip-Hop label with other like-minded artists called Media Darling Records. As a flagship artist of the Hip-Hop collective, Know One served as a member of the groups The Blank Space with producer DamNathan, 3 Lucky Stiffs with Rapper Bionik Brown & producer DJ Quickie Mart, & Space God which was the teaming of the groups The Blank Space & God Awful. The Label was doing very well until Hurricane Katrina attacked New Orleans in August 2005. Know One continues to keep the label name alive with his latest release Sound Track - The Ballad Of Know One & DamNathan...

Music

The Blank Space (2002) The Blank Space is a very experimental project produced by Damnathan with Know One as the primary vocalist. Only 100 copies were made for the purpose of getting their foot in the door of the underground Hip-Hop scene in New Orleans.

The Humid Sounds of Media Darling Records (2004)
In 2004 Media Darling Records released an LP consisting of songs from all the artists on the label. Know One contributed to 7 tracks on the album which went on to win an Off Beat award for best Hip-Hop album of the year and was named Best Rap album in Louisiana by Where Y'at Magazine.

3 Lucky Stiffs Mix Tape (2004)
This mix tape was recorded the summer of 2004 in one day. The group had not finished their LP just yet and had nothing to promote for their upcoming summer tour, so they all met up at Quickie Marts recording studio, The Soulhole, & recorded their first and only mix tape.

Know One's Home (2007)
After Hurricane Katrina destroyed New Orleans, many of the members of Media Darling Records left the city for good. Know One took a job refurbishing damaged homes for displaced families and began penning his first solo album. This project would be called "Know One's Home". This 23 track LP would become what is now considered Know One's magnum opus. Dedicated to New Orleans and the years he's lived there, this album uses Hip-Hop, Jazz, Funk, R&B, & break beats to create a sound that is both groundbreaking & timeless. This album includes appearances from New Orleans heavy hitters like Galactic, Bionik Brown, Quickie Mart, Impulss, & more. The breakout single on the album was called "My Back In The Day Song", a track dedicated to his childhood in Meadville, PA. The single was later used by McDonald's in a commercial for its sweet iced tea.

3 Lucky Stiffs - Live at the Soulhole (2010)
This album is a collection of songs meant to be on the 3 Lucky stiffs LP. Recorded between 2004 and 2006 these songs were the result of three musicians (DJ Quickie Mart, Bionik Brown, & Know One) from vastly different backgrounds coming together in the city of New Orleans to form a super group of sorts. The group gained national notoriety after the recording of their very first song "Q&A". They then got to work on writing and recording a full LP. Before they could finish, Hurricane Katrina struck scattering the group to different cities. They picked up recording again but had to do it long distance. These sessions only yielded one song called "Back Again". Tragically, Bionik Brown died in 2008 as the result of a car accident with a drunk driver. His friends recorded a tribute song available only on this album. 3 Lucky Stiffs: Live at The Soulhole is dedicated to the memory of Nathan "Bionik Brown" Woods. We continue to make music in your name.

My Back In The Day Song - Remix EP (2010)
This was the first song written for his first solo album, "Know One's Home". Though it's the most recognized song from the album, it's not the only version of the song out there. Over the years the song has been re-recorded as a jazz/funk fusion tune, an extended a cappella version with Know One singing all the instruments, and a remix done for a McDonald's sweet tea commercial. Previously unreleased, all the songs are now available on "My Back In The Day Song - Remix EP". Featuring Kevin O'Day of Iris May Tango, Kelly Carlyle, Able Chris, & Eduardo Tozato.

Sound Track - The Ballad Of Know One & DamNathan (2011)
Know One & DamNathan have been making music together since their 2002 release 'The Blank Space'. Their latest release 'Sound Track- The Ballad Of Know One & DamNathan' is a genre-crossing meld of heavy break beats, machine gun raps, and melodic, quiet moments that not only tie it all together but also add strong dynamics to the tunes rarely found on modern popular music. The idea was to take the extremes of what the two artists do musically and intertwine them with hopes of creating something truly unique. This album had been pieced together over nearly five years with the first of the songs being recorded while Nathan was in Los Angeles studying film and Know One was in New Orleans working on his first solo project 'Know One's Home'. Once DamNathan moved back to New Orleans the project began to build steam with Able Chris, one time member of the group, contributing to three songs on the project. Other guests include singer songwriter Rita LaGrange, NOLA Hip-Hop staple Impulss, multi-instrumentalist Kelly Carlyle & percussionist Anthony Cuccia of The Other Planets, turntable master Quickie Mart, & guitar great Timothy K. Smith in his final performance ever recorded before his sudden passing in 2009. As the album began to take shape, unintentional themes of second chances, DeJa Vu, time, and circular thinking, began to emerge in the subject matter of the songs. Once this pattern was recognized, the boys capitalized on it making the album not only an epic audio experience, but a cerebral experience as well. To put the finishing touches on the album, the two turned to music virtuoso Jim Nordstrom of Waterhouse Recording to mix & master the project creating perhaps the most genre bending piece of music to emerge from New Orleans in quite some time.

External links[link]

• Know One profile at ReverbNation
• MC Know One at Bandcamp
• Know One's Home at Allmusic
• Know One's Home official website
• Sound Track: the Ballad of Know One & DamNathan official website