Ang Lee

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This is a Chinese name; the family name is Lee.
Ang Lee
Ang Lee - 66ème Festival de Venise (Mostra).jpg
Born (1954-10-23) October 23, 1954 (age 62)
Chaochou, Pingtung, Taiwan
Education University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Alma mater Tisch School of the Arts of New York University
Occupation Film director, producer, screenwriter
Years active 1982–present
Notable work Pushing Hands
The Wedding Banquet
Eat Drink Man Woman
Sense and Sensibility
The Ice Storm
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Hulk
Brokeback Mountain
Life of Pi
Spouse(s) Jane Lin (林惠嘉) (m. 1983)
Children Haan Lee (b. 1984)
Mason Lee (b. 1990)

Ang Lee OBS (Chinese: 李安; pinyin: Lǐ Ān; born October 23, 1954) is a Taiwanese-born film director, screenwriter and producer.[1][2]

Lee's earlier films, such as The Wedding Banquet, Pushing Hands, and Eat Drink Man Woman explored the relationships and conflicts between tradition and modernity, Eastern and Western. Lee also deals with repressed, hidden emotions in many of his films, including Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon; The Ice Storm; Hulk; and Brokeback Mountain. Lee's work is known for its emotional charge, which critics believe is responsible for his success in offsetting cultural barriers and achieving international recognition.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Lee has won the Academy Award for Best Director twice, for Brokeback Mountain (2005) and Life of Pi (2012), and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000). He is also the only director to win both the Golden Bear twice, for The Wedding Banquet (1993) and Sense and Sensibility (1995), and the Golden Lion twice, for Brokeback Mountain (2005) and Lust, Caution (2007). Lee is the only non-Caucasian director to have won an Oscar, Golden Horse, Golden Globe, and BAFTA.

Early life[edit]

Childhood and education[edit]

"I was never a citizen of any particular place... My parents left China to go to Taiwan. We were outsiders there. We moved to the States. Outsiders. Back to China. Now we were outsiders there, too – outsiders from America."

—Ang Lee, interview with Roger Ebert, December 11, 2005[9]

Ang Lee was born in a Waishengren family and lived in a Military dependents' village of the Republic of China Armed Forces located at Chaochou, Pingtung,[10] a southern agricultural county in Taiwan. Both of Lee's parents moved from Mainland China to Taiwan following the Chinese civil war in 1949. He grew up in a household that put heavy emphasis on education.[11]

Lee studied in the Provincial Tainan First Senior High School (now National Tainan First Senior High School) where his father was the principal. He was expected to pass the annual Joint College/University Entrance Examination, the only route to a university education in Taiwan. But after failing the exam twice, to the disappointment of his father, he entered a three-year college, the National Arts School (now reorganized and expanded as National Taiwan University of Arts), and graduated in 1975. His father had wanted him to become a professor, but he had become interested in drama and the arts at college. This early frustration set his career on the path of performance art. Seeing Ingmar Bergman's film The Virgin Spring (1960) was a formative experience for him.[12]

After finishing his mandatory military service in the Republic of China Navy (ROCN), Lee went to the US in 1979 to study at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he completed his bachelor's degree in theater in 1980. Originally, Lee was interested in acting, but his challenges with speaking English made it difficult and he quickly turned to directing.[13] At UIUC, Lee met his future wife Jane Lin (Chinese: 林惠嘉; pinyin: Lín Huìjiā), also a Taiwanese student, who pursued her Ph.D. degree. Thereupon, he enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts of New York University, where he received his MFA in film production. He was a classmate of Spike Lee and worked on the crew of his thesis film, Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads.

During graduate school, Lee finished a 16mm short film, Shades of the Lake (1982), which won the Best Drama Award in Short Film in Taiwan. His own thesis work, a 43-minute drama, Fine Line (1984), won NYU's Wasserman Award for Outstanding Direction and was later selected for the Public Broadcasting Service.

Life after graduation[edit]

Lee's NYU thesis drew attention from the William Morris Agency, the famous talent and literary agency that later represented Lee. At first, though, WMA found Lee few opportunities, and Lee remained unemployed for six years. During this time, he was a full-time house-husband, while his wife Jane Lin, a molecular biologist, was the sole breadwinner for the family of four. This arrangement put enormous pressure on the couple, but with Lin's support and understanding, Lee did not abandon his career in film but continued to generate new ideas from movies and performances. He also wrote several screenplays during this time.[14]

In 1990, Lee submitted two screenplays, Pushing Hands and The Wedding Banquet, to a competition sponsored by Taiwan's Government Information Office, and they came in first and second, respectively. The winning screenplays brought Lee to the attention of Li-Kong Hsu (Chinese: 徐立功; pinyin: Xú Lìgōng), a recently promoted senior manager in a major studio who had a strong interest in Lee's unique style and freshness. Hsu, a first-time producer, invited Lee to direct Pushing Hands, a full-length feature that debuted in 1991.

Career[edit]

Debut from Taiwan[edit]

The 'Father Knows Best' trilogy

Main articles: Pushing Hands (film), The Wedding Banquet, and Eat Drink Man Woman

Pushing Hands (1992) was a success in Taiwan both among critics and at the box office. It received eight nominations in the Golden Horse Film Festival, Taiwan's premier film festival. Inspired by the success, Li-Kong Hsu collaborated with Lee in their second film, The Wedding Banquet (1993), which won the Golden Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival[15] and was nominated as the Best Foreign Language Film[16] in both the Golden Globe and the Academy Awards. In all, this film collected eleven Taiwanese and international awards and made Lee a rising star. These first two movies were based on stories of Chinese Americans, and both were filmed in the US.

In 1995, Hsu invited Lee to return to Taiwan to make Eat Drink Man Woman, a film that depicts traditional values, modern relationships, and family conflicts in Taipei. The film was a box office hit and was critically acclaimed. For a second consecutive year, Lee's film received the Best Foreign Language Film nomination in both the Golden Globe and Academy Awards, as well as in the British Academy Award. Eat Drink Man Woman won five awards in Taiwan and internationally, including the Best Director from Independent Spirit.

The three films show the Confucian family at risk and star the Taiwanese actor Sihung Lung to form what has been called Lee's "Father Knows Best" trilogy.[17]

Arrival in Hollywood[edit]

Sense and Sensibility[edit]

Main article: Sense and Sensibility (film)

In 1995, Lee directed Columbia TriStar's British classic Sense and Sensibility. Sense and Sensibility made Lee a second-time winner of the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival. It was nominated for 7 Academy Awards, and won Best Adapted Screenplay for screenwriter Emma Thompson, who also starred in the movie alongside Alan Rickman, Hugh Grant and Kate Winslet. Sense and Sensibility also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama. Thompson has described the experience of working with Lee in his first English language film, noting how taken aback Lee was when the actors asked questions or provided suggestions, something Thompson notes as uncommon in Taiwanese culture. Once this disjuncture was bridged, Thompson remembered having "the most wonderful time because his notes were so brutal and funny."[18]

After this, Lee directed two more Hollywood movies: The Ice Storm (1997), a drama set in 1970s suburban America, and Ride with the Devil (1999), an American Civil War drama. Although the critics still highly praised these latter two films, they were not particularly successful at the box office, and for a time this interrupted Lee's unbroken popularity – from both general audiences and arthouse aficionados – since his first full-length movie. However, in the late 1990s and 2000s, The Ice Storm had high VHS and DVD sales and rentals and repeated screenings on cable television, which has increased the film's popularity among audiences.

1999 onward[edit]

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon[edit]

Main article: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon

In 1999, Li-Kong Hsu, Lee's old partner and supporter, invited him to make a movie based on the traditional “wuxia” genre concerning the adventures of martial artists in ancient China. Excited about the opportunity to fulfill his childhood dream, Lee assembled a team from the United States, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and China for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000). The film was a surprising success worldwide. With Chinese dialogue and English subtitles, the film became the highest grossing foreign film in many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, and was nominated in 10 categories at the Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Foreign Language Film, and Best Director. It ended up winning Best Foreign Language Film and three technical awards. The success of Crouching Tiger demonstrated that Lee's artistry had a general appeal; it also inspired such established directors as Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige to explore wuxia films for Western audiences.[citation needed]

Hulk[edit]

Main article: Hulk (film)

In 2003, Lee returned to Hollywood to direct Hulk, his second big-budget movie after the disappointment of Ride with the Devil's restricted release. The film received mixed reviews and became a moderate success, grossing over $245 million at the box office. After the setback, Lee considered retiring early, but his father encouraged him to continue making movies.

Brokeback Mountain[edit]

Main article: Brokeback Mountain

Lee decided to take on a small-budget, low-profile independent film based on Annie Proulx's Pulitzer Prize-finalist short story, Brokeback Mountain. In a 2005 article [19] by Robert K. Elder, Lee was quoted as saying, "What do I know about gay ranch hands in Wyoming?" In spite of the director's removal from the subject at hand, Brokeback Mountain showcased Lee's skills in probing the depths of the human heart. The 2005 movie about the forbidden love between two Wyoming sheepherders immediately caught public attention and became a cultural phenomenon, initiating intense debates and becoming a box office hit.

The film was critically acclaimed at major international film festivals and won Lee numerous Best Director and Best Picture awards worldwide. Brokeback Mountain was the most acclaimed film of 2005, winning 71 awards and an additional 52 nominations. It won the Golden Lion (best film) award at the Venice International Film Festival and was named 2005's best film by the Los Angeles, New York, Boston, and London film critics. It also won best picture at the 2005 Broadcast Film Critics Association, Directors Guild of America, Writers Guild of America (Adapted Screenplay), Producers Guild of America and the Independent Spirit Awards as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, with Lee winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Director. Brokeback also won Best Film and Best Director at the 2006 British Academy Awards (BAFTA). Brokeback Mountain was nominated for a leading eight Oscars and was the front runner for Best Picture heading into the March 5 ceremony, but lost out to Crash, a story about race relations in Los Angeles, in a controversial upset. He became the first non-white person to ever win the Best Director at the Academy Awards (when he won again for Life of Pi, he became the second non-white person to win). In 2006, following his Best Director Oscar, Ang Lee was bestowed the Order of Brilliant Star with Grand Cordon, the second highest civilian honour, by the Taiwanese government.[20]

Lust, Caution[edit]

Main article: Lust, Caution (film)

After Brokeback Mountain, Lee returned to a Chinese topic. His next film was Lust, Caution, which was adapted from a short novel by the Chinese author Eileen Chang. The story was written in 1950, and was loosely based on an actual event that took place in 1939–1940 in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, China, during World War II. Similar to Brokeback Mountain, Ang Lee adapted and expanded a short, simple story into a feature film in a way that allows individual figures to develop sophisticated layers of reserved emotions, without being sidetracked by complicated plots or overstuffed material.

Lust, Caution was distributed by Focus Features and premiered at international film festivals in the summer and early fall of 2007. In the US, the movie received a NC-17 rating (no one 17 and under admitted) from the MPAA mainly due to several strongly explicit sex scenes. This was a challenge to the film's distribution because many theater chains in the United States refuse to show NC-17 films. The director and film studio decided not to appeal the decision. Lee removed 9 minutes from the film to make the content suitable for minor audiences in order to be permitted to show Lust, Caution in mainland China.[21]

Lust, Caution captured the Golden Lion from the 2007 Biennale Venice Film Festival, making Lee the winner of the highest prize for the second time in three years (Lee is one of only four filmmakers to have ever won the Golden Lion twice). When Lust, Caution was played in Lee's native Taiwan in its original full-length edition, it was very well received.[citation needed] Staying in Taiwan to promote the film and to participate in a traditional holiday, Lee got emotional[citation needed] when he found that his work was widely applauded by fellow Taiwanese. Lee admitted that he had low expectations for this film from the US audience since "its pace, its film language – it's all very Chinese."[22] Indeed, the film was ignored by the Oscars, receiving zero nominations, despite the generally positive critical reception and the fact most of Ang Lee's past films had received multiple Academy Award nominations. It was even snubbed from consideration in the Best Foreign Language Film category; after being officially submitted by Taiwan, the Academy ruled that an insufficient number of Taiwanese nationals had participated in the production, thus disqualifying it from further consideration.

Lee was chosen as president of the jury for the 2009 edition of the Venice Film Festival that took place from September 2 to 12, 2009.[23]

Life of Pi[edit]

Main article: Life of Pi (film)

Lee's next film after 2009's Taking Woodstock was Life of Pi, which was adapted from the novel of the same name written by Yann Martel.

The story was a retrospective first-person narrative from Pi, a then 16-year-old boy from India, who is the only human to survive the sinking of a freighter on the way from India to Canada. He finds himself on a lifeboat with an orangutan, a hyena, a wounded zebra and a Bengal tiger.[24] During this unlikely journey, young Pi questions his belief in God and the meaning of life. The novel was once considered impossible to make into a movie, but Lee persuaded 20th Century Fox to invest $120 million and heavily relied on 3D special effects in post-production. Unlike most other sci-fi precedents, Lee explores the artistic horizon of applying 3D effects and pushes the boundary of how this technology can serve the movie's artistic vision. The movie made its commercial premiere during the Thanksgiving weekend of 2012 in the US and worldwide and became a highly critical and box office success. In January 2013, Life of Pi earned 11 Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Visual Effects; only one fewer than Steven Spielberg's Lincoln.[25] He went on to win the Academy Award for Best Director.

In 2013, he was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.[26]

Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk[edit]

Main article: Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk (film)

On September 18, 2014, it was announced that Lee would direct the movie version of Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk, his first film since winning the Oscar for Best Director for Life of Pi. The film was released in November 2016, and received a mixed response from audiences and critics alike.

Thrilla in Manila[edit]

In 2013, Ang Lee began development on the project with a screenplay written by Peter Morgan, but later put it on hold in 2014 in order to make Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk.[27][28] In December 2015, it was announced that the project, tentatively titled Thrilla in Manila, was indeed his next project once he finished his work on Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk. David Oyelowo and Ray Fisher are reportedly Lee’s top choices for the leading roles.[29]

Directing for television[edit]

In March 2013, it was announced that Lee would direct a television pilot for the drama series Tyrant, created by Gideon Raff and developed by Howard Gordon and Craig Wright. Production was scheduled for the summer of 2013 for the FX series.[30] However, Lee decided to quit the project to take a break from his hectic schedule.[31]

Recurring collaborators[edit]

Ang Lee has had a career-long collaboration with producer and screenwriter James Schamus[32] and editor Tim Squyres. He has also worked several times with music composer Mychael Danna and a few times with Danny Elfman.[b]

Year Title James Schamus Tim Squyres Mychael Danna Danny Elfman
Producer Writer Editor Music Music
1992 Pushing Hands Yes Yes Yes
1993 The Wedding Banquet Yes Yes Yes
1994 Eat Drink Man Woman Yes Yes Yes
1995 Sense and Sensibility Yes Yes
1997 The Ice Storm Yes Yes Yes Yes
1999 Ride with the Devil Yes Yes Yes Yes
2000 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Yes Yes Yes
2003 Hulk Yes Yes Yes Yes
2005 Brokeback Mountain Yes
2007 Lust, Caution Yes Yes Yes
2009 Taking Woodstock Yes Yes Yes Yes
2012 Life of Pi Yes Yes

Personal life[edit]

Lee lives in Larchmont, in Westchester County, New York, with his wife Jane Lin, a microbiologist, whom he married in 1983. They have two sons, Haan (born 1984), and Mason (born 1990).[33] Lee is sometimes described as a naturalized US citizen[34][35][36] but he claims that he is a permanent resident of United States.[37][38] Lee is a Buddhist.[39] His younger son Mason Lee starred in the Hollywood blockbuster movie The Hangover Part II as Teddy.

Filmography[edit]

Lee has been involved in the process of filmmaking in various capacities, though the highlight of his career and legacy is his directorial work. The following are Lee's various credits.

Year Film Director Producer Writer Editor Actor
1992 Pushing Hands Yes Yes Yes
1993 The Wedding Banquet Yes Yes Yes
1994 Eat Drink Man Woman Yes Yes Yes
1995 Sense and Sensibility Yes
Siao Yu Yes Yes
1997 The Ice Storm Yes
1999 Ride with the Devil Yes
2000 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Yes Yes
2002 The Hire (segment The Chosen) Yes
2003 Hulk Yes
2005 Brokeback Mountain Yes
2007 Lust, Caution Yes
Hollywood Chinese Yes
2009 Taking Woodstock Yes
2012 Life of Pi Yes Yes Cameo
2016 Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk Yes Yes

Accolades[edit]

Below are Ang Lee's films' major nominations and awards.

Year Film Academy Award nominations Academy Award wins BAFTA nominations BAFTA wins Golden Globe nominations Golden Globe wins
1992 Pushing Hands
1993 The Wedding Banquet 1 1
1994 Eat Drink Man Woman 1 1 1
1995 Sense and Sensibility 7 1 12 3 6 2
1997 The Ice Storm 2 1 1
1999 Ride with the Devil
2000 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 10 4 14 4 3 2
2002 The Hire
2003 Hulk
2005 Brokeback Mountain 8 3 9 4 7 4
2007 Lust, Caution 2 1
2009 Taking Woodstock
2012 Life of Pi 11 4 9 2 3 1
Total 38 12 49 14 23 9

Lee has won a myriad of major international awards, including 3 Academy Awards, 4 BAFTA Awards, 3 Golden Globe Awards; 3 Independent Spirit Awards ; 2 Golden Lion awards and 2 Golden Bear awards.

Awards and nominations received by Ang Lee[edit]

Award Category Year Title Result
Academy Awards Best Foreign Language Film 1993 The Wedding Banquet Nominated
1994 Eat Drink Man Woman Nominated
2000 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Won
Best Picture 2000 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Nominated
2012 Life of Pi Nominated
Best Director 2000 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Nominated
2005 Brokeback Mountain Won
2012 Life of Pi Won
Cannes Film Festival Golden Palm 1997 The Ice Storm Nominated
2009 Taking Woodstock Nominated
Berlin International Film Festival Golden Berlin Bear 1993 The Wedding Banquet Won
1996 Sense and Sensibility Won
Venice Film Festival Golden Lion 2005 Brokeback Mountain Won
2007 Lust, Caution Won
Golden Globe Award Best Foreign Language Film 2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Won
2008 Lust, Caution Nominated
Best Motion Picture — Drama 2012 Life of Pi Nominated
Best Director 1996 Sense and Sensibility Nominated
2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Won
2006 Brokeback Mountain Won
2012 Life of Pi Nominated
British Academy Film Awards Best Film Not in the English Language 1995 Eat Drink Man Woman Nominated
2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Won
2008 Lust, Caution Nominated
Best Film 1996 Sense and Sensibility Won
2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Nominated
2012 Life of Pi Nominated
David Lean Award for Direction 1996 Sense and Sensibility Nominated
2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Won
2006 Brokeback Mountain Won
2012 Life of Pi Nominated
Producers Guild of America Award PGA Award – Motion Pictures 2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Nominated
2006 Brokeback Mountain Won
2012 Life of Pi Nominated
Critics' Choice Award Best Director 2006 Brokeback Mountain Won
2012 Life of Pi Nominated
Directors Guild of America Award DGA Award – Motion Pictures 1996 Sense and Sensibility Nominated
2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Won
2006 Brokeback Mountain Won
2012 Life of Pi Nominated
Independent Spirit Awards Best Feature 1994 The Wedding Banquet Nominated
2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Won
Best Director 1994 The Wedding Banquet Nominated
1995 Eat Drink Man Woman Nominated
2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Won
2006 Brokeback Mountain Won
Best Screenplay 1994 The Wedding Banquet Nominated
1995 Eat Drink Man Woman Nominated
NBR Award Best Director 1995 Sense and Sensibility Won
2005 Brokeback Mountain Won
Saturn Award Best Direction 2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Nominated
2012 Life of Pi Nominated
Best Action or Adventure Film 2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Won
Best Science Fiction Film 2003 Hulk Nominated
Best Fantasy Film 2012 Life of Pi Won
AACTA Awards Best Direction – International 2012 Life of Pi Nominated

Notes[edit]

  • a.^ In the 2007 book The Cinema of Ang Lee: The Other Side of the Screen, Whitney Crothers Dilley has analyzed in detail the striking diversity of Lee's films, as well as Lee's recurring themes of alienation, marginalization, and repression.[40] Many of Lee's films, particularly his early Chinese trilogy, have also focused on the interactions between modernity and tradition.
  • b.^ Mychael Danna was originally hired to score Hulk, but he was removed from the project, apparently at the request of the studio, and another composer completed the final score. Ang Lee spoke publicly about this in 2012 at a director's roundtable, calling it the moment he regretted most in his career. Danna subsequently received his first Oscar nomination and went on to win that award for scoring Life of Pi, his first reunion with Lee since that time.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Williams, Sarah (February 20, 2013). "'Life of Pi's Ang Lee Conquers Anti-Asian Bias". Voice of America. Retrieved February 20, 2013. Like many Asian-Americans in Hollywood's film industry, Taiwanese-born American film director Ang Lee struggled for acceptance early in his career. 
  2. ^ Corliss, Richard (November 20, 2012). "Ang Lee's Life of Pi: Storm and Fang, Water and Wonder". Time. Retrieved November 20, 2012. The Taiwan-born American director mastered the nuances of 19th-century English manners in Sense and Sensibility, set martial-artist adversaries to dancing on tree tops in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and sold the mainstream audience on the love story of two cowboys in Brokeback Mountain. 
  3. ^ "Life of Pi - film that transcends global emotions". indiatimes.com. September 27, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2012. 
  4. ^ "Speaking a Universal Language: Director Ang Lee". gotoread.com. Retrieved February 18, 2008. 
  5. ^ "Ang Lee and His Thoughts". asian-nation.org. December 28, 2005. Retrieved December 28, 2005. 
  6. ^ Phippen, Richard (November 18, 2008). "Ang Lee's Hulk - FOR (& Against)". sky.com. Retrieved November 18, 2008. 
  7. ^ "The Western look Ang Lee: everywhere, nor sets traces". best-news.us. March 12, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013. 
  8. ^ "Kevin Kline, Ang Lee, and Sigourney Weaver on "The Ice Storm"". filmscouts.com. 4 June 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 
  9. ^ Ebert, Roger (2005-12-11). "Lonesome love". Chicago Sun-Times. 
  10. ^ Ho Yi. Family and friends praise Ang Lee's quiet dedication. Taipei Times. March 7, 2006.
  11. ^ Lipworth, Elaine (2013-04-26). "Ang Lee: My family values". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-10-01. 
  12. ^ Interview from Studio 360 Archived August 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ^ HBO Directors Dialogues: Ang Lee. October 5, 2012 – via YouTube. 
  14. ^ "Ang Lee: A Never-Ending Dream". gotoread.com. Retrieved January 18, 2014. 
  15. ^ "Berlinale: 1993 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved June 7, 2011. 
  16. ^ "The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  17. ^ Wei Ming Dariotis, Eileen Fung, "Breaking the Soy Sauce Jar: Diaspora and Displacement in the Films of Ang Lee," in Hsiao-peng Lu, ed., Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), p. 242.
  18. ^ "Emma Thompson: A Life in Pictures". BAFTA Guru. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2015. 
  19. ^ "Lee sees his `Brokeback Mountain' as a unifying force". Chicago Tribune. September 9, 2015. 
  20. ^ "Presidential Office mulling honor for Ang Lee". Focus Taiwan News Channel. February 23, 2013. 
  21. ^ AFP (September 11, 2007). "Ang Lee bows to China and self-censors award-winning film". Yahoo! News. 
  22. ^ Min Lee, Associated Press (September 23, 2007). "Ang Lee: Don't expect much from 'Lust, Caution'". USA Today. 
  23. ^ "Ang Lee to head Venice festival". BBC News. February 27, 2009. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009. 
  24. ^ "Life of Pi". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved June 2, 2011. 
  25. ^ "Life of pi succession". 
  26. ^ Saperstein, Pat (23 April 2013). "Nicole Kidman, Christopher Waltz, Ang Lee Among Cannes Jury Members". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 
  27. ^ http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Ang-Lee-Next-Film-3D-Drama-About-Boxing-History-38911.html
  28. ^ http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Unfortunate-Reason-Ang-Lee-Groundbreaking-Ali-Frazier-Biopic-Might-Happen-67218.html
  29. ^ http://screencrush.com/ang-lee-boxing-movie-3d/
  30. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 14, 2013). "Ang Lee to Direct FX Drama Pilot 'Tyrant'". FX press release. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 14, 2013. 
  31. ^ "Ang Lee walks away from debut TV project". msn.com. May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013. 
  32. ^ "Lee, Schamus Discuss Film Collaborations". 
  33. ^ Frey, Jennifer (November 25, 2007). "A Chicken Coop, but No Tigers". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2010. 
  34. ^ Frater, Patrick (October 4, 2007). "Taiwan breaking the arthouse mold". Variety. 
  35. ^ Abramowitz, Rachel (Aug 27, 2009). "Ang Lee, hippie?". Los Angeles Times. 
  36. ^ "Ang Lee 'very satisfied' new film shown in entirety". The China Post. Archived from the original on February 21, 2012. 
  37. ^ "戰爭人性與電影科技 李安：視覺對我是信仰 [Humanity during War and Flim Technologies: Interview of Ang Lee]". 中天的夢想驛站 (in Standard Chinese). November 12, 2016. Event occurs at 23:20. CtiTV. 我很想跟他們講其實我也沒有入美國籍，我拿的還是綠卡。(I want to tell them that I am not naturalized. I still hold the green card.) 
  38. ^ Dilley, Whitney Crothers (December 23, 2014). The Cinema of Ang Lee: The Other Side of the Screen 2nd Edition. Wallflower Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0231167734. 
  39. ^ "Ang Lee: Of water and Pi". Chicago Sun-Times. 
  40. ^ "Melancholic nostalgia pervades life in front of Ang Lee's lens". Taipei Times. December 16, 2007. 

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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