Doxepin
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Sinequan, others[2] |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682390 |
| License data | |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Routes of administration |
Oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular[1] |
| ATC code | N06AA12 (WHO) |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | 76%[3] |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP1A2,& CYP3A4 mediated)[4][5] |
| Biological half-life | 8-24 hr (mean 17 hours); 31 hr for active metabolite, desmethyldoxepin[3] |
| Excretion | Urine |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | 1668-19-5  |
| PubChem (CID) | 3158 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 1225 |
| DrugBank | DB01142 |
| ChemSpider | 3046 |
| UNII | 5ASJ6HUZ7D |
| KEGG | D07875 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:4710 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL101740  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C19H21NO |
| Molar mass | 279.376 g/mol |
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image |
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Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant marketed worldwide.[1] It is marketed under many brand names worldwide.[2]
Contents
Medical uses[edit]
Doxepin is used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, itchiness, trouble sleeping,[6] and as a second-line treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria (hives).[1][7] Its oral formulations are FDA-approved for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and insomnia and its topical formulations are FDA-approved the short-term management (up to 8 days) of atopic dermatitis and lichen simplex chronicus.[8] Whereas in Australia and the UK, the only licensed indication(s) is/are in the treatment of major depression and pruritus in eczema, respectively.[9][10]
Pregnancy and lactation[edit]
Its use in pregnant and lactating women is advised against, although the available preclinical (based on animal studies) evidence suggests it is unlikely to cause any deleterious effects on fetal development.[3] The lack of evidence from human studies, however, means it is currently impossible to rule out any risk to the fetus[3] and it is known to cross the placenta.[3] Doxepin is secreted in breast milk[1] and neonatal cases of respiratory depression in association with maternal doxepin use have been reported.[9]
Contraindications[edit]
Known contraindications include:[11]
- Hypersensitivities to other tricyclic antidepressants, doxepin, or any of the excipients inside the product used
- Glaucoma
- A predisposition to developing urinary retention such as prostatic hypertrophy
- Use of MAO inhibitors in last 14 days.[12]
Adverse effects[edit]
- Central nervous system: fatigue, dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness, confusion, nightmares, agitation, increased anxiety, insomnia, seizures (infrequently), delirium, rarely induction of hypomania and schizophrenia (stop medication immediately), extrapyramidal side effects (rarely), abuse in patients with polytoxicomania (rarely), tinnitus
- Anticholinergic: dry mouth, constipation, even ileus (rarely), difficulties in urinating, sweating, precepitation of glaucoma
- Antiadrenergic: hypotension, postural collapse (if patient arises too fast from lying/sitting position to standing), arrhythmias (sinus-tachycardia, bradycardia, AV-blockade)
- Allergic/toxic: skin rash, photosensitivity, liver damage of the cholostatic type (rarely), hepatitis (extremely rare), leuko- or thrombopenia (rarely), agranulocytosis (very rarely), hypoplastic anemia (rarely)
- Others: frequently increased appetite, weight gain, rarely nausea, frequently impaired sexual function in men (impotence, ejaculation-difficulties), rarely hypertension, rarely polyneuropathy, in both sexes breast-enlargement and galactorrhea (rarely)
- May increase or decrease liver function in some patients.[13]
- A large study linked the development of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia to the use of doxepin, due to its anticholinergic properties.[14]
Overdose[edit]
Like other tricyclics (TCAs), doxepin is highly toxic in cases of overdose.[15] Mild symptoms include drowsiness, stupor, blurred vision, and excessive dryness of mouth. More serious adverse effects include respiratory depression, hypotension, coma, convulsions, cardiac arrhythmia, and tachycardia. Urinary retention, decreased gastrointestinal motility (paralytic ileus), hyperthermia (or hypothermia), hypertension, dilated pupils, and hyperactive reflexes are other possible symptoms of doxepin overdose.[3] Management of overdose is mostly supportive and symptomatic, and can include the administration of a gastric lavage so as to reduce absorption of the doxepin.[3] Supportive measures to prevent respiratory aspiration is also advisable.[3] Antiarrhythmic agents may be an appropriate measure to treat cardiac arrhythmias resulting from doxepin overdose.[3] Slow intravenous administration of physostigmine may reverse some of the toxic effects of overdose such as anticholinergic effects.[3] Haemodialysis is not recommended due to the high degree of protein binding with doxepin.[3] ECG monitoring is recommended for several days after doxepin overdose due to the potential for cardiac conduction abnormalities.[3]
Interactions[edit]
It should not be used within 14 days of using a monoamine oxidase inhibitor such as phenelzine due to the potential for serotonin syndrome to develop.[11] Its use in those on CYP2D6 inhibitors such as fluoxetine or quinidine is recommended against due to the potential for its accumulation in the absence of full CYP2D6 catalytic activity.[11] Hepatic enzyme inducers such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, and barbiturates are advised against in patients receiving TCAs like doxepin due to the potential for problematically rapid metabolism of doxepin to occur in these individuals.[11] Sympathomimietic agents may have their effects potentiated by TCAs like doxepin.[11] Doxepin also may potentiate the adverse effects of anticholinergic agents such as benztropine, atropine and hyoscine (scopolamine).[11] Tolazamide, when used in conjunction with doxepin has been associated with a case of severe hypoglycaemia in a type II diabetic individual.[11] Cimetidine may influence the absorption of doxepin.[11] Alcohol may potentiate some of the CNS depressant effects of doxepin.[11] Antihypertensive agents may have their effects mitigated by doxepin.[11] Cotreatment with CNS depressants such as the benzodiazepines can cause additive CNS depression.[3] Cotreatment with thyroid hormones may also increase the potential for adverse reactions.[3]
Pharmacology[edit]
Doxepin is a reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine and acts as an antagonist of various serotonin, adrenergic, muscarinic, dopamine, and histamine receptors:[16]
| Protein | Ki [nM][16] |
|---|---|
| Serotonin transporter | 68 |
| Norepinephrine transporter | 29.5 |
| Dopamine transporter | >10000 |
| 5-HT1A | 276 |
| 5-HT2A | 26 |
| 5-HT2C | 8.8 |
| 5-HT6 | 136 |
| α1 | 23.5 |
| α2 | 1270 |
| M1 | 38 |
| M2 | 160 |
| M3 | 52 |
| M4 | 82 |
| M5 | 75 |
| D2 | 360 |
| H1 | 0.24 |
| H4 | 105.9 |
| Pharmacokinetic parameter | Value[3][11] |
|---|---|
| Vd | 20 l/kg |
| Tmax | 2–4 hours (mean 2.9 hours) |
| Cmax | 8.8-45.8 ng/ml |
| Tmax for active metabolite | 2–10 hours |
| Cmax for active metabolite | 4.8-14.5 ng/ml (mean 9.7 ng/ml) |
| Protein binding | 76% |
| t1/2 | 8–24 hours (mean 17 hours) |
| t1/2 for active metabolite | 31 hours |
| Enzymes involved in the metabolism | CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2C19 |
| Metabolic pathways | N-demethylation, N-oxidation, hydroxylation and glucuronidation |
Society and culture[edit]
Doxepin is marketed under many brand names worldwide:[2]
- Adnor, by Apex
- Anten, by Mylan
- Antidoxe, by Shou Chan
- Apo-Doxepin, by Apotex
- Colian, by Johnson
- Dofu, by Senton
- Doneurin, by Hexal
- Dospin, by Hwang's
- Doxal, by Orion
- Doxepine, by Shou Chan
- Doxesom, by Somnogen,
- Doxiderm, by Incepta
- Doxure (Doxepin and Levomenthol), by Unichem
- Expan, by Laboratorios Siegfried
- Flake, by Newai Chem
- Gilex, by Rekah
- Ichderm, by Lotus
- Li Ke Ning, by Keyi
- Mareen, by Krewel Meuselbach
- Noctaderm, by Ranbaxy
- Oxpin, by Synmosa
- Patoderm, by Patron
- Qualiquan, by Quality Pharm
- Quitaxon, by Lexphar
- Sagalon, by Surya Dermato Medica
- Silenor, by Paladin
- Sinequan, by Alkaloid, Farmasierra, Pfizer, and Roerig
- Sinequan, by Pfizer
- Sinquan, by Pfizer
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d "Doxepin Hydrochloride". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. 30 January 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ a b c Drugs.com International brands of doxepin Page accessed August 23, 2016
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Sinepin Capsules 25mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Marlborough Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ Product Information: ZONALON(R) cream, doxepin hcl cream. Doak Dermatologics, Fairfield, NJ, 2005.
- ^ Product Information: SILENOR(R) oral tablets, doxepin oral tablets. Somaxon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA, 2010.
- ^ Hajak G; Rodenbeck A; Voderholzer U; et al. (2001). "Doxepin in the treatment of primary insomnia: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, polysomnographic study". J Clin Psychiatry. 62 (6): 453–63. doi:10.4088/JCP.v62n0609. PMID 11465523.
- ^ "Doxepin". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ "PRUDOXIN (doxepin hydrochloride) cream [HEALTHPOINT, LTD]". DailyMed. HEALTHPOINT, LTD. August 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ a b Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.
- ^ Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Deptran Doxepin (as hydrochloride)" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Alphapharm Pty Ltd. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ "Silenor (doxepin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ Lippincot"nursing 2007 drug handbook" LWW press. 2007
- ^ Gray, Shelly L.; Anderson, Melissa L. (January 26, 2015). "Cumulative Use of Strong Anticholinergics and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study". JAMA Intern. Med. 175: 401–7. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663. PMC 4358759
. PMID 25621434. Retrieved January 27, 2015. - ^ White, N; Litovitz, T; Clancy, C (December 2008). "Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type" (PDF). Journal of Medical Toxicology. 4 (4): 238–250. doi:10.1007/BF03161207. PMC 3550116. PMID 19031375.
- ^ a b Roth, BL; Driscol, J (12 January 2011). "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
