Royal Danish Air Force
Royal Danish Air Force Flyvevåbnet |
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![]() Royal Danish Air Force wings
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Founded | 1 October 1950 |
Country | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Allegiance | Kingdom of Denmark |
Type | Air force |
Role | National air defence and air superiority |
Size | 3,476 personnel + 100 conscripts[1] 93 aircraft[2] |
Part of | Danish Defence Command |
Stable belt | ![]() |
Engagements | NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (1999) War in Afghanistan (2001–2014) Military intervention in Libya (2011) Military intervention against ISIL (2015-) |
Website | Official Website Official Facebook |
Commanders | |
Chief of Defence | General Bjørn Bisserup |
Chief of the Air Staff | Major General Max A.L.T. Nielsen[3][4] |
Insignia | |
Roundel | ![]() |
Fin flash | ![]() |
Aircraft flown | |
Fighter | Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon |
Multirole helicopter | Westland Super Lynx Mk 90B |
Observation helicopter | Eurocopter AS 550 Fennec |
Utility helicopter | AgustaWestland EH101 Merlin |
Patrol | Bombardier CL-604 Challenger |
Trainer | Saab MFI-17 Supporter |
Transport | Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules |
The Royal Danish Air Force (Danish: Flyvevåbnet, lit. 'Flying weapon') (RDAF) is Denmark's aerial warfare force.[5]
Contents
History[edit]
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20170225110052im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Danish_AW101_2.jpg/220px-Danish_AW101_2.jpg)
The Royal Danish Air Force (RDAF) was formed as a military service independent from the army and navy in 1950 from the merger of the Hærens Flyvertropper (Danish Army Air Corps) originally founded on 2 July 1912[6] and the Marinens Flyvevæsen (Danish Naval Air Service) which had been founded on 14 December 1911.[7] All military aviation had been prohibited during the Nazi occupation from 1940 to 1945 and so as of V-E Day the Danish armed forces had no aircraft, but the Luftwaffe had built or expanded air bases in Denmark.
The air force was led by Lieutenant General C.C.J. Førslev, who had previously served as colonel in the army and as first commander of the Danish Army Air Corps. The national command was located at Værløse Air Base which also served as Command East, while Command West was located at Karup in central Jutland. Royal Air Force volunteer and former member of the Free Norwegian Forces in England, Kaj Birksted, was appointed chief of the flying staff. The rivalries and mutual disrespect between the established officer Førslev, who had never been in air combat himself, and the experienced fighter ace Birksted led to a series of misunderstandings which delayed the operationalization of the air force. Further, the East and West commands lacked experience and knowledge of the newly delivered Gloster Meteor and F-84 Thunderjet aircraft.
The Danish armed forces received 38 surplus Supermarine Spitfire H. F. Mk. IXE[8] and 3 P.R.Mk. XI in 1947-48[9] plus four additional airframes for ground instruction, which were operated by units of the Hærens Flyvertropper and Marinens Flyvevæsen prior to their merger, and by the Royal Danish Air Force until 1956, when the last examples were retired and all but two scrapped.
One survived for a number of years in a children's playground. The one surviving instructional airframe was later restored to depict the number '401' Spitfire Mk. IX. This airplane is now preserved at Dansk Veteranflysamling at Stauning Airfield in Jylland.[10]
Pilot training was initially based at Avnø from May 1946 until 1951, when the school were transferred to the U.S. under the "Military Assistance Programme". The school at Avnø continued to conduct tests to choose the candidates for the American training programme. In 1947 the RDAF established a school for aircraft mechanics, based at Værløse Air Base.[11] In 1951, the RDAF officers school was inaugurated at Rungstedlund north of Copenhagen, while airmen were educated at Værløse.
1950s[edit]
The air force received six F-84E Thunderjet and 238 F-84G Thunderjet as military aid from the US, and formed five new squadrons (726 to 730) at Karup Air Base from 1952 to 1954. The rapid expansion caused problems as neither two-seaters nor flight simulators were available, causing 89 crashed F-84's and 40 pilot casualties. Some casualties were due to the lack of experience in the newly formed air force while others stemmed from the tactics introduced by American WWII and Korean War-veterans based on fast and low flying attacks to avoid anti-aircraft fire.
To avoid further casualties the air force established a training squadron of two-seated T-33As in 1956 to train US-educated pilots to navigate under local weather conditions. Furthermore, squadron 722 was changed to function as rescue squadron in 1956 and was strengthened by seven Sikorsky S-55 helicopters in 1957. Finally, Air Chief Marshal Hugh Saunders from Royal Air Force was employed in 1954 to reorganize the air force which led to the merger of Command East and West, forming Flyvertaktisk Kommando (Air Tactical Command) with the initial mission to lower the number of crashes during training.
1960s[edit]
In 1962 the Royal Danish Army's four SAM batteries based on Nike missiles were transferred to the air force. They were to defend Copenhagen against Soviet ballistic missiles and high altitude bombers and based as squadron 531 in Gunderød, squadron 532 at Kongelunden on Amager, squadron 533 in Sigerslev and squadron 534 in Tune. In 1965 four batteries of Hawk missiles were deployed close to the Nike batteries to protect them from low altitude aircraft.
1970s[edit]
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20170225110052im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lockheed_F-104G_Can_R-343_726_ESK_RDAF_MILD_22.05.71_edited-2.jpg/220px-Lockheed_F-104G_Can_R-343_726_ESK_RDAF_MILD_22.05.71_edited-2.jpg)
In the 1960s and 1970s the RDAF operated a number of US financed Lockheed F-104G Starfighters, North American F-100D and F-100F Super Sabres, and several other types. In 1971 the Danish army created the Royal Danish Army Flying Service as the first air-unit outside the air force, since its creation in 1950. It had observation helicopters and piston-engined artillery spotting aeroplanes. In 1977 the Danish Naval Air Squadron was extracted from squadron 722 to the Danish navy, and it had ship-based helicopters. In a joint arms purchase four NATO countries: Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium introduced the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon as their common strike fighter in January 1980. The F-16 was later bought by additional NATO countries, Greece and Turkey, and the United States of America, also a NATO member operates the F-16.
1980s[edit]
In 1982 the number of fighter aircraft was reduced by 12 units. General Dynamics F-16 is introduced to replace initially the F-100 and later the F-104G. The Royal Danish Naval Air Service is strengthened by eight Westland Lynx Mk. 80 from 1980, replacing the Alouette III helicopters. As a supplement to the Greenland-based C-130's the air force purchases three Gulfstream G-III.[12]
1990s[edit]
In 1990 the Danish Army Air Corps purchases 12 Eurocopter Fennec lightweight attack helicopters to strengthen capabilities to perform expeditionary mission. The helicopters were transferred to RDAF in 2003.
In 1992 during the Yugoslavian civil wars, the RDAF C-130 Hercules aircraft were used for transport of the 900 Danish troops participating in the UN-led mission to the Balkans. In 1996, a C-130 joined the NATO On-Call International Airlift Pool along with a Gulfstream aircraft. The Gulfstreams were replaced by Challenger planes the following year, when the Danish government ordered the three Challengers in current use.
In 1999, following the end of the Cold War, the Danish air force was re-organised to be an "expeditionary" air force, capable of supporting international operations worldwide - but at the same time still being able to uphold its domestic air and seaward defence commitments. The same year, an expeditionary force of 9 F-16s to join the Operation Allied Force is approved in parliament.
2000s[edit]
In 2002, Denmark joined the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Team, and eventually up to 48 F-35s could be bought to replace the F-16s.
In October 2002, a tri-national detachment of 18 Danish, Dutch, and Norwegian F-16 fighter-bombers, with one Dutch KC-10 tanker, flew to the Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan, in support of the NATO ground forces in Afghanistan as part of the Operation Enduring Freedom.
In 2004, the older C-130H Hercules fleet of three transport aircraft (bought by the government in 1973) was replaced by three of the more-advanced and stretched C-130J transport aircraft. A fourth C-130J joined in 2007.
In 2005, a modification program (Mid Life Update) was completed on the remaining F-16 aircraft. The modification programme, started in 1995, introduced a new mission computer, colour multifunction displays, and other avionic improvements. Despite the modifications and improvements, the Danish air force is considering the replacement of 30 F-16s with a more advanced fighter. Contenders include the two-seated Boeing F/A-18F Super Hornet, the Lockheed Martin F-35A Joint Strike Fighter and the Eurofighter Typhoon. The decision of the selected type will be announced before the end of June 2015.[13][14]
In 2003, 16 H-500 Cayuse and 13 Eurocopter AS550C2 Fennec from the Army Air Corps and eight Westland Lynx Mk. 90B from the Naval Air Squadron were supposed to be transferred to the air force. The 16 Cayuse and 13 Fennec helicopters were transferred to the newly re-formed Danish Squadron 724. The eight Lynx helicopters were supposed to enter another re-formed squadron, Squadron 728, but for political reasons those helicopters remained with the Navy. This change of "ownership" of the naval helicopters became effective on 1 January 2011 when the naval helicopters joined the newly formed Squadron 723. The Danish Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organization (DALO), short listed five helicopters as potential replacements for the Lynx with around 12 new naval helicopters needed. The Sikorsky/Lockheed MH-60R, the NH90/NFH, H-92, AW159 and AW101 were on the short list and a Request For Proposal was issued on 30 September 2010. Ultimately the air force decided to buy nine Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopters.
In 2005, the 16 Cayuses were decommissioned, and also one of the Fennecs. The remaining 12 Fennecs took over many of the tasks from the Cayuses, including support-functions of the Danish police.
In 2006, the air force signed a letter of intent to purchase several of the Boeing Integrated Defense C-17 Globemaster III. That order needs to be confirmed, but it is to be made on the basis of the formation of a shared NATO C-17 air fleet to support international deployments. Denmark has later withdrawn from this arrangement but it is in existence today. See NATO Strategic Airlift Capability. The United States and the United Kingdom have already bought numerous C-17s, and several other NATO countries are considering doing so, too. In June 2007, Denmark's six EH101 transport helicopters were transferred to the British Royal Air Force to meet an urgent British requirement for additional transport helicopters.[15] In 2009 six replacement AW101 were delivered to the RDAF from AgustaWestland Yeowil and paid for by the UK.
2010s[edit]
In June 2010 the Sikorsky S-61 SAR helicopter was withdrawn.
In 2014, RDAF flew F-16 fighter jets in Greenland for the first time, testing the operational capabilities of maintaining sovereignty of the vast arctic airspace.[16]
In 2005 the RDAF requested information about the possible procurement of a replacement for the F-16 fighter aircraft from the producers of the Gripen, Rafale, Eurofighter and Joint Strike Fighter, to which the RDAF has been a partner since 1997. Due to this fact Rafale-producer, Dassault Aviation, decided not to participate in the information round as they considered it to be biased towards the JSF option. This also led to the withdrawal of the Eurofighter in 2007, reentering in 2012. Meanwhile, the Boeing F-18 Super Hornet entered the competition in 2008. After several delays, a request for binding information was sent to the four candidates in April 2014 expecting a final decision in mid-2015.[17][18] On 9 June 2016, the Danish Defence Committee agreed to purchase 27 F-35As to succeed the F-16.[19] The price tag is 3 billion USD.[20]
Organisation[edit]
![Royal Danish Air Force is located in Denmark](http://web.archive.org./web/20170225110052im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Denmark_adm_location_map.svg/300px-Denmark_adm_location_map.svg.png)
![Air Force Staff +Helicopter Wing Karup Air Force Staff +Helicopter Wing Karup](http://web.archive.org./web/20170225110052im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png)
Helicopter Wing Karup
Station Nord is beyond the map
All Danish military aircraft have since the early sixties been registered with a pennant letter and the last three digits from the factory serial number.
- Air Transport Wing Aalborg based at Air Base Aalborg.
- Eskadrille 721 (721st squadron).
- 4[2] Lockheed C-130J-30 Hercules pennant letter B
- 4[2] Canadair CL-604 Challenger pennant letter C
- Eskadrille 721 (721st squadron).
- Helicopter Wing Karup based at Air Base Karup
- Eskadrille 722 (helicopters are staged around Denmark for Search and Rescue duties)
- 13[2] AgustaWestland AW101 pennant letter M
- Eskadrille 723
- 7[2] Westland Lynx Mk90B pennant letter S
- Eskadrille 724
- 8[2] Eurocopter AS550C2 Fennec pennant letter P
- Eskadrille 722 (helicopters are staged around Denmark for Search and Rescue duties)
- Fighter Wing Skrydstrup based at Air Base Skrydstrup.
- Eskadrille 727 and Eskadrille 730:
- Each squadron: 15[2] General Dynamics F-16AM and F-16BM pennant letters E and ET'
- Eskadrille 727 and Eskadrille 730:
- Flyveskolen (Flying School) based at Air Base Karup
- 27[2] SAAB-MFI T-17 pennant letter T
- Air Control Wing
- Control and Reporting Centre Karup (CRC Karup) based at Air Base Karup
- Mobile Air Control Centre (MACC) based at Air Base Karup
- Combat Support Wing
- Wing staff
- Eskadrille 615 (combat communications)
- Eskadrille 660 (force protection)
- Eskadrille 680 (combat service support)
- Eskadrille 690 (medic)
Outside the wing structure is the school structure with the Royal Danish Air Force Officers School in Jonstruplejren near Værløse and the Royal Danish Air Force Specialist School at Karup AB.
Operations[edit]
- From 1960 to 1964 RDAF S-55 helicopters flew missions for UNOC in the Congolese civil war.
- In 1999 9 F-16 fighters flew sorties over Kosovo from Grazzanise AB, Italy as part of Operation Allied Force.
- In 2002 and 2003 6 F-16 fighter bombers flew 743 sorties against Taliban and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan from Ganci AB, Kyrgyzstan during Operation Enduring Freedom.
- From July to October 2004, 4 F-16 fighters in Šiauliai, Lithuania, was Denmark's contribution to NATO's Operation Baltic Air Policing. The air policing mission was also undertaken by Danish F-16s in 2009, 2011 and 2013[21]
- In 2005 three AS550C2 Fennec helicopters were deployed to Iraq for two months to assist the Danish ground forces during the first free elections in the country. In 2007 four Fennecs again deployed to Iraq, this time mainly to provide airborne reconnaissance for convoys on the ground around Basra. The helicopters completed 354 missions before returning home in December 2007.[22]
- 4 AS550C2 Fennec helicopters belonging to the 724th Squadron of the Helicopter Wing were deployed to Afghanistan on 11 June 2008. These helicopters were based at Camp Bastion, northwest of Lashkar Gar, the capital of Helmand province, and were assigned to provide high altitude observation for Danish ground forces, as well as light transport.[23]
- From 19 March 2011, 6 F-16 aircraft from Fighter Wing Skrydstrup were deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella on Sicily to assist in maintaining the no-fly zone over Libya as part of the 2011 coalition intervention in Libya.
- From 11 July 2014, 3 EH-101 Merlin helicopters were deployed to Afghanistan.[24] One suffered extensive damage when it rolled over during landing on 11 October 2014. No casualties.[25][26]
- From 5 October 2014, seven F-16AM from Eskadrille 727 and 730 from Skrydstrup Airbase (Fighter Wing Skrydstrup) and 140 Danish personnel – ground crew and pilots – based at Ahmed Al Jaber Air Base in Kuwait to fight the Islamic State forces (ISIS / ISIL) as part of Operation Inherent Resolve.
Aircraft[edit]
Current inventory[edit]
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20170225110052im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Agusta-Westland_EH-101_Merlin_Mk.512_Denmark_-_Air_Force_M-506%2C_GRQ_Groningen_%28Eelde%29%2C_Netherlands_PP1146323936.jpg/220px-Agusta-Westland_EH-101_Merlin_Mk.512_Denmark_-_Air_Force_M-506%2C_GRQ_Groningen_%28Eelde%29%2C_Netherlands_PP1146323936.jpg)
Aircraft | Origin | Type | Variant | In service | Notes | |
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Combat Aircraft | ||||||
F-16 Fighting Falcon | United States | fighter | F-16A | 33[27] | ||
Maritime Patrol | ||||||
Challenger 604 | Canada | surveillance / maritime patrol | CL-604 | 3[27] | ||
Transport | ||||||
C-130J Super Hercules | United States | tactical airlifter | C-130J-30 | 4[27] | ||
Helicopters | ||||||
AW101 | United Kingdom / Italy | transport / SAR | Mk.512 | 13[27] | ||
Eurocopter Fennec | France | utility | AS550C2 | 12[27] | ||
Westland Lynx | United Kingdom | ASW / SAR | Mk.90B | 6[27] | ||
SH-60 Seahawk | United States | ASW / SAR | MH-60R | 3 | 6 on order[27] | |
Trainer Aircraft | ||||||
F-16 Fighting Falcon | United States | conversion trainer | F-16B | 10[27] |
Between 1980 and 1983 SABCA in Belgium built 46x F-16A and 12x F-16B for the Royal Danish Air Force. Beginning in 1987 Fokker in the Netherlands built a further 8x F-16A and 4x F-16B for the Royal Danish Air Force. In 1994 the Air Force received 3x F-16A and in 1997 a further 3x F-16A and 1x F-16B from surplus USAF stocks. In total the Royal Danish Air Force received 60x F-16A and 17x F-16B.
RDAF received its first Sikorsky MH-60R in June 2016.[28]
Ranks[edit]
The officer ranks were taken from the Danish army and the insignias were copied from the Royal Air Force with minor differences and are as follows:
NATO Code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | OF(D) | Student Officer | |
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No equivalent |
General | Generalløjtnant | Generalmajor | Brigadegeneral | Oberst | Oberstløjtnant | Major | Kaptajn | Premierløjtnant | Løjtnant | Sekondløjtnant |
The other rank insignia are as follows:
NATO Code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |||||||||||||||||||
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Chefsergent | Seniorsergent | Oversergent | Sergent | Korporal | Flyverspecialist | Flyveroverkonstabel | Flyverkonstabel | Flyverkonstabelelev |
See also[edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air force of Denmark. |
- Danish Defence
- List of Lockheed F-104 Starfighter operators
- Military of Greenland
- NATO
- Royal Danish Army
- Royal Danish Navy
- Scandinavian defence union
References[edit]
- ^ The Danish Defence Agreement 2005 - 2009 - Air Force, retrieved 25 June 2008
- ^ a b c d e f g h Danish Defence: Arms and equipment of the air force
- ^ organizational chart
- ^ "Organisation". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "The Danish Defence Agreement 2013-2017"
- ^ "Flyvevåbnets Historie: Hærens Flyverstyrker 1912 - 1943" (in Danish). Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ "Flyvevåbnets Historie: Marinens Flyvevæsen 1911-1940" (in Danish). Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ FTK - Flyvertaktisk Kommando
- ^ FTK - Flyvertaktisk Kommando
- ^ Danmarks Flymuseum, Stauning Lufthavn
- ^ http://www.flyhis.dk/Helmo%202.pdf
- ^ http://forsvaret.dk/FTK/omflyvev%C3%A5bnet/Flyvev%C3%A5bnets%20historie/Documents/flv-historie.pdf
- ^ The Selection of a New Fighter Starts Again 13 March 2013
- ^ "Informationsanmodning udsendt til kampflykandidater". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ Defense News: Arrival of Danish Merlin helicopters increases UK fleet, retrieved 2011-04-10.
- ^ Osborne, Tony. "Denmark Looks To Boost Greenland Defenses" Aviation Week & Space Technology, 29 September 2014. Accessed: 3 October 2014. Video Archived on 3 October 2014
- ^ "Tidslinje". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ http://cms.polsci.ku.dk/english/pdf/need_for_fighter_aircraft.pdf
- ^ "Denmark F-35 Buy Goes Official". Defense News. 9 June 2016.
- ^ "Danish Government OKs $3 Billion Purchase Of 27 F-35 Fighter Jets". Lockheed Martin. 9 June 2016.
- ^ Air policing over the Baltics again [1] (in Danish).
- ^ Danish helicopters finished in Iraq (in Danish)
- ^ Danish Fennecs Deploy to Afghanistan, Air Forces Monthly, August 2008 issue, p. 14
- ^ AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. October 2014. p. 33.
- ^ "Danish helicopter rolled over in Afghanistan" Politiken, 12 October 2014. Accessed: 12 October 2014.
- ^ "Helikopter Hold 1 er hjemme igen" RDAF, 30 October 2014. Accessed: 31 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "World Air Forces 2017". Flightglobal Insight. 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
- ^ "U.S. Navy delivers first MH-60R Seahawk helicopters to Danish Defense". Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
- Butler, Phil and Tony Buttler. Gloster Meteor: Britain's Celebrated First-Generation Jet. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-85780-230-6.
- Crawford, Alex. Bristol Bulldog, Gloster Gauntlet. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2005. ISBN 83-89450-04-6.
- De Jong, Peter. Le Fokker D.21 (Collection Profils Avions 9) (in French). Outreau, France: Éditions Lela Presse, 2005. ISBN 2-914017-26-X.
- Hall, Alan W. Hawker Hunter - Warpaint Series No 8. Bedfordshire, UK: Hall Park Books, 1997. ISSN 1363-0369.
- Hansen, O.S.:Danskernes Fly, 2003, Aschehoug, ISBN 87-11-16282-1
- Kofoed, Hans. Danske Militaerfly Gennem 50 Ar 1912-62. Copenhagen: Flyv's Forlag, 1962.
- Schrøder, Hans A. Det Danske Flyvevåben, Tøjhusmuseet, Denmark 1992. ISBN 87-89022-24-6
- Schrøder, Hans A. Historien om Flyvevåbnet, Komiteen til udgivelse af "Historien om Flyvevåbnet", 1990. ISBN 87-503-8509-7.