Benzydamine
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| Clinical data | |
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| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
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| Routes of administration |
Oral, topical |
| ATC code | A01AD02 (WHO) G02CC03 (WHO) M01AX07 (WHO) M02AA05 (WHO) |
| Legal status | |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | <20% |
| Biological half-life | 13 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | 642-72-8  |
| PubChem (CID) | 12555 |
| ChemSpider | 12036 |
| UNII | 4O21U048EF |
| KEGG | D07516 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL12610 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.010.354 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C19H23N3O |
| Molar mass | 309.405 g/mol |
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image |
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Benzydamine (also known as Tantum Verde and branded in some countries as Difflam), available as the hydrochloride salt, is a locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with local anaesthetic and analgesic properties for pain relief and anti-inflammatory treatment of inflammatory conditions of the mouth and throat.[1]
Contents
Medical use[edit]
- Odontostomatology: gingivitis, stomatitis, glossitis, aphthous ulcers, dental surgery and oral ulceration due to radiation therapy.
- Otorhinolaryngology: glandular fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, post-tonsillectomy, radiation or intubation mucositis.
It may be used alone or as an adjunct to other therapy giving the possibility of increased therapeutic effect with little risk of interaction.
In some markets, the drug is supplied as an over-the-counter cream (Lonol in Mexico from Boehringer Ingelheim) used for topical treatment of musculoskeletal system disorders: sprains, strains, bursitis, tendinitis, synovitis, myalgia, periarthritis.
Antimicrobial activity[edit]
Studies indicate that benzydamine has notable in vitro antibacterial activity and also shows synergism in combination with other antibiotics, especially tetracyclines, against antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[2][3]
Contraindications[edit]
There are no contraindications to the use of benzydamine except for known hypersensitivity.
Side effects[edit]
Benzydamine is well tolerated. Occasionally oral tissue numbness or stinging sensations may occur, as well as itching, a skin rash, skin swelling or redness, difficulty breathing and wheezing.
Pharmacology[edit]
It selectively binds to inflamed tissues (Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor) and is normally free of adverse systemic effects. Unlike other NSAIDs, it does not inhibit cyclooxygenase or lipooxygenase, and is not ulcerogenic.[4]
Recreational use[edit]
Benzydamine has been used recreationally. In overdosages it acts a deliriant and CNS stimulant.[4] Such use, particularly among teenagers, has been reported in Poland,[4] Brazil[5][6] and Romania.
Synthesis[edit]
Synthesis starts with the reaction of the N-benzyl derivative from methyl anthranilate with nitrous acid to give the N-nitroso derivative. Reduction by means of sodium thiosulfate leads to the transient hydrazine (3), which undergoes spontaneous internal hydrazide formation. Treatment of the enolate of this amide with 3-chloro-1-dimethylamkino propane gives benzydamine (5).
An interesting alternative synthesis of this substance starts by sequential reaction of N-benzylaniline with phosgene, and then with sodium azide to product the corresponding carbonyl azide. On heating, nitrogen is evolved and a separatable mixture of nitrene insertion product and the desired ketoindazole # results. The latter reaction appears to be a Curtius rearrangement type product to produce an N-isocyanate #, which then cyclizes. Alkylation of the enol with sodium methoxide and 3-dimethylaminopropyl chloride gives benzydamine.
Alternatively, use of chloroacetamide in the alkylation step followed by acid hydrolysis produces bendazac instead.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Turnbull, R. S. (1995). "Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions". Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 61 (2): 127–134. PMID 7600413.
- ^ Fanaki NH, el-Nakeeb MA. Antimicrobial activity of benzydamine, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent. J Chemother. 1992 Dec;4(6):347-52. PMID 1287137
- ^ Fanaki NH, el-Nakeeb MA. Antibacterial activity of benzydamine and antibiotic-benzydamine combinations against multifold resistant clinical isolates. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996 Mar;46(3):320-3. PMID 8901158
- ^ a b c Anand, J. S.; Lukasik–Glębocka, M.; Korolkiewicz, R. P. (2007). "Letter to the Editor: Recreational abuse with benzydamine hydrochloride (tantum rosa)". Clinical Toxicology. 45 (2): 198–199. doi:10.1080/15563650600981210. PMID 17364645.
- ^ Opaleye, E. S.; Noto, A. R.; Sanchez, Z. M.; Moura, Y. G.; Galduróz, J. C.; Carlini, E. A. (2009). "Recreational use of benzydamine as a hallucinogen among street youth in Brazil". Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999). 31 (3): 208–213. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462009000300005. PMID 19784487.
- ^ Mota, D. M.; Costa, A. A.; Teixeira, C. D. S.; Bastos, A. A.; Dias, M. F. (2010). "Use abusive of benzydamine in Brazil: An overview in pharmacovigilance". Ciencia & saude coletiva (in Portuguese). 15 (3): 717–724. doi:10.1590/S1413-81232010000300014. PMID 20464184.
- ^ a b Palazzo, G.; Corsi, G.; Baiocchi, L.; Silvestrini, B. (1966). "Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of 1-Substituted 3-Dimethylaminoalkoxy-1H-indazoles". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (1): 38–41. doi:10.1021/jm00319a009. PMID 5958958.
- ^ FR 1382855; Palazzo, U.S. Patent 3,318,905 (1964, 1967 both to Angelini Francesco).
- ^ L. Baiocchi, G. Corsi and G. Palazzo, Ann.Chim. (Roma), 55, 116 (1965).
External links[edit]
- "Benzydamine oral rinse". Medicinenet.
- "Difflam spray (benzydamine)". Net Doctor, UK.
- "Tantum Verde (benzydamine)". Carysfort Healthcare Limited, Ireland. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25.
