Isoflurane
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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Forane, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | FDA Professional Drug Information |
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| Routes of administration |
inhalation |
| ATC code | N01AB06 (WHO) |
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| CAS Number | 26675-46-7  |
| PubChem (CID) | 3763 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 2505 |
| DrugBank | DB00753  |
| ChemSpider | 3631 |
| UNII | CYS9AKD70P |
| KEGG | D00545 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:6015 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1256 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.043.528 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C3H2ClF5O |
| Molar mass | 184.5 g/mol |
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image |
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Isoflurane, sold under the trade name Forane among others, is a general anesthetic. It can be used to start or maintain anesthesia.[1] Often another medication, however, is used to start anesthesia due to airway irritation with isoflurane.[2][3] It is used by inhalation.[1]
Side effects include a decreased effort to breathe (respiratory depression), low blood pressure, and irregular heartbeat.[2] Serious side effects may include malignant hyperthermia and high blood potassium.[1] It should not be used in people with a history of malignant hyperthermia either in themselves or their family members.[2] It is unknown if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby; however, use during a cesarean section appears to be okay.[1][2] Isoflurane is in the halogenated ether family of medication.[4]
Isoflurane was approved for medical use in the United States in 1979.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[5] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 17.24 to 170.40 USD per 250 ml bottle.[6]
Contents
Medical uses[edit]
Isoflurane is always administered in conjunction with air and/or pure oxygen. Often nitrous oxide is also used. Although its physical properties imply that anaesthesia can be induced more rapidly than with halothane,[7] its pungency can irritate the respiratory system, negating this theoretical advantage conferred by its physical properties. It is usually used to maintain a state of general anesthesia that has been induced with another drug, such as thiopentone or propofol.
Adverse effects[edit]
Animal studies have raised safety concerns of certain general anesthetics, in particular ketamine and isoflurane in young children. The risk of neurodegeneration was increased in combination of these agents with nitrous oxide and benzodiazepines such as midazolam.[8] Whether these concerns occur in humans is unclear.[8]
Elderly[edit]
Concerns exist with regard to the relationship between administration of isoflurane and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), for which the elderly are especially vulnerable.[9]
Biophysical studies using state-of-the-art NMR spectroscopy has provided molecular details of how inhaled anesthetics interact with three amino acid residues (G29, A30 and I31) of amyloid beta peptide and induce aggregation. This area is important as "some of the commonly used inhaled anesthetics may cause brain damage that accelerates the onset of Alzheimer’s disease".[10]
Physical properties[edit]
| Molecular weight | 184.5g/mol | ||
| Boiling point (at 1 atm): | 48.5 °C | ||
| Density (at 25 °C): | 1.496 g/mL | ||
| MAC : | 1.15 vol % | ||
| Vapor pressure: | 238 mmHg | 31.7 kPa | (at 20 °C) |
| 295 mmHg | 39.3 kPa | (at 25 °C) | |
| 367 mmHg | 48.9 kPa | (at 30 °C) | |
| 450 mmHg | 60.0 kPa | (at 35 °C) | |
| Water solubility | 13.5 mM | (at 25 °C)[11] | |
| Blood:gas partition coefficient: | 1.4 | ||
| Oil:gas partition coefficient: | 98 |
It is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-optical isomers. It vaporizes readily, but is a liquid at room temperature. It does not burn.
Mechanism of action[edit]
Similar to many general anesthetics, the exact mechanism of the action has not been clearly delineated.[12] Isoflurane reduces pain sensitivity (analgesia) and relaxes muscles. Isoflurane likely binds to GABA, glutamate and glycine receptors, but has different effects on each receptor. It potentiates glycine receptor activity, which decreases motor function. It inhibits receptor activity in the NMDA glutamate receptor subtypes. Isoflurane inhibits conduction in activated potassium channels. Isoflurane also affects intracellular molecules. It activates calcium ATPase by increasing membrane fluidity. It binds to the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydrogenase.
General anaesthesia with isoflurane reduces plasma endocannabinoid AEA concentrations, and this could be a consequence of stress reduction after loss of consciousness.[13]
History[edit]
Together with enflurane and halothane, it replaced the flammable ethers used in the pioneer days of surgery. Its name comes from being a structural isomer of enflurane, hence they have the same empirical formula.
Environment[edit]
The average lifetime of isoflurane in the atmosphere is 3.2 years, its global warming potential is 510 and the yearly emissions add up to 880 tons.[14]
Other animals[edit]
Isoflurane is frequently used for veterinary anaesthesia.
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e "Isoflurane - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". www.drugs.com. March 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Isoflurane (inhalation anaesthetic) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) - (eMC)". www.medicines.org.uk. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ Kliegman, Robert M.; Stanton, Bonita M. D.; Geme, Joseph St; Schor, Nina F. (2015). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (20 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 420. ISBN 9780323263528.
- ^ Aglio, Linda S.; Lekowski, Robert W.; Urman, Richard D. (2015). Essential Clinical Anesthesia Review: Keywords, Questions and Answers for the Boards. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9781107681309.
- ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "Isoflurane". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ Niedermeyer, Ernst; Silva, F. H. Lopes da (2005). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1156. ISBN 978-0-7817-5126-1.
- ^ a b Mellon, RD.; Simone, AF.; Rappaport, BA. (Mar 2007). "Use of anesthetic agents in neonates and young children.". Anesth Analg. 104 (3): 509–20. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000255729.96438.b0. PMID 17312200.
- ^ M. C. Lewis; I. Nevoa; M. A. Paniaguaa; A. Ben-Aric; E. Prettoa; S. Eisdorfera; E. Davidsona; I. Matotc; C. Eisdorfer (2007). "Uncomplicated general anesthesia in the elderly results in cognitive decline: Does cognitive decline predict morbidity and mortality?". Medical Hypotheses. 68 (3): 484–492. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.08.030. PMID 17141964.
- ^ Kuehn, BM. (Apr 2007). "Anesthesia-Alzheimer disease link probed". JAMA. 297 (16): 1760. doi:10.1001/jama.297.16.1760. PMID 17456811.
- ^ Seto, T; Mashimo, T; Yoshiya, I; Kanashiro, M; Taniguchi, Y (1992), "The solubility of volatile anaesthetics in water at 25.0 degrees C using 19F NMR spectroscopy.", J Pharm Biomed Anal, 10: 1–7, PMID 1391078
- ^ "How does anesthesia work?". Scientific American. February 7, 2005.
- ^ Weis, F.; Beiras-Fernandez, A.; Hauer, D.; Hornuss, C.; Sodian, R.; Kreth, S.; Briegel, J.; Schelling, G. (2010-08-01). "Effect of anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass on blood endocannabinoid concentrations during cardiac surgery". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 105 (2): 139–144. doi:10.1093/bja/aeq117. ISSN 0007-0912. PMID 20525978.
- ^ Martin K. Vollmer; Tae Siek Rhee; Matt Rigby; Doris Hofstetter; Matthias Hill; Fabian Schoenenberger; Stefan Reimann (2015). "Modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (5): 1606–1611. doi:10.1002/2014GL062785.
