Green sulfur bacteria
Green sulfur bacteria | |
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Green sulfur bacteria in a Winogradsky column | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Chlorobi Iino et al. 2010 |
Genus | |
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The green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) are a family of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria. Together with the non-photosynthetic Ignavibacteriaceae, they form the phylum Chlorobi. Most closely related to the distant Bacteroidetes, they are accordingly assigned their own phylum.[1]
Green sulfur bacteria are nonmotile (except Chloroherpeton thalassium, which may glide).[1] Photosynthesis is achieved using a Type 1 reaction centre using bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and in chlorosomes which employ BChl c, d, or e; in addition chlorophyll a is also present.[2][1] They use sulfide ions, hydrogen or ferrous iron as an electron donor and the process is mediated by the type I reaction centre and Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex. Elemental sulfur deposited outside the cell may be further oxidized. By contrast, the photosynthesis in plants uses water as the electron donor and produces oxygen.[1]
Chlorobium tepidum has emerged as a model organism for the group; although only 10 genomes have been sequenced, these are quite comprehensive of the family's biodiversity. Their 2-3 Mb genomes encode 1750-2800 genes, 1400-1500 of which are common to all strains. The apparent absence of two-component histidine-kinases and response regulators suggest limited phenotypic plasticity. Their small dependence on organic molecule transporters and transcription factors also indicate these organisms are adapted to a narrow range of energy-limited conditions, an ecology shared with the simpler cyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus.[1]
A species of green sulfur bacteria has been found living near a black smoker off the coast of Mexico at a depth of 2,500 m in the Pacific Ocean. At this depth, the bacterium, designated GSB1, lives off the dim glow of the thermal vent since no sunlight can penetrate to that depth.[3]
Green sulfur bacteria appear in Lake Matano, Indonesia, at a depth of about 110–120 m. The population may include the species Chlorobium ferrooxidans.[4]
Phylogeny[edit]
The currently accepted phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.[5]
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Taxonomy[edit]
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)[6][7]
- Phylum Chlorobi Iino et al. 2010
- Class Ignavibacteria Iino et al. 2010
- Order Ignavibacteriales Iino et al. 2010
- Family Ignavibacteriaceae Iino et al. 2010
- Genus Ignavibacterium Iino et al. 2010 emend. Podosokorskaya et al. 2013
- Species Ignavibacterium album Iino et al. 2010 emend. Podosokorskaya et al. 2013
- Genus Melioribacter roseus Podosokorskaya et al. 2013 ["Melioribacter" Podosokorskaya et al. 2011]
- Species Melioribacter roseus Podosokorskaya et al. 2011 ["Melioribacter roseus" Podosokorskaya et al. 2011]
- Genus Ignavibacterium Iino et al. 2010 emend. Podosokorskaya et al. 2013
- Family Ignavibacteriaceae Iino et al. 2010
- Order Ignavibacteriales Iino et al. 2010
- Class Chlorobea Cavalier-Smith 2002
- Order Chlorobiales Gibbons and Murray 1978
- Family Chlorobiaceae Copeland 1956
- Genus Ancalochloris Gorlenko and Lebedeva 1971
- Species Ancalochloris perfilievii ♪ Gorlenko and Lebedeva 1971
- Genus Chlorobaculum Imhoff 2003
- Species "C. macestae" ♠ Keppen et al. 2008
- Species C. limnaeum Imhoff 2003
- Species C. parvum Imhoff 2003
- Species C. tepidum (Wahlund et al. 1996) Imhoff 2003 (type sp.) ["Chlorobium tepidum" Wahlund et al. 1991; Chlorobium tepidum Wahlund et al. 1996]
- Species C. thiosulfatiphilum Imhoff 2003 ["Chlorobium limicola f. sp. thiosulfatophilum" (Larsen 1952) Pfennig & Truper 1971]
- Genus Chlorobium Nadson 1906 emend. Imhoff 2003
- Species Chlorobium chlorovibrioides ♦ (Gorlenko et al. 1974) Imhoff 2003
- Species C. bathyomarinum ♠ Beatty et al. 2005
- Species C. chlorochromatii ♠ Vogl et al. 2006 (epibiont of the phototrophic consortium Chlorochromatium aggregatum) ["Chlorobium chlorochromatii" Meschner 1957]
- Species C. gokarna ♠ Anil Kumar 2005
- Species C. clathratiforme (Szafer 1911) emend. Imhoff 2003 ["Aphanothece clathratiformis" Szafer 1911; "Pelodictyon lauterbornii" Geitler 1925; Pelodictyon clathratiforme (Szafer 1911) Lauterborn 1913]
- Species C. ferrooxidans Heising et al. 1998 emend. Imhoff 2003
- Species C. luteolum (Schmidle 1901) emend. Imhoff 2003 ["Aphanothece luteola" Schmidle 1901; "Pelodictyon aggregatum" Perfil'ev 1914; "Schmidlea luteola" (Schmidle 1901) Lauterborn 1913; Pelodictyon luteolum (Schmidle 1901) Pfennig and Truper 1971]
- Species C. limicola Nadson 1906 emend. Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)
- Species C. phaeobacteroides Pfennig 1968 emend. Imhoff 2003
- Species C. phaeovibrioides Pfennig 1968 emend. Imhoff 2003
- Genus Chloroherpeton Gibson et al. 1985
- Species Chloroherpeton thalassium Gibson et al. 1985
- Genus Clathrochloris Witt et al. 1989
- Species "Clathrochloris sulfurica" ♠ Witt et al. 1989
- Genus Pelodictyon Lauterborn 1913
- Species Pelodictyon phaeum Gorlenko 1972
- Genus Prosthecochloris Gorlenko 1970 emend. Imhoff 2003
- Species "P. phaeoasteroides" ♠ Puchkova & Gorlenko 1976
- Species "P. indica" ♠ Anil Kumar 2005
- Species P. aestuarii Gorlenko 1970 emend. Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)
- Species P. vibrioformis (Pelsh 1936) Imhoff 2003 [Chlorobium vibrioforme Pelsh 1936]
- Genus Ancalochloris Gorlenko and Lebedeva 1971
- Family Chlorobiaceae Copeland 1956
- Order Chlorobiales Gibbons and Murray 1978
Notes:
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages
♦ Type strain lost or not available
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Bryant DA; Frigaard DU (November 2006). "Prokaryotic photosynthesis and hototrophy illuminated". Trends Microbiol. 14 (11): 488–96. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001. PMID 16997562.
- ^ Green, Beverley R. (2003). Light-Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis. p. 8. ISBN 0792363353.
- ^ Beatty JT, Overmann J, Lince MT, Manske AK, Lang AS, Blankenship RE, Van Dover CL, Martinson TA, Plumley FG (2005). "An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102 (26): 9306–10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503674102. PMC 1166624
. PMID 15967984.
- ^ Crowe, S. A.; Jones, C; Katsev, S; Magen, C; O'Neill, A. H.; Sturm, A; Canfield, D. E.; Haffner, G. D.; Mucci, A; Sundby, B; Fowle, D. A. (2008). "Photoferrotrophs thrive in an Archean Ocean analogue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (published 2008-10-14). 105 (41): 15938–43. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805313105. ISSN 0148-0227. PMC 2572968
. PMID 18838679.
- ^ See the All-Species Living Tree Project [1]. Data extracted from the "16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- ^ See the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Data extracted from J.P. Euzéby. "Chlorobi". Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- ^ See the NCBI webpage on Chlorobi Data extracted from Sayers; et al. "NCBI Taxonomy Browser". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
External links[edit]
- "The Family Chlorobiaceae". The Prokaryotes. Retrieved July 5, 2005.