Riluzole

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Riluzole
Riluzole2DACS.svg
Riluzole ball-and-stick model.png
Clinical data
Trade names Rilutek, Teglutik
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a696013
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		 Oral
ATC code N07XX02 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 60±18%[1]
Protein binding 97%[1]
Metabolism Hepatic (CYP1A2)[1]
Biological half-life 9-15 hours[1]
Excretion Urine (90%)[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number 1744-22-5 YesY
PubChem (CID) 5070
IUPHAR/BPS 2326
DrugBank DB00740 YesY
ChemSpider 4892 YesY
UNII 7LJ087RS6F YesY
KEGG D00775 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL744 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.124.754
Chemical and physical data
Formula C8H5F3N2OS
Molar mass 234.199 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
  (verify)

Riluzole (Rilutek, Teglutik) is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These are marketed by Sanofi Pharmaceuticals and Martindale Pharma respectively. Riluzole delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in selected patients and may increase survival by approximately two to three months.[2]

Riluzole is available in tablet (Rilutek, riluzole) and liquid (Teglutik) form. The liquid formulation may be more suitable for patients with swallowing difficulties.

Medical use[edit]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[edit]

There has been some evidence to show that higher doses might produce more significant improvements in ALS patients but at almost £6 (US$10) per tablet it is at risk of being prohibitively expensive given the modest benefit to patients. One study in the Netherlands found that riluzole is metabolized differently by males and females, and its levels in plasma are decreased in patients who smoke cigarettes or take omeprazole.[3] A Cochrane Library review states a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year.[2]

Psychiatric use[edit]

A number of recent case studies have indicated that riluzole may have clinical use in mood and anxiety disorders.[4] It has been shown to have antidepressant properties in the treatment of refractory depression[5] and act as an anxiolytic in obsessive-compulsive disorder[6] and in generalized anxiety disorder.[7]

Research[edit]

A clinical study on mice has shown riluzole to compensate for harmful glutamate levels and promote dendritic spine clustering in hippocampal circuits implicated in memory and emotion. Therefore, the drug may act as an effective treatment for age-related memory loss and other forms of cognitive decline.[8] The effect of riluzole on glutamate dysfunction in humans with Alzheimer's disease is unknown; however, a clinical trial is taking place to investigate this.[9]

Riluzole was also studied as a treatment for spinal muscular atrophy;[10] however, efficacy was not observed.

A reformulation of riluzole that originated at Yale University and is known by the code name BHV-0223[11] is under development for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and mood disorders now by Biohaven Pharmaceuticals.[12]

A prodrug of riluzole, designated as BHV-4157, is under investigation for spinocerebellar ataxia.[13][14]

Adverse effects[edit]

Overdose[edit]

Symptoms of overdose include: neurological and psychiatric symptoms, acute toxic encephalopathy with stupor, coma and methemoglobinemia.[1] Severe methemoglobinemia may be rapidly reversible after treatment with methylene blue.[1]

Contraindications[edit]

Contraindications for riluzole include: known prior hypersensitivity to riluzole or any of the excipients inside the preparations, liver disease, pregnancy or lactation.[1]

Interactions[edit]

CYP1A2 substrates, inhibitors and inducers would probably interact with riluzole, due its dependency on this cytochrome for metabolism.[1]

Mechanism of action[edit]

Riluzole preferentially blocks TTX-sensitive sodium channels, which are associated with damaged neurons.[17][18] Riluzole has also been reported to directly inhibit the kainate and NMDA receptors.[19] However, the action of riluzole on glutamate receptors has been controversial, as no binding of the drug to any known sites has been shown for them.[20][21] In addition, as its antiglutamatergic action is still detectable in the presence of sodium channel blockers, it is also uncertain whether or not it acts via this way. Rather, its ability to stimulate glutamate uptake seems to mediate many of its effects.[22][23] In addition to its role in accelerating glutamate clearance from the synapse, riluzole may also prevent glutamate release from presynaptic terminals.[24] These effects combined could significantly reduce glutamate signaling and cause indirect antagonism without acting at glutamate receptors themselves.

Synthesis[edit]

Riluzole can be prepared beginning with the reaction of 4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline with potassium thiocyanate followed by reaction with bromine.[25][26][27] Displacement of bromine atom by sulfur forms the thiazole ring to afford riluzole.

Riluzole synthesis

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "PRODUCT INFORMATION RILUTEK® (riluzole) Tablets" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. sanofi-aventis australia pty ltd. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2014. 
  2. ^ a b Miller, RG; Mitchell, JD; Moore, DH (14 March 2012). "Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND)." (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3: CD001447. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001447.pub3. PMID 22419278. 
  3. ^ van Kan, HJ; Groeneveld, GJ; Kalmijn, S; Spieksma, M; van den Berg, LH; Guchelaar, HJ (March 2005). "Association between CYP1A2 activity and riluzole clearance in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." (PDF). British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 59 (3): 310–3. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02233.x. PMC 1884790Freely accessible. PMID 15752377. 
  4. ^ Grant, P; Song, JY; Swedo, SE. "Review of the use of the glutamate antagonist riluzole in psychiatric disorders and a description of recent use in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder". J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 20: 309–15. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0009. PMC 2958461Freely accessible. PMID 20807069. 
  5. ^ Zarate CA, Jr; Payne, JL; Quiroz, J; Sporn, J; Denicoff, KK; Luckenbaugh, D; Charney, DS; Manji, HK (January 2004). "An open-label trial of riluzole in patients with treatment-resistant major depression.". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (1): 171–4. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.171. PMID 14702270. 
  6. ^ Coric, V; Taskiran, S; Pittenger, C; Wasylink, S; Mathalon, DH; Valentine, G; Saksa, J; Wu, YT; Gueorguieva, R; Sanacora, G; Malison, RT; Krystal, JH (1 September 2005). "Riluzole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label trial.". Biological Psychiatry. 58 (5): 424–8. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.043. PMID 15993857. 
  7. ^ Mathew, SJ; Amiel, JM; Coplan, JD; Fitterling, HA; Sackeim, HA; Gorman, JM (December 2005). "Open-label trial of riluzole in generalized anxiety disorder.". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (12): 2379–81. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2379. PMID 16330605. 
  8. ^ "Glutamatergic regulation prevents hippocampal-dependent age-related cognitive decline through dendritic spine clustering". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Retrieved 18 January 2015. 
  9. ^ "Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Cognitive Aging: Riluzole in Mild Alzheimers Disease". rucares.org. Retrieved 12 March 2015. 
  10. ^ "Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Riluzole in Children and Young Adults With Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)". ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-20. 
  11. ^ "BHV 0223 - AdisInsight". Adisinsight.springer.com. Retrieved 2016-05-20. 
  12. ^ Harris, Elaine (2015). "Industry update: the latest developments in therapeutic delivery". Therapeutic Delivery. 6 (6): 647–652. doi:10.4155/tde.15.44. ISSN 2041-5990. 
  13. ^ "Biohaven Receives FDA Investigational New Drug Application (IND) Approval for BHV-4157". Yahoo News. July 5, 2016. 
  14. ^ "The Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center Announces that the FDA has Completed its Review of FC-4157 (also known as BHV-4157) Investigational New Drug Application (IND) Filed on May 31, 2016 by Biohaven Pharmaceutical Holding Company Ltd". Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center. July 5, 2016. 
  15. ^ "Rilutek (riluzole) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 18 February 2014. 
  16. ^ a b c Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3. 
  17. ^ Song, JH; Huang, CS; Nagata, K; Yeh, JZ; Narahashi, T (August 1997). "Differential action of riluzole on tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels." (PDF). The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 282 (2): 707–14. PMID 9262334. 
  18. ^ Bellingham, MC (February 2011). "A review of the neural mechanisms of action and clinical efficiency of riluzole in treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: what have we learned in the last decade?". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 17 (1): 4–31. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00116.x. PMID 20236142. 
  19. ^ Debono MW, Le Guern J, Canton T, Doble A, Pradier L (April 1993). "Inhibition by riluzole of electrophysiological responses mediated by rat kainate and NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 235 (2-3): 283–9. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(93)90147-a. PMID 7685290. 
  20. ^ Wokke, J (21 September 1996). "Riluzole.". Lancet. 348 (9030): 795–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03181-9. PMID 8813989. 
  21. ^ Kretschmer BD, Kratzer U, Schmidt WJ (August 1998). "Riluzole, a glutamate release inhibitor, and motor behavior". Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 358 (2): 181–90. doi:10.1007/pl00005241. PMID 9750003. 
  22. ^ Azbill, RD; Mu, X; Springer, JE (July 2000). "Riluzole increases high-affinity glutamate uptake in rat spinal cord synaptosomes". Brain Res. 871 (2): 175–80. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02430-6. PMID 10899284. 
  23. ^ Dunlop, J; Beal McIlvain, H; She, Y; Howland, DS (1 March 2003). "Impaired spinal cord glutamate transport capacity and reduced sensitivity to riluzole in a transgenic superoxide dismutase mutant rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". J Neurosci. 23 (5): 1688–96. PMID 12629173. 
  24. ^ Wang, S.-J (January 2004). "Mechanisms underlying the riluzole inhibition of glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes)". Neuroscience. 125 (1): 191–201. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.019. 
  25. ^ L. M. Yagupol'skii, L. Z. Gandel'sman, Zh. Obshch. Khim. 33, 2301 (1963), C.A. 60, 692a (1964).
  26. ^ J. Mizoule, EP 50551 ; idem, U.S. Patent 4,370,338 (1982, 1983 both to Pharmindustrie).
  27. ^ U.S. Patent 4,826,860

External links[edit]

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